Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates experimental stroke injury and dysregulates ischemia-induced inflammation in adult rats

Endocrinology

Volumn 153, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 2420-2435

  Balden, Robyn ^a   Selvamani, Amutha ^a   Sohrabji, Farida ^a  

^a TEXAS A M COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BRAIN TISSUE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIA; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; STROKE; UPREGULATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL CORTEX; CORPUS STRIATUM; CYTOKINES; FEMALE; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; STROKE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84860316413     PISSN: 00137227     EISSN: 19457170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1783     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Baeke F, Gysemans C, Korf H, Mathieu C 2010 Vitamin D insuf ficiency: implications for the immune system. Pediatr Nephrol 25: 1597-1606
2. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, Lieben L, Mathieu C, Demay M 2008 Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev 29:726-776
3. Chen S, Sims GP, Chen XX, Gu YY, Chen S, Lipsky PE 2007 Mod ulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell dif ferentiation. J Immunol 179:1634-1647
4. Haussler MR, Haussler CA, Whitfield GK, Hsieh JC, Thompson PD, Barthel TK, Bartik L, Egan JB, Wu Y, Kubicek JL, Lowmiller CL, Moffet EW, Forster RE, Jurutka PW 2010 The nuclear vitamin D receptor controls the expression of genes encoding factors which feed the "fountain of youth" to mediate healthful aging. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121:88-97
5. Bikle DD 2009 Vitamin D and immune function: understanding common pathways. Curr Osteoporos Rep 7:58-63
6. Stoffels K, Overbergh L, Giulietti A, Verlinden L, Bouillon R, Mathieu C 2006 Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1α-hydroxylase in human monocytes. J Bone Miner Res 21:37-47 (Pubitemid 43023225)
7. Zehnder D, Bland R, Williams MC, McNinch RW, Howie AJ, Stewart PM, Hewison M 2001 Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3)-1 α-hydroxylase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:888-894 (Pubitemid 32207511)
8. Rizk-Rabin M, Zineb R, Zhor B, Michèle G, Jana P 1994 Synthesis of and response to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol by subpopulations of murine epidermal keratinocytes: existence of a paracrine system for 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol. J Cell Physiol 159:131-141 (Pubitemid 24234585)
9. Mahon BD, Wittke A, Weaver V, Cantorna MT 2003 The targets of vitamin D depend on the differentiation and activation status of CD4 positive T cells. J Cell Biochem 89:922-932 (Pubitemid 36927724)
10. Hewison M 2010 Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspec tives on an old theme. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 39:365-379, table of contents
11. O'Kelly J, Hisatake J, Hisatake Y, Bishop J, Norman A, Koeffler HP 2002 Normal myelopoiesis but abnormal T lymphocyte responses in vitamin D receptor knockout mice. J Clin Invest 109:1091-1099 (Pubitemid 34408584)
12. von Essen MR, Kongsbak M, Schjerling P, Olgaard K, Odum N, Geisler C 2010 Vitamin D controls T cell antigen receptor signaling and activation of human T cells. Nat Immunol 11:344-349
13. Tishkoff DX, Nibbelink KA, Holmberg KH, Dandu L, Simpson RU 2008 Functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the t-tubules of car diac myocytes: VDR knockout cardiomyocyte contractility. Endocrinology 149:558-564 (Pubitemid 351159356)
14. Michos ED, Melamed ML 2008 Vitamin D and cardiovascular dis ease risk. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11:7-12 (Pubitemid 350295219)
15. Yasuhara T, Hara K, Maki M, Masuda T, Sanberg CD, Sanberg PR, Bickford PC, Borlongan CV 2008 Dietary supplementation exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke model. Rejuvenation Res 11:201-214 (Pubitemid 351271636)
16. Bouvard B, Annweiler C, Sallé A, Beauchet O, Chappard D, Audran M, Legrand E 2011 Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D: facts, uncer tainties, and controversies. Joint Bone Spine 78:10-16
17. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CD, Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Dekker JM 2009 Vitamin D and mortality in older men and women. Clin Endocrinol 71:666-672
18. Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K, Lichtenstein AH, Lau J, Balk EM 2010 Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 152:307-314
