Two faces of carbon nanotube: Toxicities and pharmaceutical applications

Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 65-88

  Gulati, Neha ^a   Gupta, Himanshu ^b  

^a BHARAT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b HAMDARD UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Arc discharge technique; Biosensing; Cancer targeting; Carbon nanotubes; Chemical vapor deposition technique; Functionalization; Laser ablation technique; Multiwalled carbon nanotube; Single walled carbon nanotube

Indexed keywords

ALGINIC ACID; CARBON NANOTUBE; CISPLATIN; DAUNORUBICIN; DOXORUBICIN; MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE; NANOCARRIER; NANOCHANNEL; NANOMATERIAL; NANOVECTOR; PACLITAXEL; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOMEDICINE; BIOSENSOR; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CYTOTOXICITY; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG SOLUBILITY; GENE TARGETING; GENOTOXICITY; HUMAN; LUNG TOXICITY; NANOANALYSIS; NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW;

EID: 84860376808     PISSN: 07434863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v29.i1.20     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Khare R, Bose S. Carbon nanotube based composites-a review. J Min Mat Characterizat Eng. 2005;4(1):31-46.
2. Singh P. Carbon nanotube and their biomedical applications: a review. Chalcogenide Lett 2010;7(6):389-396.
3. Hirlekar R, Yamagar M, Garse H, Vij M, Kadam V. Carbon nanotubes and its applications: a review. Asian J Pharmaceut Clin Res. 2009;2(4):17-27.
4. Rodney S. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. Comptes Rendus Physique. 2003;4: 993-1008.
5. Robertson DH, Brenner DW, Mintmire JW. Energetics of nanoscale graphitic tubules. Phys Rev B Condens Matter. 1992;45:12592-12595.
6. Yu MF, Files BS, Arepalli S, Ruoff RS. Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties. Phys Rev Lett. 2000;84:5552-5555.
7. Wang J, Electroanalysis. 2004;17(1).
8. Prabhakar C, Krishna KB. A review on carbon nanotubes. Res J Pharmaceut Bio Chem Sci. 2011;2(1):850-854.
9. Avouris P, Appenzeller J, Martel R, Wind SJ. Carbon nanotubes electronics. Proc IEEE Inst Electr Electron Eng. 2003;91:1772-1784.
10. Avouris P. Carbon nanotubes electronics. Chem Phys. 2002;281(2-3):429-445.
11. Yamaguchi T, Bandow S, Iijima S. Synthesis of carbon nanohorn particles by simple pulsed arc discharge ignited between pre-heated carbon rods. Chem Phys Lett. 2004;389:181-185.
12. Daenen M, de Fouw RD, Hamers B, Janssen PGA, Schouteden K, Velt MAJ. The wondrous world of carbon nanotubes: a review of current carbon nanotube technologies. 2003 Feb 27 [cited 16 Jan 2012]. Available from: http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/Wondrous%20World%20of%20Carbon% 20Nanotubes_Final.pdf.
13. Vander Wal RL, Hall L, Berger GM. Single-walled carbon nanotube synthesis via a multi-stage flame configuration. J Phys Chem B. 2002;106:3564-3567.
14. Hou PX, Bai S, Yang GH, Liu C, Cheng HM. Multi-step purification of carbon nanotubes. Carbon. 2002;40:81-85.
15. Yang W, Thordarson P, Gooding JJ, Ringer SP, Braet F. Carbon nanotubes for biological and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology. 2007;18:412001.
16. Nel A, Xia T, Maedler L, Li N. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science. 2006;311: 622-627.
17. Kostarelos K. Rational design and engineering of delivery systems for therapeutics: biomedical exercises in colloid and surface science. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2003;106:147-168.
18. Yang ST, Wang X, Jia G, Gu Y, Wang T, Nie H, Ge C, Wang H, Lui Y. Long-term accumulation and low toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in intravenously exposed mice. Toxicol Lett 2008;181:182-189.
19. Wang J. Electrochemical based biological sensors-a review. Electroanalysis 2005;17(1):7-14.
20. Singh R, Pantarotto D, Lacerda L, Pastorin G, Klumpp C, Prato M, Bianco A, Kostarelos K. Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered carbon nanotube Radiotracers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:3357-3362.
