Learning from collaboration: Knowledge and networks in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries

California Management Review

Volumn , Issue 3, 1998, Pages 228-240

  Powell, Walter W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032385358     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/41165952     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. See data presented in National Science Board, Science and Technology Indicators -1996 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996).
2. A good discussion is found in H. Chesbrough and D.J. Teece, "When Is Virtual Virtuous: Organizing for Innovation," Harvard Business Review, 74/1 (January/February 1996): 65-73.
3. See O. Williamson, "Comparative Economic Organization," Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (1996): 269-296; O. Hart, Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995).
4. See O. Williamson, "Comparative Economic Organization," Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (1996): 269-296; O. Hart, Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995).
5. Representative examples include Paul Joskow, "Contract Duration and RelationSpecific Investments," American Economic Review, 77 (1987): 168-195; Gary Pisano and P.Y. Mang, "Collaborative Product Development and the Market for KnowHow," Research on Technological Innovation, Management, and Policy, 5 (1993): 109-136; Phillipe Aghion and Jean Tirole, "On the Management of Innovation," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (1994): 361-379.
6. Representative examples include Paul Joskow, "Contract Duration and RelationSpecific Investments," American Economic Review, 77 (1987): 168-195; Gary Pisano and P.Y. Mang, "Collaborative Product Development and the Market for KnowHow," Research on Technological Innovation, Management, and Policy, 5 (1993): 109-136; Phillipe Aghion and Jean Tirole, "On the Management of Innovation," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (1994): 361-379.
7. Representative examples include Paul Joskow, "Contract Duration and RelationSpecific Investments," American Economic Review, 77 (1987): 168-195; Gary Pisano and P.Y. Mang, "Collaborative Product Development and the Market for KnowHow," Research on Technological Innovation, Management, and Policy, 5 (1993): 109-136; Phillipe Aghion and Jean Tirole, "On the Management of Innovation," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (1994): 361-379.
8. See, for example, Mark Granovetter, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness," American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985): 481-510; Charles Sabel, "Learning by Monitoring," in N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, eds., Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 137-165; Brian Uzzi, "The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations," American Sociological Review, 61 (1996): 624-648.
9. See, for example, Mark Granovetter, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness," American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985): 481-510; Charles Sabel, "Learning by Monitoring," in N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, eds., Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 137-165; Brian Uzzi, "The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations," American Sociological Review, 61 (1996): 624-648.
10. See, for example, Mark Granovetter, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness," American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985): 481-510; Charles Sabel, "Learning by Monitoring," in N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, eds., Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 137-165; Brian Uzzi, "The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations," American Sociological Review, 61 (1996): 624-648.
11. Walter W. Powell, Kenneth Koput, and Laurel Smith-Doerr, "Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology," Administrative Science Quarterly, 41 (1996): 116-145; Peter Grindley and David Teece, "Managing Intellectual Capital: Licensing and Cross-Licensing in Semiconductors and Electronics," California Management Review, 38/2 (Winter 1997): 8-41.
12. Walter W. Powell, Kenneth Koput, and Laurel Smith-Doerr, "Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology," Administrative Science Quarterly, 41 (1996): 116-145; Peter Grindley and David Teece, "Managing Intellectual Capital: Licensing and Cross-Licensing in Semiconductors and Electronics," California Management Review, 38/2 (Winter 1997): 8-41.
13. Josh Lerner and Robert P. Merges, "The Control of Strategic Alliances: An Empirical Analysis of Biotechnology Collaborations," unpublished manuscript, Harvard Business School.
14. Powell et al., op. cit.
15. On the diffusion of matrix management, see L.R. Burns and D. R. Wholey, "Adoption and Abandonment of Matrix Management Programs," Academy of Management Journal, 36 (1993): 106-138; on the spread of the "poison pill," see G. Davis, "Agents Without Principles?" Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (1991): 583-613; on the multidivisional form, see D. Palmer, P.D. Jennings, and X. Zhan, "Late Adoption of the Multidivisional Form by Large U.S. Corporations," Administrative Science Quarterly, 38 (1993): 100-131; on the diffusion of total quality management, see J.D. Westphal, R. Gulati, and S. Shortell, "Customization or Conformity," Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (1997): 366-394.
