Climbing atop the shoulders of giants: The impact of institutions on cumulative research

American Economic Review

Volumn 101, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1933-1963

  Furman, Jeffrey L ^a   Stern, Scott ^b  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860390523     PISSN: 00028282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1257/aer.101.5.1933     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adams, James D., and Zvi Griliches. 1998. "Research Productivity in a System of Universities." Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, (49-50): 127-62.
2. Aghion, Philippe, and Peter Howitt. 1992. "A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction." Econometrica, 60(2): 323-51.
3. Aghion, Philippe, Mathias Dewatripont, and Jeremy C. Stein. 2008. "Academic Freedom, Private-Sector Focus, and the Process of Innovation." RAND Journal of Economics, 39(3): 617-35.
4. Agrawal, Ajay, and Avi Goldfarb. 2008. "Restructuring Research: Communication Costs and the Democratization of University Innovation." American Economic Review, 98(4): 1578-90.
5. Allison, Paul D., and Richard P. Waterman. 2002. "Fixed-Effects Negative Binomial Regression Models." In Sociological Methodology, Vol. 32, ed. Ross M. Stolzenberg, 247-65. Boston: Blackwell Publishing.
6. American Type Culture Collection. 2009. "Who We Are." www.atc.org. (accessed March 29, 2009).
7. Bertrand, Marianne, Esther Duflo, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. "How Much Should We Trust Differences-in-Differences Estimates?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(1): 249-75. (Pubitemid 38361206)
8. Branstetter, Lee G., and Mariko Sakakibara. 2002. "When Do Research Consortia Work Well and Why? Evidence from Japanese Panel Data." American Economic Review, 92(1): 143-59.
9. Bush, Vannevar. 1945. Science: The Endless Frontier. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
10. Campbell, Eric G., Brian R. Clarridge, Manjusha Gokhale, Lauren Birenbaum, Stephen Hilgartner, Neil A. Holtzman, and David Blumenthal. 2002. "Data Withholding in Academic Genetics: Evidence from a National Survey." Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(4): 473-80. (Pubitemid 34251986)
11. Chatterjee, Rhitu. 2007. "Cell Biology: Cases of Mistaken Identity." Science, 315(5814): 928-31.
12. Cockburn, Iain M., and Rebecca M. Henderson. 1998. "Absorptive Capacity, Coauthoring Behavior, and the Organization of Research in Drug Discovery." Journal of Industrial Economics, 46(2): 157-82.
13. Cohen, Wesley M., and John P. Walsh. 2008. "Real Impediments to Academic Biomedical Research." In Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. 8, ed. Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern, 1-30. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Cypress, Raymond. 2003. "Biological Research Centers: From Concept to Reality." Manassas, VA: ATCC.
15. Dasgupta, Partha, and Paul A. David. 1994. "Toward a New Economics of Science." Research Policy, 23(5): 487-521.
16. David, Paul A. 2001. "From Keeping 'Nature's Secrets' to the Institutionalization of 'Open Science.'" Stanford University Economics Working Paper 01-006.
17. de Solla Price, Derek. 1976. "A General Theory of Bibliometric and Other Cumulative Advantage Processes." Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 27(5): 292-306.
18. Evans, James. 2004. "Sharing the Harvest: The Uncertain Fruits of Public/Private Collaboration in Plant Biotechnology." Unpublished.
19. Furman, Jeffrey L., and Scott Stern. 2006. "Climbing Atop the Shoulders of Giants: The Impact of Institutions on Cumulative Research." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 12523.
20. Furman, Jeffrey L., and Scott Stern. 2011. "Climbing Atop the Shoulders of Giants: The Impact of Institutions on Cumulative Research: Dataset." American Economic Review, http://www.aeaweb.org/articles. php?doi=10.1257/aer.101.5.1933.
21. Furman, Jeffrey L., Fiona E. Murray, and Scott Stern. 2010. "Growing Stem Cells: The Impact of US Policy on the Geography and Organization of Scientific Discovery." Unpublished.
22. Gallini, Nancy, and Suzanne Scotchmer. 2002. "Intellectual Property: When Is It the Best Incentive System?" In Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. 2, ed. Adam B. Jaffe, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern, 51-77. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Gans, Joshua S., and Scott Stern. 2003. "The Product Market and the Market for 'Ideas': Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs." Research Policy, 32(2): 333-50.
24. Garfield, Eugene. 1979. "Is Citation Analysis a Legitimate Evaluation Tool?" Scientometrics, 1(4): 359-75.
25. Garfield, Eugene, and Uriel H. Schoenbach. 1956. "Citation Indexes for Science." Science, 123(3185): 61-62.
26. Gold, Michael. 1986. A Conspiracy of Cells. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
27. Greene, William. 2004. "Fixed Effects and Bias Due to the Incidental Parameters Problem in the Tobit Model." Econometric Reviews, 23(2): 125-47.