19. Sood A, Arora R 2010 Vitamin D deficiency and its correlations with increased cardiovascular incidences. Am J Ther 17:e105-9
20. Scragg R, Khaw KT, Murphy S 1995 Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 49:640-646
21. Bartley J 2010 Vitamin D: emerging roles in infection and immunity. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8:1359-1369
22. Cantorna MT, Mahon BD 2004 Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease preva lence. Exp Biol Med 229:1136-1142 (Pubitemid 39602256)
23. Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Bell D, Hensrud DD, Holick MF 2008 Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardio vascular risk factor? J Am Coll Cardiol 52:1949-1956
24. Marniemi J, Alanen E, Impivaara O, Seppänen R, Hakala P, Rajala T, Rönnemaa T 2005 Dietary and serum vitamins and minerals as predictors of myocardial infarction and stroke in elderly subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 15:188-197 (Pubitemid 40934163)
25. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C 2007 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the third national health and nu trition examination survey. Am J Hypertens 20:713-719 (Pubitemid 46936167)
26. Lappe JM, Davies KM, Travers-Gustafson D, Heaney RP 2006 Vi tamin D status in a rural postmenopausal female population. J Am Coll Nutr 25:395-402 (Pubitemid 44522576)
27. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A 2010 Role of vitamin D in arterial hyperten sion. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 8:1599-1608
28. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Fischer JE, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Boehm BO, März W 2008 Low vitamin d levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography. Stroke 39:2611-2613
29. Elamin MB, Abu Elnour NO, Elamin KB, Fatourechi MM, Alkatib AA, Almandoz JP, Liu H, Lane MA, Mullan RJ, Hazem A, Erwin PJ, Hensrud DD, Murad MH, Montori VM 2011 Vitamin D and car diovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1931-1942
30. Autier P, Gandini S 2007 Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch In tern Med 167:1730-1737 (Pubitemid 47403059)
31. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B 2008 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med 168:1629-1637
32. Barnard K, Colón-Emeric C 2010 Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D in older adults: cardiovascular disease, mortality, mood, and cog nition. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 8:4-33
33. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M, Gluud C 2011 Vitamin D supplemen tation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7: CD007470
34. Lind L, Lithell H, Skarfors E, Wide L, Ljunghall S 1988 Reduction of blood pressure by treatment with αcalcidol. A double-blind, pla cebo-controlled study in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Acta Med Scand 223:211-217 (Pubitemid 18098224)
35. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieber TR 2009 Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. Nat Rev Cardiol 6:621-630
36. Zittermann A 2003 Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ig noring the evidence? Br J Nutr 89:552-572 (Pubitemid 36592083)
37. Margolis KL, Ray RM, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Allison MA, Black HR, Beresford SA, Connelly SA, Curb JD, Grimm Jr RH, Kotchen TA, Kuller LH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson CA, Torner JC 2008 Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the women's health initiative randomized trial. Hypertension 52:847-855
38. Rothenburg LS, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Black SE, Tennen G, Kiss A, Gladstone DJ, Ween J, Snaiderman A, Lanctôt KL 2010 The relationship between inflammatory markers and post stroke cognitive impairment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 23:199-205
39. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Berry JD, Brown TM, Carnethon MR, Dai S, de Simone G, Ford ES, Fox CS, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Greenlund KJ, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Ho PM, Howard VJ, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Makuc DM, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McDermott MM, Meigs JB, Moy CS, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Rosamond WD, Sorlie PD, Stafford RS, Turan TN, Turner MB, Wong ND, Wylie-Rosett J 2011 Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2011 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation 123:e18-e209
