Re-imagining motor imagery: Building bridges between cognitive neuroscience and sport psychology

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 103, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 224-247

  Moran, Aidan ^a   Guillot, Aymeric ^b   MacIntyre, Tadhg ^c   Collet, Christian ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; IMAGINATION; LEARNING; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROSCIENCE; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SPORTS MEDICINE; TIME PERCEPTION;

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MOTOR SKILLS; NEUROSCIENCES; PRACTICE (PSYCHOLOGY); SPORTS MEDICINE; TIME PERCEPTION;

EID: 84859833379     PISSN: 00071269     EISSN: 20448295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02068.x     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Abbruzzese, G., Assini, A., Buccolmieri, A., Marchese, R., & Trompetto, C. (1999). Changes of intracortical inhibition during motor imagery in human subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 263, 113-116.
2. Adams, J. A. (1987). Historical review and appraisal of research on the learning, retention and transfer of human motor skills. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 41-74.
3. Aglioti, S. M., Cesari, P., Romani, M., & Urgesi, C. (2008). Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 1109-1116.
4. Arora, S., Aggarwal, R., Sevdalis, N., Moran, A., Sirimanna, P., Kneebone, R., & Darzi, A. (2010). Development and validation of mental practice as a training strategy for laparoscopic surgery. Surgical Endoscopy, 24, 179-187.
5. Arora, S., Aggarwal, R., Sirimanna, P., Moran, A., Grantcharov, T., Kneebone, R., Darzi, A. (2011). Mental practice enhances surgical technical skills: A randomized controlled study. Annals of Surgery, 253, 265-270.
6. Bakker, M., de Lange, F. P., Helmich, R., Scheeringa, R., Bloem, B. R., & Toni, L. (2008). Cerebral correlates of motor imagery of normal and precision gait. NeuroImage, 41, 998-1010.
7. Baumeister, R. F., Masicampo, E. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2011). Do conscious thoughts cause behaviour? Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 331-361.
8. Beilock, S. L., & Lyons, I. M. (2009). Expertise and the mental simulation of action. In K. Markman, B. Klein, & J. Suhr (Eds.), The handbook of imagination and mental simulation (pp. 21-34). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.
9. Beisteiner, R., Höolinger, P., Liondinger, G., Lang, W., & Berthoz, A. (1995). Mental representations of movements. Brain potentials associated with imagination of hand movements. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 96, 183-193.
10. Betts, G. H. (1909).The distribution and functions of mental imagery. New York: Columbia University Press.
11. Blajenkova, O., Kozhevnikov, M., & Motes, M. (2006). Object-spatial imagery: A new self-report imagery questionnaire. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 239-265.
12. Braun, S. M., Beurskens, A. J., Borm, P. J., Schack, T., & Wade, D. T. (2006). The effects of mental practice in stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87, 842-852.
13. Caeyenberghs, K., Wilson, P. H., van Roon, D., Swinnen, S. P., & Smits-Engelsman, C. M. (2009). Increasing convergence between imagined and executed movements across development: Evidence for the emergence of movement representations. Developmental Science, 12, 474-483.
14. Callow, N., & Hardy, L. (2004). The relationship between the use of kinasethetic imagery and different visual imagery perspectives. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 167-177.
15. Callow, N., & Roberts, R. (2010). Imagery research: An investigation of three issues. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 325-329.
16. Calmels, C., Holmes, P., Lopez, E., & Naman, V. (2006). Chronometric comparison of actual and imaged complex movement patterns. Journal of Motor Behavior, 38, 339-348.
17. Carillo-de-la-Peña, M. T., Galdo-Alvarez, S., & Lastra-Barreira, C. (2008). Equivalent is not equal: Primary motor cortex (MI) activation during motor imagery and execution of sequential movements. Brain Research, 1226, 134-143.
18. Carlson, L. A., Hoffman, J., & Newcombe, N. (2010). Introduction to the special section on spatial reference frames: Examining what and how information is encoded through the integration of cognitive, behavioral, and neuroscience approaches. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 36, 573-575.
19. Collet, C., & Guillot, A. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activities during imagined movements. In A. Guillot & C. Collet (Eds.), The neurophysiological foundations of mental and motor imagery (pp. 95-108). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
20. Collet, C., Guillot, A., Leon, F., MacIntyre, T., & Moran, A. (2011). Measuring motor imagery using psychometric, behavioural and psychophysiological tools. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 39, 85-92.