21. Liu Z, Davis C, Cai W, He L, Chen X, Dai H. Circulation and long-term fate of functionalized, biocompatibile single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice probed by Raman spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:1410-1415.
22. Liu Z, Chen K, Davis C, Sherlock S, Cao Q, Chen X, Dai H. Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer treatment. Cancer Res. 2008;68:6652-6660.
23. McDevitt MR, Chattopadhyay D, Kappel BJ, Schiffman SR, Jaggi JS, Antczak C, Niardarson JT, Brentjens R, Scheinberg DA. Tumor targeting with antibody-functionalized, radiolabeled carbon nanotubes. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1180-1189.
24. Cherukuri P, Gannon CJ, Leeuw TK, Schmidt HK, Smalley RE, Curley SA, Weisman RB. Mammalian pharmacokinetics of carbon nanotubes using intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:18882-18886.
25. Guo J, Zhang X, Li Q, Li W. Biodistribution of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes in mice. Nucl Med Biol. 2007;34:579-583.
26. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Arepalli S, Hunter RL. A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2006;36(3):189-217.
27. Srinivasan C. Toxicity of carbon nanotubes: some recent studies. Curr Sci. 2008;95(3):307-308.
28. Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Porter D, Schulte P, Kagan VE, Fadeel B, Castranova V. Mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity and medical applications of carbon nanotubes: two faces of Janus? Pharmacol Therapeut. 2009;121:192-204.
29. Kayat J, Gajbhiye V, Tekade RK, Jain NK. Pulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes: a systematic report. Nanomedicine. 2011;7:40-49.
30. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R, Hunter RL. Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol Sci. 2004;77:126-134.
31. Fenoglio I, Greco G, Tomatis M, Muller J, Pinero E, Beguin F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D and Fubini B. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: physicochemical aspects. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008;21:1690-1707.
32. Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Murray AR, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Young SH, Gao F, Tyurina YY, Oury TD, Kagan VE. Vitamin E deficiency enhances pulmonary inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;221:339-348.
33. Catherine JS, Benjamin JS, Richard DH. Toxicity of single walled carbon nanotubes to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): respirator toxicity, organ pathologies and other physiological effects. Aquat Toxicol. 2007;82:94-109.
34. Muller J, Huauxa F, Moreaub N, Missona P, Heiliera JF, Delosc M, Arras M, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D. Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;207:221-231.
35. Donaldson K, Aitken R, Tran L, Stone V, Duffin R, Forrest G, Alexander A. Carbon nanotubes: a review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety. Toxicol Sci. 2006;92:5-22.
36. Warheit DB. What is currently known about the health risks related to carbon nanotubes exposure? Carbon. 2006;44:1064-1069.
37. Chou CC, Hsiao HY, Hong QS, Chen CH, Peng YW, Chen HW, Yang PC. Single-walled carbon nanotubes can induce pulmonary injury in mouse model. Nano Lett. 2008;8:437-445.
38. Stoker E, Purser F, Kwon S, Park YB, Lee JS. Alternative estimation of human exposure of single walled carbon nanotubes using three-dimensional tissue engineered human lung. International J Toxicol. 2008;27:441-448.
39. Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Mercer R, Murray AR, Johnson VJ, Potapovich AI AI, Tyurina YY, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Schwegler-Berry D, Hubbs AF, Antonini J, Evans DE, Ku BK, Ramsey D, Maynard A, Kagan VE, Castranova V, Baron P. Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005;289:L698-L708.
40. Li Z, Hulderman T, Salmen T, Chapman R, Leonard SS, Young SH, Shvedova A, Luster MI, Simeonova PP. Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115:377-382.
41. Wang J, Sun P, Bao Y, Liu J, An L. Cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes on PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011;25:242-250.
42. Zhang Y, Xu Y, Li Z, Chen T, Lantz SM, Howard PC, Paule M. Mechanistic toxicity evaluation of uncoated and PEGylated single-walled carbon nanotubes in neuronal PC12 cells. ACS Nano 2011;5(9):7020-7033.
43. Wick P, Manser P, Limbach LK, Weglikowsk UD, Krumeich F, Roth S, Stark WJ, Bruinink A. The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2007;168:121-131.
44. Huczko A, Lange H. Carbon nanotubes: experimental evidence for a null risk of skin irritation and allergy. Fullerene Sci Technol. 2001;9(2):247-250.
