Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises

American Economic Review

Volumn 88, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 290-306

  Zucker, Lynne G ^a   Darby, Michael R ^b   Brewer, Marilynn B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347963890     PISSN: 00028282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Arrow, Kenneth J. "Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention," in Richard R. Nelson, ed., The rate and direction of inventive activity: Economic and social factors. National Bureau of Economic Research Special Conference Series, Vol. 13. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962, pp. 609-25.
2. Bioscan, Vols. 3-7. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1989-1993.
3. Burrill, G. Steven and Lee, Kenneth B., Jr. Biotech 94: Long-term value, short-term hurdles. Ernst & Young's Eighth Annual Report on the Biotechnology Industry. San Francisco: Ernst & Young, 1994.
4. Cameron, A. Colin and Trivedi, Pravin K. "Regression-Based Tests for Overdispersion in the Poisson Model." Journal of Econometrics, December 1990, 46(3), pp. 347-64.
5. Cetus Corp. "Biotechnology Company Data Base," predecessor source for Bioscan. Computer printout, Cetus Corp., 1988.
6. CITIBASE: Citibank Economic Database. Machine-readable database, 1946-June 1993. New York: Citibank, 1993.
7. GenBank, Release 65.0. Machine-readable database. Palo Alto, CA: IntelliGentics, Inc., 1990.
8. Greene, William H. UMDEP: User's manual and reference guide, version 6.0. Bellport, NY: Econometric Software, 1992.
9. Griliches, Zvi. "Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change." Econometrica, October 1957, 25(4), pp. 501-22.
10. _. "The Search for R&D Spillovers." Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1992 Supplement, 94, pp. 29-47.
11. Grossman, Gene M. and Helpman, Elhanan. Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
12. Hausman, Jerry; Hall, Bronwyn H. and Griliches, Zvi. "Econometric Models for Count Data with, an Application to the Patents-R&D Rerationship." Econometrica, July 1984, 52(4), pp. 909-38.
13. Henderson, Yolanda K. "Venture Capital and Economic Development." Paper presented to the New England Advisory Council, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Boston, MA, July 11, 1989.
14. Institute for Scientific Information. Science Citation Index, ISI compact disc editions, machine-readable database. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information, 1982, 1987, 1992.
15. Jaffe, Adam B. "Real Effects of Academic Research." American Economic Review, December 1989, 79(5), pp. 957-70.
16. Jaffe, Adam B.; Trajtenberg, Manuel and Henderson, Rebecca. "Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations." Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1993, 63(3), pp. 577-98.
17. Jones, Lyle V.; Lindzey, Gardner and Coggeshall, Porter E., eds. An assessment of research-doctorate programs in the United States: Biological sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.
18. Kenney, Martin. Biotechnology: The university-industrial complex. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
19. Lerner, Joshua. "Venture Capitalists and the Decision to Go Public." Journal of Financial Economics, June 1994, 35(3), pp. 293-316.
20. _. "Venture Capitalists and the Oversight of Private Firms." Journal of Finance, March 1995, 50(1), pp. 301-18.
21. Mansfield, Edwin. "Academic Research Underlying Industrial Innovations: Sources, Characteristics, and Financing." Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1995, 77(1), pp. 55-65.
22. Nelson, Richard R. "The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research." Journal of Political Economy, June 1959, 67(3), pp. 297-306.
23. Nelson, Richard R. and Romer, Paul M. "Science, Economic Growth, and Public Policy," in Bruce L. R. Smith and Claude E. Barfield, eds., Technology, R&D, and the economy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution and American Enterprise Institute, 1996, pp. 49-74.
24. Nelson, Richard R. and Winter, Sidney G. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
25. North Carolina Biotechnology Center. North Carolina Biotechnology Center U.S. companies database, machine-readable database. Research Triangle Park, NC: North Carolina Biotechnology Center, April 16, 1992.
26. Pratt, Stanley E. Guide to venture capital sources, 6th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
27. Romer, Paul M. "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth." Journal of Political Economy, October 1986, 94(5), pp. 1002-37.
28. _. "Endogenous Technological Change." Journal of Political Economy, October 1990, Part 2, 95(5), pp. S71-S102.
29. Rosenberg, Nathan. Inside the black box: Technology and economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
30. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Economics and Statistics Administration. National income and product accounts of the United States, volume 2, 1959-88. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992a.
31. _. Regional economic information system, version 1.3, CD-ROM, machine-readable database. Washington, DC: Bureau of Economic Analysis, May 5, 1992b.
32. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Higher education general information survey (HEGIS), institutional characteristics, 1983-84, machine-readable database, ICPSR 8291. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, circa 1985.
33. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. "On the Application of Robust, Regression-Based Diagnostics to Models of Conditional Means and Conditional Variances." Journal of Econometrics, January 1991, 47(1), pp. 5-46.
34. Zucker, Lynne G.; Brewer, Marilynn B.; Oliver, Amalya and Liebeskind, Julia. "Basic Science as Intellectual Capital in Firms: Information Dilemmas in rDNA Biotechnology Research." Working paper, UCLA Institute for Social Science Research, 1993.
35. Zucker, Lynne G. and Darby, Michael R. "Star Scientists and Institutional Transformation: Patterns of Invention and Innovation in the Formation of the Biotechnology Industry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, November 12, 1996, 93(23), pp. 12709-12716.
36. Zucker, Lynne G.; Darby, Michael R. and Armstrong, Jeff. "Intellectual Capital and the Firm: The Technology of Geographically Localized Knowledge Spillovers." National Bureau of Economic Research (Cambridge, MA) Working Paper No. 4946, December 1994.
37. Zucker, Lynne G.; Darby, Michael R. and Brewer, Marilynn B. "Intellectual Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises." National Bureau of Economic Research (Cambridge, MA) Working Paper No. 4653, February 1994.