21. Cramer, S., Orr, E. L. R., Cohen, M. J., & Lacourse, M. G. (2007). Effects of motor imagery training after chronic, complete spinal cord injury. Experimental Brain Research, 177, 233-242.
22. Cross, E. S., & Ticini, L. F. (2011). Neuroaesthetics and beyond: New horizons in applying the science of the brain to the art of dance. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. Advance online publication.
23. Cumming, J., & Ramsey, R. (2009). Imagery interventions in sport. In S. D. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp. 5-36). Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge.
24. Daprati, E., Nico, D., Duval, S., & Lacquaniti, F. (2010). Different motor imagery modes following brain damage. Cortex, 46, 1016-1030.
25. Decety, J. (1996a). Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate? Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 87-93.
26. Decety, J. (1996b). The neurophysiological basis of motor imagery. Behavioural Brain Research, 77, 45-52.
27. Decety, J. (2002). Is there such a thing as a functional equivalence between imagined, observed and executed actions? In A.N. Meltzoff & W. Prinz (Eds.), The imitative mind: Development, evolution and brain bases (pp. 291-310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Decety, J., & Ingvar, D. H. (1990). Brain structures participating in mental simulation of motor behaviour: A neuropsychological interpretation. Acta Psychologica, 73, 13-34.
29. Decety, J., & Jeannerod, M. (1996). Mentally simulated movements in virtual reality: Does Fitts's law hold in motor imagery. Behavioural Brain Research, 72, 127-134.
30. Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., Durozard, D., & Baverel, G. (1993). Central activations of autonomic effectors during mental simulation of motor actions in humans. Journal of Physiology (London), 461, 549-563.
31. Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., & Prablanc, C. (1989). The timing of mentally represented actions. Behavioural Brain Research, 34, 35-42.
32. De Lange, F. P., Roelofs, K., & Toni, I. (2008). Motor imagery: A window into the mechanisms and alterations of the motor system. Cortex, 44, 494-506.
33. Denis, M. (2008). Assessing the symbolic distance effect in mental images constructed from verbal descriptions: A study of individual differences in the mental comparison of distances. Acta Psychologica, 127, 197-210.
34. Denis, M., & Carfantan, M. (1985). People's knowledge about images. Cognition, 20, 49-60.
35. Denis, M., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1999). Scanning visual mental images: A window on the mind. Current Psychology of Cognition, 18, 409-465.
36. Deutschländer, A., Stephan, T., Hüfner, K., Wagner, J., Wiesmann, M., Strupp, M., Jahn, K. (2009). Vestibular cortex activation during locomotor imagery in the blind. NeuroImage, 45, 122-128.
37. Donders, F.C. (1969). On the speed of mental processes. English translation in W. G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and performance, II (pp. 412-431). Amsterdam: North-Holland, 412-431. (Reprinted from Donders, F. C. Over de snelheid van psychische processen. Onderzoekingen gedaan in het Physiologisch Laboratorium der Utrechtsche Hoogeschool, 1868-1869, Tweede reeks, 1868, II, 92-120).
38. Driskell, J. E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance? Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 481-492.
39. Eysenck, M. W., Ellis, A. W., Hunt, E. B., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1994). Blackwell dictionary of cognitive psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.
40. Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive psychology (6th ed.). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.
41. Fadiga, L., Buccino, G., Craighero, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Pavesi, G. (1999). Corticospinal excitability is specifically modulated by motor imagery: A magnetic stimulation study. Neuropsychologia, 37, 147-158.
42. Farah, M. J. (1984). The neurological basis of mental imagery: A componential analysis. Cognition, 18, 245-272.
43. Finke, R. A. (1979). The functional equivalence of mental images and errors of movement. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 235-264.
44. Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381-391.
45. Fourkas, A. D., Avenanti, A., Urgesi, C., & Aglioti, S. M. (2006). Corticospinal facilitation during first and third person imagery. Experimental Brain Research, 168, 143-151.
46. Fourkas, A. D., Bonavolontà, V., Avenanti, A., & Aglioti, S. (2008). Kinesthetic imagery and tool-specific modulation of corticospinal representations in expert tennis players. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2382-2390.
47. Freund, H. J. (2003). Somatosensory and motor disturbances in patients with parietal lobe lesions. Advances in Neurolology, 93, 179-193.
48. Gabbard, C., & Bobbio, T. (2011). The inability to mentally represent action may be associated with performance deficits in children with developmental disorder. International Journal of Neuroscience. Advance online publication.