16. On the diffusion of matrix management, see L.R. Burns and D. R. Wholey, "Adoption and Abandonment of Matrix Management Programs," Academy of Management Journal, 36 (1993): 106-138; on the spread of the "poison pill," see G. Davis, "Agents Without Principles?" Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (1991): 583-613; on the multidivisional form, see D. Palmer, P.D. Jennings, and X. Zhan, "Late Adoption of the Multidivisional Form by Large U.S. Corporations," Administrative Science Quarterly, 38 (1993): 100-131; on the diffusion of total quality management, see J.D. Westphal, R. Gulati, and S. Shortell, "Customization or Conformity," Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (1997): 366-394.
17. On the diffusion of matrix management, see L.R. Burns and D. R. Wholey, "Adoption and Abandonment of Matrix Management Programs," Academy of Management Journal, 36 (1993): 106-138; on the spread of the "poison pill," see G. Davis, "Agents Without Principles?" Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (1991): 583-613; on the multidivisional form, see D. Palmer, P.D. Jennings, and X. Zhan, "Late Adoption of the Multidivisional Form by Large U.S. Corporations," Administrative Science Quarterly, 38 (1993): 100-131; on the diffusion of total quality management, see J.D. Westphal, R. Gulati, and S. Shortell, "Customization or Conformity," Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (1997): 366-394.
18. On the diffusion of matrix management, see L.R. Burns and D. R. Wholey, "Adoption and Abandonment of Matrix Management Programs," Academy of Management Journal, 36 (1993): 106-138; on the spread of the "poison pill," see G. Davis, "Agents Without Principles?" Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (1991): 583-613; on the multidivisional form, see D. Palmer, P.D. Jennings, and X. Zhan, "Late Adoption of the Multidivisional Form by Large U.S. Corporations," Administrative Science Quarterly, 38 (1993): 100-131; on the diffusion of total quality management, see J.D. Westphal, R. Gulati, and S. Shortell, "Customization or Conformity," Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (1997): 366-394.
19. Walter W. Powell and Laurel Smith-Doerr, "Networks and Economic Life," in N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, eds., Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 368-402; Richard S. Rosenbloom and Williams J. Spencer, "The Transformation of Industrial Research," Issues in Science and Technology, 12/3 (1996): 68-74.
20. Walter W. Powell and Laurel Smith-Doerr, "Networks and Economic Life," in N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, eds., Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 368-402; Richard S. Rosenbloom and Williams J. Spencer, "The Transformation of Industrial Research," Issues in Science and Technology, 12/3 (1996): 68-74.
21. For introductions to the political sociology literature, see Gerald Maxwell and Pamela Oliver, The Critical Mass in Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
22. For introductions to the political sociology literature, see Gerald Maxwell and Pamela Oliver, The Critical Mass in Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
23. This argument draws freely on Cohen and Levinthal's ideas about absorptive capacity, Nelson and Winter's work on developing routines for learning, and Brown and Duguid's ideas on situated learning. See Wesley Cohen and Daniel Levinthal, "Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation," Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1990): 128-152; Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); John Seeley Brown and Paul Duguid, "Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice," Organization Science, 2 (1991): 40-57.
24. This argument draws freely on Cohen and Levinthal's ideas about absorptive capacity, Nelson and Winter's work on developing routines for learning, and Brown and Duguid's ideas on situated learning. See Wesley Cohen and Daniel Levinthal, "Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation," Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1990): 128-152; Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); John Seeley Brown and Paul Duguid, "Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice," Organization Science, 2 (1991): 40-57.
25. This argument draws freely on Cohen and Levinthal's ideas about absorptive capacity, Nelson and Winter's work on developing routines for learning, and Brown and Duguid's ideas on situated learning. See Wesley Cohen and Daniel Levinthal, "Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation," Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1990): 128-152; Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); John Seeley Brown and Paul Duguid, "Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice," Organization Science, 2 (1991): 40-57.
26. Lawrence M. Fisher, "Biogen's Triumph against the Odds," Strategy and Business, 8 (3rd Quarter 1997): 55-63.
27. See Erick Schonfield, "Merck vs. the Biotech Industry: Which One Is More Potent?" Fortune, March 31, 1997, pp. 161-162.
28. See Ian Macneil, "Relational Contracting: What We Do and Do Not Know," Wisconsin Law Review, 3 (1985): 483-526.