40. Ridder DA, Bulashevska S, Chaitanya GV, Babu PP, Brors B, Eils R, Schneider A, Schwaninger M 2009 Discovery of transcriptional pro grams in cerebral ischemia by in silico promoter analysis. Brain Res 1272:3-13
41. Taniura H, Ito M, Sanada N, Kuramoto N, Ohno Y, Nakamichi N, Yoneda Y 2006 Chronic vitamin D3 treatment protects against neu rotoxicity by glutamate in association with upregulation of vitamin D receptor mRNA expression in cultured rat cortical neurons. J Neurosc Res 83:1179-1189 (Pubitemid 43668001)
42. Suemori S, Shimazawa M, Kawase K, Satoh M, Nagase H, Yamamoto T, Hara H 2006 Metallothionein, an endogenous anti oxidant, protects against retinal neuron damage in mice. Invest Oph thalmol Vis Sci 47:3975-3982 (Pubitemid 46044314)
43. Li L, Prabhakaran K, Zhang X, Zhang L, Liu H, Borowitz JL, Isom GE 2008 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates cyanide-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting uncoupling protein-2 up-regulation. J Neurosci Res 86:1397-1408 (Pubitemid 351571914)
44. Ibi M, Sawada H, Nakanishi M, Kume T, Katsuki H, Kaneko S, Shimohama S, Akaike A 2001 Protective effects of 1 α,25(OH)(2)D(3) against the neurotoxicity of glutamate and reactive oxygen species in mesencephalic culture. Neuropharmacology 40: 761-771 (Pubitemid 32436453)
45. Garcion E, Thanh XD, Bled F, Teissier E, Dehouck MP, Rigault F, Brachet P, Girault A, Torpier G, Darcy F 1996 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates γ1 transpeptidase activity in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 216:183-186 (Pubitemid 26336564)
46. Garcion E, Nataf S, Berod A, Darcy F, Brachet P 1997 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 45:255-267 (Pubitemid 27170702)
47. Neveu I, Naveilhan P, Baudet C, Brachet P, Metsis M 1994 1,25Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates NT-3, NT-4 but not BDNF mRNA in astrocytes. Neuroreport 6:124-126
48. Neveu I, Naveilhan P, Jehan F, Baudet C, Wion D, De Luca HF, Brachet P 1994 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the synthesis of nerve growth factor in primary cultures of glial cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 24:70-76
49. Bogazzi F, Rossi G, Lombardi M, Tomisti L, Sardella C, Manetti L, Curzio O, Marcocci C, Grasso L, Gasperi M, Martino E 2011 Vi tamin D status may contribute to serum Igf1 concentrations in healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 34:e200-e203
50. Naveilhan P, Neveu I, Wion D, Brachet P 1996 1,25-Dihydroxyvi tamin D3, an inducer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroreport 7:2171-2175 (Pubitemid 26361840)
51. Ron-Harel N, Schwartz M 2009 Immune senescence and brain ag ing: can rejuvenation of immunity reverse memory loss? Trends Neurosci 32:367-375
52. Martino G, Pluchino S, Bonfanti L, Schwartz M 2011 Brain regen eration in physiology and pathology: the immune signature driving therapeutic plasticity of neural stem cells. Physiol Rev 91:1281-1304
53. Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Montero-Menei CN, Bernard R, Couez D 2003 Vitamin D3 inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production by the EOC13 microglial cell line. J Neurosci Res 71:575-582 (Pubitemid 36158342)
54. Wang Y, Chiang YH, Su TP, Hayashi T, Morales M, Hoffer BJ, Lin SZ 2000 Vitamin D(3) attenuates cortical infarction induced by middle cerebral arterial ligation in rats. Neuropharmacology 39: 873-880 (Pubitemid 30103691)
55. De Novellis V, Loffreda A, Vitagliano S, Stella L, Lampa E, Filippelli W, Vacca C, Guarino V, Rossi F 1994 Effects of dietary vitamin D deficiency on the cardiovascular system. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 83:125-144
56. Eyles D, Brown J, Mackay-Sim A, McGrath J, Feron F 2003 Vitamin D3 and brain development. Neuroscience 118:641-653
57. Eyles D, Almeras L, Benech P, Patatian A, Mackay-Sim A, McGrath J, Féron F 2007 Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters the ex pression of genes encoding mitochondrial, cytoskeletal and synaptic proteins in the adult rat brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103: 538-545 (Pubitemid 46401360)
58. Kankova M, Luini W, Pedrazzoni M, Riganti F, Sironi M, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Vecchi A 1991 Impairment of cytokine production in mice fed a vitamin D3-deficient diet. Immunology 73:466-471
59. Cekic M, Cutler SM, Van Landingham JW, Stein DG 2011 Vitamin D deficiency reduces the benefits of progesterone treatment after brain injury in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 32:864-874