45. Monteiro-Riviere NA, Nemanich RJ, Inman AO, Wang YY, Riviere JE. Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett. 2005;155(3):377-384.
46. Jia G, Wang H, Yan L, Wang X, Pei R, Yan T, Zhao Y, Guo X. Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube and fullerene. Environ Sci Technol. 2005;39(5): 1378-1383.
47. Murr LE, Garza KM, Soto KF, Carrasco A, Powell JG, Ramirez DA, Guerrero PA. Cytotoxicity assessment of some carbon nanotubes and related carbon nanoparticles aggregates and the implication for anthropogenic carbon nanotube aggregates in the environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2005;2:31-42.
48. Raja PMV, Connolley J, Ganesan GP, Ci L, Ajayan PM, Nalamasu O, Thompson DM. Impact of carbon nanotube exposure, dosage and aggregation on smooth muscle cells. Toxicol Lett. 2007;169:51-63.
49. Tamura K, Takashi N, Akasaka T, Roska ID, Uo M, Totsuka Y, Watari F. Effects of micro/nano particle size on cell function and morphology. Key Eng Mater. 2004;254-6:919-922.
50. Cui D, Tian F, Ozkan CS, Wang M, Gao H. Effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells. Toxicol Lett. 2005;155(1):73-85.
51. Kisin ER, Murray AR, Keane MJ, Shi XC, Schwegler-Berry D, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Wallace WE. Single-walled carbon nanotubes: geno-and cytotoxic effects in lung fibroblast V79 cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007;70(24):2071-2079.
52. Jacobsen NR, Pojana G, White P, Moller P, Cohn, CA, Korsholm KS, Vogel U. Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes and C(60) fullerenes in the FE1-Mutatrade mark Mouse lung epithelial cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008;49(6):476-487.
53. Vinzents PS, Møller P, Sørensen M, Knudsen LE, Hertel O, Jensen FP Schibye B, Loft S. Personal exposure to ultrafine particles and oxidative DNA damage. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(11):1485-1490.
54. Zhu L, Chang DW, Dai L, Hong Y. DNA damage induced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nano Lett. 2007;7(12):3592-3597.
55. Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Gustafsson J, Möller L. Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008;21(9):1726-1732.
56. Takagi A, Hirose A, Nishimura T, Fukumori N, Ogata A, Ohashi N, Kitajima S, Kanno J. Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/-mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci. 2008;33(1):105-116.
57. Firme III CP, Bandaru PR. Toxicity issues in the application of carbon nanotubes to biological systems. Nanomedicine. 2010;6:245-256.
58. Klumpp C, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Bianco A. Functionalized carbon nanotubes as emerging nanovectors for the delivery of therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1758:404-412.
59. Foldvari M, Bagonluri M. Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: II. Drug delivery and biocompatibility issues. Nanomedicine. 2008;4:183-200.
60. Lacerda L, Bianco A, Prato M, Kostarelos K. Carbon nanotubes as nanomedicines: From toxicology to pharmacology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58(14):1460-1470.
61. Moore VC, Strano MS, Haroz EH, Hauge RH, Smalley RE, Schmidt J, Talmon Y. Individually suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in various surfactants. Nano Lett. 2003;3:1379-1382.
62. Shvartzman-Cohen R, Nativ-Roth E, Yerushalmi-Rozen R, Baskaran E, Szleifer I, Levi-Kalisman Y. Selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of polymers: the role of molecular and colloidal length scales. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:14850-14857.
63. Star A, Stoddart JF, Steuerman D, Diehl M, Boukai A, Wong EW, Yang X, Chung SW, Choi H, Heath JR. Preparation and properties of polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2001;40:1721-1725.
64. Liu J, Rinzler AG, Dai H, Hafner JH, Bradley RK Boul PJ, Lu A, Iverson P, Shelimov K, Huffman CB, Macias F, Shon YS, Lee TR, Colbert DT, Smalley RE. Fullerene pipes. Science. 1998;280:1253-1256.
65. Dyke CA, Tour JM. Overcoming the insolubility of carbon nanotubes through high degrees of sidewall functionalisation. Chemistry. 2004;10:812-817.
66. Jain AK, Dubey V, Mehra NK, Lodhi N, Nahar M, Mishra DK, Jain NK. Carbohydrate-conjugated multiwalled carbon nanotubes: development and characterization. Nanomedicine. 2009;5: 432-442.