28. Griliches, Zvi. 1990. "Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey." Journal of Economic Literature, 28(4): 1661-707.
29. Griliches, Zvi. 1998. R&D and Productivity: The Econometric Evidence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Grossman, Gene M., and Elhanan Helpman. 1991. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Hall, Bronwyn H., Jacques Mairesse, and Laure Turner. 2007. "Identifying Age, Cohort, and Period Effects in Scientific Research Productivity: Discussion and Illustration Using Simulated and Actual Data on French Physicists." Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 16(1-2): 159-77.
32. Hausman, Jerry, Bronwyn H. Hall, and Zvi Griliches. 1984. "Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents-R&D Relationship." Econometrica, 52(4): 909-38.
33. Häussler, Carolin. 2010. "The Determinants of Information Sharing: An Analysis of Firm and University Scientists." Unpublished.
34. Heller, Michael A., and Rebecca S. Eisenberg. 1998. "Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research." Science, 280(5364): 698-701. (Pubitemid 28243336)
35. Henderson, Rebecca, Adam B. Jaffe, and Manuel Trajtenberg. 1998. "Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting, 1965-1988." Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(1): 119-27.
36. Hunter, Cevera, Jenny C. 1996. "The Importance of Culture Collections in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology." In Culture Collections to Improve the Quality of Life, ed. R. A. Sampson, J. A.
37. Stalpers, D. van der Mei et al, 158-62. Baarn: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
38. Inwood, Stephen. 2003. The Forgotten Genius: The Biography of Robert Hooke 1635-1703. San Francisco: MacAdam/Cage Publishing.
39. Irwin, Douglas A., and Peter J. Klenow. 1996. "High-Tech R&D Subsidies: Estimating the Effects of Sematech." Journal of International Economics, 40(3-4): 323-44. (Pubitemid 126376509)
40. Jaffe, Adam B. 2006. "The Science of Science Policy." Keynote Address, NSF Workshop on Advancing Measures of Innovation: Knowledge Flows, Business Metrics, and Measurement Strategies, June 6, 2006, Arlington, VA.
41. Jaffe, Adam B., and Josh Lerner. 2001. "Reinventing Public R&D: Patent Policy and the Commercialization of National Laboratory Technologies." RAND Journal of Economics, 32(1): 167-98.
42. Jaffe, Adam B., Manuel Trajtenberg, and Rebecca Henderson. 1993. "Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3): 577-98.
43. Jensen, Kyle, and Fiona Murray. 2005. "Intellectual Property Landscape of the Human Genome." Science, 310(5746): 239-40. (Pubitemid 41457177)
44. Jones, Charles I. 1995. "R&D-Based Models of Economic Growth." Journal of Political Economy, 103(4): 759-84.
45. Kortum, Samuel, and Josh Lerner. 2000. "Assessing the Contribution of Venture Capital to Innovation." RAND Journal of Economics, 31(4): 674-92. (Pubitemid 33232045)
46. Lamoreaux, Naomi R., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. 1999. "Inventive Activity and the Market for Technology in the United States, 1840-1920." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7107.
47. Lerner, Josh, and Jean Tirole. 2004. "Efficient Patent Pools." American Economic Review, 94(3): 691-711. (Pubitemid 39057046)
48. Levin, Sharon G., and Paula E. Stephan. 1991. "Research Productivity over the Life Cycle: Evidence for Academic Scientists." American Economic Review, 81(1): 114-32.
49. Leydesdorff, Loet. 2001. The Challenge of Scientometrics: The Development, Measurement, and Self- Organization of Scientific Communications. Parkland, FL: Universal Publishers.
50. MacKinnon, James G. 2002. "Bootstrap Inference in Econometrics." Canadian Journal of Economics, 35(4): 615-45.
51. MacLeod, Roderick A. F., Wilhelm G. Dirks, Yoshinobu Matsuo, Maren Kaufmann, Herbert Milch, and Hans G. Drexler. 1999. "Widespread Intraspecies Cross-Contamination of Human Tumor Cell Lines Arising at Source." International Journal of Cancer, 83(4): 555-63. (Pubitemid 29489873)
52. Marburger, John H., III. 2005. "Wanted: Better Benchmarks." Science, 308(5725): 1087. (Pubitemid 40696399)
53. Masters, John R. 2002. "Timeline: HeLa Cells 50 Years on: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly." Nature Reviews Cancer, 2(4): 315-19. (Pubitemid 37336517)
54. Mehta, Aditi, Marc Rysman, and Tim Simcoe. 2010. "Identifying the Age Profile of Patent Citations: New Estimates of Knowledge Diffusion." Journal of Applied Econometrics, 25(7): 1179-204.