60. Selvamani A, Sohrabji F 2010 Reproductive age modulates the im pact of focal ischemia on the forebrain as well as the effects of estrogen treatment in female rats. Neurobiol Aging 31:1618-1628
61. Biernaskie J, Corbett D, Peeling J, Wells J, Lei H 2001 A serial MR study of cerebral blood flow changes and lesion development fol lowing endothelin-1-induced ischemia in rats. Magn Reson Med 46:827-830 (Pubitemid 32906154)
62. Selvamani A, Sohrabji F 2010 The neurotoxic effects of estrogen on ischemic stroke in older female rats is associated with age-dependent loss of insulin-like growth factor-1. J Neurosci 30:6852-6861
63. Zhao BQ, Wang S, Kim HY, Storrie H, Rosen BR, Mooney DJ, Wang X, Lo EH 2006 Role of matrix metalloproteinases in delayed cortical responses after stroke. Nat Med 12:441-445
64. Sohrabji F, Peeples KW, Marroquin OA 2000 Local and cortical effects of olfactory bulb lesions on trophic support and cholinergic function and their modulation by estrogen. J Neurobiol 45:61-74
65. Lewis DK, Johnson AB, Stohlgren S, Harms A, Sohrabji F 2008 Effects of estrogen receptor agonists on regulation of the inflamma tory response in astrocytes from young adult and middle-aged fe male rats. J Neuroimmunol 195:47-59
66. Schroeter M, Jander S, Huitinga I, Stoll G 2001 CD8+ phagocytes in focal ischemia of the rat brain: predominant origin from hema togenous macrophages and targeting to areas of pannecrosis. Acta Neuropathol 101:440-448 (Pubitemid 32600133)
67. Offner H, Subramanian S, Parker SM, Afentoulis ME, Vandenbark AA, Hurn PD 2006 Experimental stroke induces massive, rapid activation of the peripheral immune system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26:654-665
68. Offner H, Subramanian S, Parker SM, Wang C, Afentoulis ME, Lewis A, Vandenbark AA, Hurn PD 2006 Splenic atrophy in ex perimental stroke is accompanied by increased regulatory T cells and circulating macrophages. J Immunol 176:6523-6531 (Pubitemid 43787834)
69. Poole KE, Loveridge N, Barker PJ, Halsall DJ, Rose C, Reeve J, Warburton EA 2006 Reduced vitamin D in acute stroke. Stroke 37:243-245 (Pubitemid 43732081)
70. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Körfer R, Stehle P 2003 Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 41:105-112 (Pubitemid 36044411)
71. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R 2007 Vitamin D and vas cular calcification. Curr Opin Lipidol 18:41-46
72. Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R 2006 Vitamin D insuffi ciency in congestive heart failure: why and what to do about it? Heart Fail Rev 11:25-33 (Pubitemid 43986205)
73. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo Jr CA 2009 Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004. Arch Intern Med 169:626-632
74. Kreutzberg GW 1996 Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 19:312-318 (Pubitemid 26349059)
75. Vila N, Castillo J, Dávalos A, Chamorro A 2000 Proinflammatory cytokines and early neurological worsening in ischemic stroke. Stroke 31:2325-2329
76. Hill JK, Gunion-Rinker L, Kulhanek D, Lessov N, Kim S, Clark WM, Dixon MP, Nishi R, Stenzel-Poore MP, Eckenstein FP 1999 Temporal modulation of cytokine expression following focal cere bral ischemia in mice. Brain Res 820:45-54 (Pubitemid 29225477)
77. Chapman KZ, Dale VQ, Dénes A, Bennett G, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM, McColl BW 2009 A rapid and transient peripheral inflamma tory response precedes brain inflammation after experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 29:1764-1768
78. Becker KJ 2001 Targeting the central nervous system inflammatory response in ischemic stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 14:349-353 (Pubitemid 32510600)
79. del Zoppo G, Ginis I, Hallenbeck JM, Iadecola C, Wang X, Feuerstein GZ 2000 Inflammation and stroke: putative role for cytokines, adhesion molecules and iNOS in brain response to ischemia. Brain Pathol 10:95-112 (Pubitemid 30056398)
80. Engelhardt B 2006 Regulation of immune cell entry into the central nervous system. Results Probl Cell Differ 43:259-280 (Pubitemid 44445588)
81. Wang Q, Tang XN, Yenari MA 2007 The inflammatory response in stroke. J Neuroimmunol 184:53-68 (Pubitemid 46365991)
82. Danton GH, Dietrich WD 2003 Inflammatory mechanisms after ischemia and stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:127-136 (Pubitemid 36176947)