67. Balasubramanian K, Burghard M. Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes. Small. 2005;1(2):180-192.
68. Yoon OJ, Kim HW, Kim DJ, Lee HJ, Yun JY, Noh YH, Lee DY, Kim DH, Kim SS, Lee NE. Nanocomposites of electrospun poly[(D, L-lactic)-co-(glycolic acid)] and plasma-functionalized singlewalled carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications. Plasma Process Polym. 2009;6:101-109.
69. Cheng J, Meziani MJ, Sun YP, Cheng SH. Poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as an efficient drug carrier for overcoming multidrug resistance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;250:184-193.
70. Sayes CM, Liang F, Hudson JL, Mendez J, Guo W, Beach JM Moore VC, Doyle CD, West JL, Billups WE, Ausman KD, Colvin VL. Functionalisation density dependent of single walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Lett. 2006;16:135-142.
71. Zhao B, Hu H, Mandal SK, Haddon RC. A bone mimic based on the self-assembly of hydroxyapatite on chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Mater. 2005;17:3235-3241.
72. Heister E, Neves V, Tîlmaciu C, Lipert K, Beltrán VS, Coley HM, Silva SRP, McFadden J. Triple functionalisation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with doxorubicin, a monoclonal antibody, and a fluorescent marker for targeted cancer therapy. Carbon. 2009;47:2152-2160.
73. McDevitt MR, Chattopadhyay D, Kappel BJ, Jaggi JS, Schiffman SR, Antczak C, Njardarson JT, Brentjens R, Scheinberg DA. Tumor targeting with antibody-functionalized, radiolabeled carbon nanotubes. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(7):1180-1189.
74. Dumortier, H, Lacotte S, Pastorin G. Functionalized carbon nanotubes are non-cytotoxic and preserve the functionality of primary immune cells. Nano Lett. 2006;6:1522-1528.
75. Pastorin G. Crucial functionalizations of carbon nanotubes for improved drug delivery: a valuable option? Pharmaceut Res. 2009;26(4):746-769.
76. Bianco A, Kostarelos K, Prato M. Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2005;9:674-679.
77. Ji SR, Liu C, Zhang B, Yang F, Xu J, Long J a, Jin C, Fu DL, Ni QX, Yu XJ. Carbon nanotubes in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1806:29-35.
78. Liu Z, Chen K, Davis C, Sherlock S, Cao Q, Chen X, Dai H. Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer treatment. Cancer Res. 2008;68(16):6652-6660.
79. Tripisciano C, Kraemer K, Taylor A, Borowiak-Palen E. Single-wall carbon nanotubes based anticancer drug delivery system. Chem Phys Lett. 2009;478:200-205.
80. Taghdisi SM, Lavaee P, Ramezani M, Abnous K. Reversible targeting and controlled release delivery of daunorubicin to cancer cells by aptamer-wrapped carbon nanotubes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2011;77:200-206.
81. Zhang X, Meng L, Lu Q, Fei Z, Dyson PJ. Targeted delivery and controlled release of doxorubicin to cancer cells using modified single wall carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6041-6047.
82. Ali-boucetta H, Al-Jamal KT, McCarthy D, Prato M, Bianco A, Kostarelos K. Multiwalled carbon nanotube-doxorubicin supramolecular complexes for cancer therapeutics. Chem Commun 2008;459-461.
83. Zhang Y, Bai Y, Yan B. Functionalized carbon nanotubes for potential medicinal applications. Drug Discov Today. 2010;15(11/12):428-435.
84. Kam NWS, O'Conell M, Wisdom JA, Dai H. Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:11600-11605.
85. Moon HK, Lee SH, Choi HC. In vivo near-infrared mediated tumour destruction by photodermal effect of carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano. 2009;3:3707-3713.
86. Dhar S, Liu Z, Thomale J, Dai H, Lippard SJ. Targeted single-wall carbon nanotube-mediated pt(IV) prodrug delivery using folate as a homing device. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130:11467-11476.
87. Bhirde AA, Patel V, Gavard J, Zhang G, Sousa AA, Masedunskas A, Leapman RD, Weigert R, Gutkind JS, Rusling JF. Targeted killing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery. ACS Nano. 2009;3(2):307-316.