55. Merton, Robert K. 1973. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, ed. Norman Storer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56. Mokyr, Joel. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
57. Mowery, David C., and Arvids A. Ziedonis. 2007. "Academic Patents and Materials Transfer Agreements: Substitutes or Complements?" Journal of Technology Transfer, 32(3): 157-72.
58. Mowery, David C., Richard R. Nelson, Bhaven N. Sampat, and Arvids A. Ziedonis. 2001. "The Growth of Patenting and Licensing by U.S. Universities: An Assessment of the Effects of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980." Research Policy, 30(1): 99-119. (Pubitemid 33676869)
59. Mukherjee, Arijit, and Scott Stern. 2009. "Disclosure or Secrecy? The Dynamics of Open Science." International Journal of Industrial Organization, 27(3): 449-62.
60. Murray, Fiona. 2010. "The Oncomouse that Roared: Hybrid Exchange Strategies as a Source of Distinction at the Boundary of Overlapping Institutions." American Journal of Sociology, 116(2): 341-88.
61. Murray, Fiona, and Scott Stern. 2007. "Do Formal Intellectual Property Rights Hinder the Free Flow of Scientific Knowledge? An Empirical Test of the Anti-Commons Hypothesis." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 63(4): 648-87.
62. Murray, Fiona, Philippe Aghion, Mathias Dewatripont, Julian Kolev, and Scott Stern. 2009. "Of Mice and Academics: The Role of Openness in Science". Unpublished.
63. Nardone, Roland M. 2007. "Eradication of Cross-Contaminated Cell Lines: A Call for Action." Cell Biology and Toxicology, 23(6): 367-72.
64. Nelson, R. R. 1959. "The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research." Journal of Political Economy, 67(6): 297-306.
65. Nelson, Richard R. ed. 1993. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
66. OECD. 2001. Biological Research Centers: Underpinning the Future of Life, Sciences and Biotechnology. Paris: OECD.
67. Pavitt, Keith, and Pari Patel. 1988. "The International Distribution and Determinants of Technological Activities." Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 4(4): 35-55.
68. Powell, Walter W. 1998. "Learning from Collaboration: Knowledge and Networks in the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries." California Management Review, 40(3): 228-40.
69. Romer, Paul M. 1990. "Endogenous Technological Change." Journal of Political Economy, 98(5): S71-102.
70. Rosenberg, N. 1963. "Technological Change in the Machine Tool Industry, 1840-1910." Journal of Economic History, 23: 414-46.
71. Rosenberg, Nathan. 1979. "Technological Interdependence in the American Economy." Technology and Culture, 20(1): 25-50.
72. Rosenkopf, Lori, and Michael L. Tushman. 1998. "The Coevolution of Community Networks and Technology: Lessons from the Flight Simulation Industry." Industrial and Corporate Change, 7(2): 311-46.
73. Rysman, Marc, and Timothy Simcoe. 2008. "Patents and the Performance of Voluntary Standard-Setting Organizations." Management Science, 54(11): 1920-34.
74. Sakakibara, Mariko, and Lee Branstetter. 2001. "Do Stronger Patents Induce More Innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese Patent Law Reforms." RAND Journal of Economics, 32(1): 77-100.
75. Scotchmer, Suzanne. 1991. "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cumulative Research and the Patent Law." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1): 29-41.
76. Simkin, M. V., and V. P. Roychowdhury. 2003. "Read before You Cite!" Complex Systems, 14(3): 269-74. (Pubitemid 37528680)
77. Skloot, Rebecca. 2010. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown Publishing.
78. Smith, David. 2003. "Culture Collections over the World." International Microbiology, 6(2): 95-100.
79. Sorenson, Olav, and Lee Fleming. 2004. "Science and the Diffusion of Knowledge." Research Policy, 33(10): 1615-34. (Pubitemid 40085925)
80. Stern, Scott. 2004. Biological Resource Centers: Knowledge Hubs for the Life Sciences. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
81. Walsh, John P., Charlene Cho, and Wesley M. Cohen. 2005. "View from the Bench: Patents and Material Transfers." Science, 309(5743): 2002-03. (Pubitemid 41362303)
82. Williams, Heidi. 2010. "Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation: Evidence from the Human Genome." Unpublished.
83. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
84. World Federation of Culture Collections, World Data Center for Microorganisms. "The Culture Collection in this World." WDCM Statistics, http://wdcm.nig.ac.jp/statistics.html (accessed March 29, 2009).
85. Zucker, Lynne G., Michael R. Darby, and Marilynn B. Brewer. 1998. "Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises." American Economic Review, 88(1): 290-306. (Pubitemid 128452341)