83. Denes A, Thornton P, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM 2010 Inflammation and brain injury: acute cerebral ischaemia, peripheral and central inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 24:708-723
84. Yilmaz G, Granger DN 2010 Leukocyte recruitment and ischemic brain injury. Neuromolecular Med 12:193-204
85. Dénes A, Humphreys N, Lane TE, Grencis R, Rothwell N 2010 Chronic systemic infection exacerbates ischemic brain damage via a CCL5 (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted)-mediated proinflammatory response in mice. J Neurosci 30: 10086-10095
86. Kamen DL, Tangpricha V 2010 Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity. J Mol Med 88:441-450
87. Maruotti N, Cantatore FP 2010 Vitamin D and the immune system. J Rheumatol 37:491-495
88. Daniel C, Sartory NA, Zahn N, Radeke HH, Stein JM 2008 Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324:23-33 (Pubitemid 350294165)
89. Barrat FJ, Cua DJ, Boonstra A, Richards DF, Crain C, Savelkoul HF, de Waal-Malefyt R, Coffman RL, Hawrylowicz CM, O'Garra A 2002 In vitro generation of interleukin 10-producing regulatory CD4(+) T cells is induced by immunosuppressive drugs and inhibited by T helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-inducing cytokines. J Exp Med 195:603-616 (Pubitemid 34461505)
90. Gregori S, Giarratana N, Smiroldo S, Uskokovic M, Adorini L 2002 A 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analog enhances regulatory T-cells and arrests autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 51:1367-1374 (Pubitemid 34826601)
91. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R 2006 Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine pro files in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, ran domized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 83:754-759 (Pubitemid 44713136)
92. Manolagas SC, Provvedini DM, Tsoukas CD 1985 Interactions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the immune system. Mol Cell En docrinol 43:113-122
93. Cantorna MT, Humpal-Winter J, De Luca HF 2000 In vivo upregulation of interleukin-4 is one mechanism underlying the immunoregulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Arch Biochem Biophys 377:135-138 (Pubitemid 30257297)
94. Cantorna MT, Zhu Y, Froicu M, Wittke A 2004 Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system. Am J Clin Nutr 80(6 Suppl):1717S-1720S
95. Kimura A, Kishimoto T 2010 IL-6: regulator of Treg/Th17 balance. Eur J Immunol 40:1830-1835
96. Fujimoto M, Nakano M, Terabe F, Kawahata H, Ohkawara T, Han Y, Ripley B, Serada S, Nishikawa T, Kimura A, Nomura S, Kishimoto T, Naka T 2011 The influence of excessive IL-6 production in vivo on the development and function of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol 186:32-40
97. Van den Berghe G, Van Roosbroeck D, Vanhove P, Wouters PJ, De Pourcq L, Bouillon R 2003 Bone turnover in prolonged critical ill ness: effect of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4623-4632 (Pubitemid 37357503)
98. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W 2008 Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihy droxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 168:1340-1349 (Pubitemid 351930842)
99. McCarty MF 2005 Secondary hyperparathyroidism promotes the acute phase response - a rationale for supplemental vitamin D in prevention of vascular events in the elderly. Med Hypotheses 64: 1022-1026 (Pubitemid 40385963)
100. Conti E, Carrozza C, Capoluongo E, Volpe M, Crea F, Zuppi C, Andreotti F 2004 Insulin-like growth factor-1 as a vascular pro tective factor. Circulation 110:2260-2265 (Pubitemid 39372511)
101. Schwab S, Spranger M, Krempien S, Hacke W, Bettendorf M 1997 Plasma insulin-like growth factor I and IGF binding protein 3 levels in patients with acute cerebral ischemic injury. Stroke 28:1744-1748 (Pubitemid 27391443)
102. Denti L, Annoni V, Cattadori E, Salvagnini MA, Visioli S, Merli MF, Corradi F, Ceresini G, Valenti G, Hoffman AR, Ceda GP 2004 Insulin-like growth factor 1 as a predictor of ischemic stroke out come in the elderly. Am J Med 117:312-317 (Pubitemid 39164563)
103. Gluckman P, Klempt N, Guan J, Mallard C, Sirimanne E, Dragunow M, Klempt M, Singh K, Williams C, Nikolics K 1992 A role for IGF-1 in the rescue of CNS neurons following hypoxic-ischemic injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 182:593-599
104. Zhu W, Fan Y, Hao Q, Shen F, Hashimoto T, Yang GY, Gasmi M, Bartus RT, Young WL, Chen Y 2009 Postischemic IGF-1 gene transfer promotes neurovascular regeneration after experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 29:1528-1537