88. Chen J, Chen S, Zhao X, Kuznetsova LV, Wong SS, Ojima I. Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as rationally designed vehicles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130(49):16778-16785.
89. De la Zerda A, Zavaleta C, Keren S, Vaithilingam S, Bodapati S, Liu Z, Levi J, Smith BR, Ma TJ, Oralkan O, Cheng Z, Chen X, Dai H, Khuri-Yakub BT, Gambhir SS. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008;3(9):557-562.
90. Pramanik M, Song KH, Swierczewska M, Green D, Sitharaman B, Wang LV. In vivo carbon nanotube-enhanced non-invasive photoacoustic mapping of the sentinel lymph node. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(11):3291-3301.
91. Carroll DL, Stewart JH IV, Levi NH, inventors. Compositions and methods for treating cancer. US patent 20,100,209,479. August 19, 2010].
92. Wilson GM, Brennan S, Alkharouf N, Kuwano Y, Blackshear P, Gorospe M, inventors. Compositions and methods for diagnosing and treating cancer. US patent 20,100,055,705. March 4, 2010.
93. Harrison RG, Resasco DE, inventors. Composition and method for cancer treatment using targeted single-walled carbon nanotubes. US patent 20,090,062,785. March 5, 2009.
94. Harrison RG, Resasco DE, inventors. Composition and method for cancer treatment using targeted single-walled carbon nanotubes. US patent 20,080,227,687. September 18, 2008.
95. Hirsch A, Sagman U, Wilson SR, Rosenblum MG, Wilson LJ, inventors. Use of carbon nanotube for drug delivery. US patent 20080193490. August 14, 2008.
96. Son SJ, Bai X, Lee SB. Inorganic hollow nanoparticles and nanotubes in nanomedicine Part 1. Drug/ gene delivery applications. Drug Discov Today. 2007;12(15/16):650-656.
97. Prakash S, Kulamarva AG. Recent advances in drug delivery: potential and limitations of carbon nanotubes. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2007;1(3):214-221.
98. Wu W, Weickowski S, Pastorin G, Benincasa M, Klummp, Briand JP, Gennaro R, Prato M, Bianco A. targeted delivery of amphotericin-B to cells by using functioanlised carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2005;44:6358-6362.
99. Murakami T, Ajima K, Miyawaki J, Yudasaka M, Lijijma S, Shiba K. Drug loaded carbon nanohorns:adsorption and release of dexamethasone in vitro. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;1(6):399-405.
100. Yang Z, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Sun L, Han D, Li H, Wang C. Pharmacological and toxicological target organelles and safe use of single-walled carbon nanotubes as drug carriers in treating Alzheimer disease. Nanomedicine. 2010;6:427-441.
101. Mehier-Humbert S, Guy RH. Physical methods for gene transfer: improving the kinetics of gene delivery into cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:733-753.
102. Pantarotto D, Singh R, McCarthy D, Erhardt M, Briand JP, Prato M, Kostarelos K, Bianco A. Functionalized carbon nanotubes for plasmid DNA gene delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2004;43:5242-5246.
103. Gao L, Nie L, Wang T, Qin Y, Guo Z, Yang D, Yan X. Carbon nanotube delivery of the GFP gene into mammalian cells. Chembiochem. 2006;7:239-242.
104. Venkatesan N, Yoshimitsu J, Ito Y, Shibata N, Takada K. Liquid filled nanoparticles as a drug delivery tool for protein therapeutics. Biomaterials. 2005;26:7154-7163.
105. Wang J. Carbon nanotubes based electrochemical biosensors: a review. Electroanalysis. 2005;17(1):7-14.
106. Moyon CM, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Bianco A. Functionalized carbon nanotubes for probing and modulating molecular functions. Chem Biol. 2010;17:107-115.
107. Chen RJ, Bangsaruntig S, Drouvalakis KA, Kam NWS, Shim M, Li Y, Kim W, Utz PJ, Dai H. Noncovalent functionalisation of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(9):4984-4989.
108. Huang Y, Palkar PV, Li LJ, Zhang H, Chen P. Integrating carbon nanotubes and lipid bilayer for biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron. 2010;25:1834-1837.
109. Gooding JJ. Electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors. Electroanalysis. 2002;14:1149-1156.
110. Tran PA, Zhang L, Webster TJ. Carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61:1097-1114.
111. Mattson M, Haddon R, Rao A. Molecular functionalization of carbon nanotubes and use as substrates for neuronal growth. J Mol Neurosci. 2000;14:175-182.