49. Gardini, S., De Beni, R., Cornoldi, C., Bromiley, A., & Venneri, A. (2005). Different neuronal pathways support the generation of general and specific mental images. NeuroImage, 27, 544-552.
50. Gobet, F., Chassy, P., & Bilalic, M. (2011). Foundations of cognitive psychology. London: McGraw-Hill.
51. Goginsky, A. M., & Collins, D. J. (1996). Research design and mental practice. Journal of Sports Sciences, 14, 381-392.
52. Goldstein, E. B. (2011). Cognitive psychology (3rd ed.). Belomont, CA: Wadsworth.
53. Golomer, E., Bouillette, A., Mertz, C., & Keller, J. (2008). Effects of mental imagery styles on shoulder and hip rotations during preparation of pirouettes. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 281-290.
54. Grèzes, J., & Decety, J. (2001). Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: A meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 12, 1-19.
55. Gueugneau, N., Crognier, L., & Papaxanthis, C. (2008). The influence of eye movements on the temporal features of executed and imagined arm movements. Brain Research, 1187, 95-102.
56. Guillot, A. & Collet, C. (2005a). Duration of mentally simulated movement: A review. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37, 10-20.
57. Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2005b). Contribution from neurophysiological and psychological methods to the study of motor imagery. Brain Research Reviews, 50, 387-397.
58. Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2008). Construction of the motor imagery integrative model in sport.: A review and theoretical investigation of motor imagery use. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 33-44.
59. Guillot, A., Collet, C., Nguyen, V. A., Malouin, F., Richards, C., & Doyon, J. (2009). Brain activity during visual versus kinaesthetic imagery: An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 2157-2172.
60. Guillot, A., Louis, M., & Collet, C. (2010). Neurophysiological substrates of motor imagery ability. In A. Guillot & C. Collet (Eds.), The neurophysiological foundations of mental and motor imagery (pp. 109-124). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
61. Hanakawa, T., Immisch, I., Toma, K, Dimyan M. A., Gelderen, P. V, & Hallet, M. (2003). Functional properties of brain areas associated with motor execution and imagery. Journal of Neurophysiology, 89, 989-1002.
62. Hanrahan, C., & Vergeer, I. (2000). Multiple uses of mental imagery by professional modern dancers. Imagination, Cognition, & Personality, 20, 231-255.
63. Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 21, 95-112.
64. Harrington, G. S., Farias, D., Dafis, C. H., & Buonocore, M. H. (2007). Comparison of the neural basis for imagined writing and drawing. Human Brain Mapping, 28, 450-459.
65. Hashimoto, Y., Ushiba, J., Kimura, A., Liu, M., & Tomita, Y. (2010). Correlation between EEG-EMG coherence during isometric contraction and its imaginary execution. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 70, 76-85.
66. Heremans, E., Helsen, W. F., De Poel, H. J., Alaerts, K., Meyns, P., & Feys, P. (2009). Facilitation of motor imagery through movement-related cueing. Brain Research, 1278, 50-58.
67. Heremans, E., Helsen, W. F., & Feys, P. (2008). The eyes as a mirror of our thoughts: Quantification of motor imagery of goal-directed movements through eye movement registration. Behavioural Brain Research, 187, 351-360.
68. Hohlefeld, F. U., Nikulin, V. V., & Curio, G. (2011). Visual stimuli evoke rapid activation (120 ms) of sensorimotor cortex for overt but not for covert movements. Brain Research, 1368, 185-195.
69. Holmes, P. (2007). Theoretical and practical problems for imagery in stroke rehabilitation: An observational study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52, 1-10.
70. Holmes, P., & Calmels, C. (2008). A neuroscientific review of imagery and observation use in sport. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 433-445.
71. Holmes, P., & Calmels, C. (2011). Mental practice: Neuroscientific support for a new approach. In D. Collins, A. Button, & H. Richards (Eds.), Performance psychology: A practitioner's guide (pp. 231-244). Oxford: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
72. Holmes, P., & Collins, D. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 60-83.
73. Hovington, C. L., & Brouwer, B. (2010). Guided motor imagery in healthy adult and stroke: Does strategy matter? Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 24, 851-857.
74. Isaac, A., Marks, D., & Russell, E. (1986). An instrument for assessing imagery of movement: The vividness of movement imagery questionnaire (VMIQ). Journal of Mental Imagery, 10, 23-30.