105. Alvarez JA, Ashraf A 2010 Role of vitamin d in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol 2010:351-385
106. Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vázquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF 2007 Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity. Clin Nutr 26:573-580 (Pubitemid 47618319)
107. Baskin DG, Wilcox BJ, Figlewicz DP, Dorsa DM 1988 Insulin and insulin-like growth factors in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 11:107-111 (Pubitemid 18053669)
108. Guan J, Miller OT, Waugh KM, McCarthy DC, Gluckman PD 2001 Insulin-like growth factor-1 improves somatosensory function and reduces the extent of cortical infarction and ongoing neu ronal loss after hypoxia-ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 105:299-306 (Pubitemid 32728114)
109. Johnston BM, Mallard EC, Williams CE, Gluckman PD 1996 In sulin-like growth factor-1 is a potent neuronal rescue agent after hypoxic-ischemic injury in fetal lambs. J Clin Invest 97:300-308
110. Lee WH, Bondy CA 1993 Ischemic injury induces brain glucose transporter gene expression. Endocrinology 133:2540-2544 (Pubitemid 24000700)
111. Yan YP, Sailor KA, Vemuganti R, Dempsey RJ 2006 Insulin-like growth factor-1 is an endogenous mediator of focal ischemia-in duced neural progenitor proliferation. Eur J Neurosci 24:45-54 (Pubitemid 44050665)
112. Wang JM, Hayashi T, Zhang WR, Sakai K, Shiro Y, Abe K 2000 Reduction of ischemic brain injury by topical application of insulin-like growth factor-I after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res 859:381-385 (Pubitemid 30136115)
113. Smith LE 2005 IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant. Biol Neonate 88:237-244 (Pubitemid 41433556)
114. Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, Onofri A, Bergonzoni A, Lavezzi S, Zatelli MC, Valle D, Basaglia N, degli Uberti EC 2006 Predictive value of circulating insulin-like growth factor I levels in ischemic stroke outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3928-3934 (Pubitemid 44536866)
115. Johnsen SP, Hundborg HH, Sørensen HT, Orskov H, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Jørgensen JO 2005 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, -II, and IGF binding protein-3 and risk of ischemic stroke. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5937-5941 (Pubitemid 41606508)
116. Endres M, Piriz J, Gertz K, Harms C, Meisel A, Kronenberg G, Torres-Aleman I 2007 Serum insulin-like growth factor I and ischemic brain injury. Brain Res 1185:328-335 (Pubitemid 350166320)
117. van Rijn MJ, Slooter AJ, Bos MJ, Catarino CF, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MM, van Duijn CM 2006 Insulin-like growth factor I promoter polymorphism, risk of stroke, and survival after stroke: the Rotterdam study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77: 24-27 (Pubitemid 43022685)
118. Gómez JM 2006 The role of insulin-like growth factor I compo nents in the regulation of vitamin D. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 7:125-132 (Pubitemid 44110360)
119. Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ, Berry DJ, Power C 2008 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British birth cohort. Diabetes 57:298-305
120. Cui J, Ma C, Qiu J, Ma X, Wang X, Chen H, Huang B 2011 A novel interaction between insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 and the vitamin D receptor inhibits the role of vitamin D3 in os teoblast differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 338:84-92
121. Ikezoe T, Tanosaki S, Krug U, Liu B, Cohen P, Taguchi H, Koeffler HP 2004 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 antagonizes the effects of retinoids in myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 104:237-242 (Pubitemid 38879863)
122. Ekici F, Ozyurt B, Erdogan H 2009 The combination of vitamin D3 and dehydroascorbic acid administration attenuates brain damage in focal ischemia. Neurol Sci 30:207-212
123. Cekic M, Sayeed I, Stein DG 2009 Combination treatment with progesterone and vitamin D hormone may be more effective than monotherapy for nervous system injury and disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 30:158-172
124. Clark R, Strasser J, McCabe S, Robbins K, Jardieu P 1993 Insulin like growth factor-1 stimulation of lymphopoiesis. J Clin Invest 92:540-548 (Pubitemid 23262369)
125. Conti L, Regis G, Longo A, Bernabei P, Chiarle R, Giovarelli M, Novelli F 2007 In the absence of IGF-1 signaling, IFN-7 suppresses human malignant T-cell growth. Blood 109:2496-2504 (Pubitemid 46425894)