112. Lovat V, Pantarotto D, Lagostena L, Cacciari B, Grandolfo M, Righi M. Carbon nanotube substrates boost neuronal electrical signaling. Nano Lett. 2005;5:1107-1110.
113. Hu H, Ni Y, Mandal SK, Montana V, Zhao B, Haddon RC. Polyethyleneimine functionalized singlewalled carbon nanotubes as a substrate for neuronal growth. J Phys Chem B. 2005;109:4285-4289.
114. Matsumoto K, Sato C, Naka Y, Kitazawa A, Whitby RL, Shimizu N. Neurite outgrowths of neurons with neurotrophin-coated carbon nanotubes. J Biosci Bioeng. 2007;103:216-220.
115. Jan E, Kotov NA. Successful differentiation of mouse neural stem cells on layer by-layer assembled single-walled carbon nanotube composite. Nano Lett. 2007;7:1123-1128.
116. Gabay T, Jakobs E, Ben-Jacob E, Hanein Y. Engineered self organization of neural networks using carbon nanotubes clusters. Physica A. 2005;350(2-4):611-621.
117. Pantarotto D, Partidos CD, Graff R, Hoebeke J, Briand JP, PratoM, Bianco A. Synthesis,
118. Structural characterization and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:6160-6164.
119. Pantarotto D, Partidos CD, Hoebeke J, Brown F, Kramer E, Briand JP, Muuler S, Prato M, Bianco A. Immunization with peptide functionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virus specific neutralizing antibody responses. Chem Biol. 2003;10:961-966.
120. Wu J, Paudelb KS, Strasingerb C, Hammell D, Stinchcombb AL, Hinds BJ. Programmable transdermal drug delivery of nicotine using carbon nanotube membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(2): 11698-11702.
121. Lowe CR. Nanobiotechnology: the fabrication and applications of chemical and biological nanostrutures. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2000;10:428-434.
122. O'Connell MJ, Bachilo SM, Huffman CB, Moore VC, Strano MS, Haroz EH, Rialon KL, Boul PJ, Noon WH, Kittrell C, Ma J, Hauge RH, Weisman RB, Smalley RE. Band gap fluorescence from individual single walled nanotubes. Science. 2002;297:593-596.
123. Cherukuri P, Gannon CJ, Leeuw TK, Schmidt HK, Smalley RE, Curley SA, Weisman RB. Mammalian pharmacokinetics of carbon nanotubes using intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:18882-18886.
124. Xiang L, Yuan Y, Xing D, Ou Z, Yang S, Zhou F. Photoacoustic molecular imaging with antibody functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes for early diagnosis of tumor. J Biomed Opt 2009;14(2): 0210081-0210087.
125. Chen L, Cheung CL, Ashby PD, Lieber CM. Single-walled carbon nanotube AFM probes: optimal imaging resolution of nanoclusters and biomolecules in ambient and fluid environments. Nano Lett. 2004;4(9):1725-1731.
126. Leeuw TK, Reith RM, Simonette RA, Harden ME, Cherukuri P, Tsyboulski DA, Beckingham KM, Weisman RB. Single walled carbon nanotubes in intact organism: near-IR imaging and biocompatibility studies in Drosophila. Nano Lett. 2007;7:2650-2654.
127. Keren S, Zavaleta C, Cheng Z, De la Zerda A, Gheysens O, Gambhir SS. Noninvasive molecular imaging of small living subjects using Raman spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105: 5844-5849.
128. Wang KH, Burke LM, Kang E, Lee YZ, Cao G, Lu J, Rojas M, Willis MS, Zhou O. Carbon nanotube micro-computed tomography imaging of myocardial infarction using delayed contrast enhancement. Circulation. 2010;122:A18892.
129. Wilson LJ, Kissel KR, Hartmann KB, inventors. Carbon nanotube based imaging agents. US patent 20,090,136,987. May 28, 2009.
130. Zhang Q, Kusaka Y, Zhu X, Sato K, Mo Y, Klutz T, Donaldson K. Comparative toxicity of standard nickel and ultrafine nickel in lung after intratracheal instillation. J Occup Health. 2003;45:23-30.