75. Jackson, P. L., Meltzoff, A. N., & Decety, J. (2006). Neural circuits involved in imitation and perspective-taking. NeuroImage, 31, 429-439.
76. Jeannerod, M. (1994). The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 187-245.
77. Jeannerod, M. (1997). The cognitive neuroscience of action. Oxford: Blackwell.
78. Jeannerod, M. (2001). Neural simulation of action: A unifying mechanism for motor cognition. NeuroImage, 14, 103-109.
79. Johnson, P. (1982). The functional equivalence of imagery and movement. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A, 34, 349-365.
80. Kasess, C., Windischberger, C., Cunnington, R., Lanzenberger, R., Pezawas, L., & Moser, E. (2008). The suppressive influence of SMA on M1 in motor imagery revealed by fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. NeuroImage, 40, 828-837.
81. Klatzky, R. L., & Wu, B. (2008). The embodied actor in multiple frames of reference. In R. L. Klatzky, B. MacWhinney, & M. Behrmann (Eds.), Embodiment, ego-space, and action (pp. 145-177). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.
82. Kosslyn, S. M. (1973). Scanning visual images: Some structural implications. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 90-94.
83. Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
84. Kosslyn, S. M., Ball, T. M., & Reiser, B. J. (1978). Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 47-60.
85. Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 2, 635-642.
86. Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. T. (2010). Multimodal images in the brain. In A. Guillot & C. Collet (Eds.), The neurophysiological foundations of mental and motor imagery (pp. 3-16). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
87. Kosslyn, S.M., Seger, C., Pani, J. R., & Hillger, L. A. (1990). When is imagery used in everyday life? A diary study. Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 131-152.
88. Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Ganis, G. (2006). The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Kühn, S., Bodammer, N. C., & Brass, M. (2010). Dissociating mental states related to doing nothing by means of fMRI pattern classification. NeuroImage, 53, 1294-1300.
90. Kuhtz-Buschbeck, J. P., Mahnkopf, C., Siebner, H., Ulmer, S., & Jansen, O. (2003). Effector-independent representations of simple and complex imagined finger movements: A combined fMRI and TMS study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 3375-3387.
91. Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 17, 495-512.
92. Li, S., Stevens, J. A., & Rymer, W. Z. (2008). Interactions between imagined movement and the initiation of voluntary movement: A TMS study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120, 1154-1160.
93. Lorey, B., Bischoff, M., Pilgramm, S., Stark, R., Munzert, J., & Zentgraf, K. (2009). The embodied nature of motor imagery: The influence of posture and perspective. Experimental Brain Research, 194, 233-243.
94. Lotze, M. & Halsband, U. (2006). Motor imagery. Journal of Physiology (Paris), 99, 386-395.
95. Louis, M., Guillot, A., Maton, S., Doyon, J., & Collet, C. (2008). Effects of imagined movement speed on subsequent motor performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 117-132. doi:10.3200/JMBR.40.2.117-132.
96. MacIntyre, T. & Moran, A. (2007a). A qualitative investigation of imagery use and meta-imagery processes among elite canoe-slalom competitors. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 2(1), 1-23.
97. MacIntyre, T., & Moran, A. (2007b). A qualitative investigation of meta-imagery processes and imagery direction among elite athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 2(1), 1-20.
98. MacIntyre, T., & Moran, A. (2010). Meta-imagery processes among elite sports performers. In A. Guillot & C. Collet (Eds.), The neurophysiological foundations of mental and motor imagery (pp. 227-244). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
99. Magill, F. N. (Ed.). (1996). International encyclopedia of psychology. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
100. Malouin, F., & Richards, C. L. (2010). Mental practice for relearning locomotion skills. Physical Therapy, 90, 240-251.
101. Malouin, F., Richards, C. L., Desrosiers, J., & Doyon, J. (2004). Bilateral slowing of mentally simulated actions after stroke. Neuroreport, 7, 1349-1353.
102. Malouin, F., Richards, C. L., Durand, A., & Doyon, J. (2008). Reliability of mental chronometry for assessing motor imagery ability after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89, 311-319.
103. Matlin, M. W. (2009). Cognitive psychology (7th ed.). New York: John Wiley.
104. McEwen, S. E., Huijbregts, M. P., Ryan, J. D., & Polatajko, H. J. (2009). Cognitive strategy use to enhance skill acquisition post-stroke: A critical review. Brain Injury, 23, 263-277.
105. Meister, I. G., Krings, T., Foltys, H., Boroojerdi, B., Müller, M., Töpper, R., & Thron, A. (2004). Playing piano in the mind - an fMRI study on music imagery and performance in pianists. Cognitive Brain Research, 19, 219-228.
106. Miller, K. J., Schalk, G., Fetz, E. E., den Njis, M., Ojermann, J., & Rao, R. P. N. (2010). Cortical activity during motor execution, motor imagery, and motor imagery-based online feeeback. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 4430-4435.
107. Moran, A. (1993). Conceptual and methodological issues in the measurement of mental imagery skills in athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 16, 156-170.
108. Moran, A. (1996). The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.
109. Moran, A. (2002). In the mind's eye. The Psychologist, 15, 414-415.
110. Moran, A. (2009). Cognitive psychology in sport: Progress and prospects. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 420-426.
111. Moran, A., & MacIntyre, T. (1998). "There's more to an image than meets the eye": A qualitative study of kinaesthetic imagery among elite canoe-slalomists. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 19, 406-423.
112. Morris, T. (2010). Imagery. In S. J. Hanrahan & M. B. Andersen (Eds.), Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology (pp. 481-489). Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge.
113. Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
114. Moulton, S. T., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2009). Imagining predictions: Mental imagery as mental emulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences, 364, 1273-1280.
115. Mulder, T., Hochstenbach, J. B. H., van Heuvelen, M. J. G., & den Otter, A. R. (2007). Motor imagery: The relation between age and imagery capacity. Human Movement Science, 26, 203-211.
116. Munroe, K. J., Giaccobi, P. R., Jr., Hall, C. R., & Weinberg, R. (2000). The four W's of imagery use: Where, when, why, and what. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 119-137.
117. Munzert, J., Lorey, B., & Zentgraf, K. (2009). Cognitive motor processes: The role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations. Brain Research Reviews, 60, 306-326.
118. Munzert, J., & Zentgraf, K. (2009). Motor imagery and its implications for understanding the motor system. Progress in Brain Research, 174, 219-229.
119. Murphy, S. M., Nordin, S., & Cumming, J. (2008). Imagery in sport, exercise, and dance. In T. S. Horn (Eds.), Advances in sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 297-324). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
120. Nadel, L. (Ed.), (2002). Encyclopedia of cognitive science. London: Nature Publishing Group.
121. Naito, E., Kochiyama, T., Kitada, R., Nakamura, S., Matsumura, M., Yonekura, Y., & Sadato, N. (2002). Internally simulated movement sensations during motor imagery activate cortical motor areas and the cerebellum. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 3683-3691.
122. Nakata, H., Yoshie, M., Miura, A., & Kudo, K. (2010). Characteristics of the athlete's brain: Evidence from neurophsyiology and neuroimaging. Brain Research Reviews, 62, 197-211.
123. Nam, C. S., Jeon, Y., Kim, Y-J., Lee, I., & Park, K. (2011). Movement-imagery related lateralization of event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS): Motor-imagery duration effects. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 567-577.
124. Nordin, S. M. & Cumming, J. (2005). Professional dancers describe their imagery: Where, when, what, why and how. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 395-416.
125. Olsson, C. J., Jonsson, B., Larsson, A., & Nyberg, L. (2008). Motor representations and practice affect brain systems underlying imagery: An fMRI study of internal imagery in novices and active high jumpers. The Open Neuroimaging Journal, 2, 5-13.
126. Papaxanthis, C., Schieppati, M., Gentili, R., & Pozzo, T. (2002). Imagined and actual arm movements have similar durations when performed under different conditions of direction and mass. Experimental Brain Research, 143, 447-452.
127. Parsons, L. M. (1987). Imagined spatial transformation of one's body. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 116, 172-191.
128. Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
129. Posner, M. I. (2005). Timing the brain: Mental chronometry as a tool in neuroscience. PloS Biology, 3(2), e51. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030051.
130. Proske, U., & Gandevia, S. C. (2009). The kinaesthetic senses. The Journal of Physiology, 587, 4139-4146.
131. Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2008). Exploring a modified conceptualisation of imagery direction and golf putting performance. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 6, 207-223.
132. Raz, N., Briggs, S. D., Marks, W., & Acker, J. D. (1999). Age-related deficits in generation and manipulation of mental images: II. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Psychology and Aging, 14, 436-444.
133. Reed, S. K. (2010). Cognition (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
134. Reisberg, D. (2010). Cognition (4th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
135. Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 200-221.
136. Roland, P. E., & Friberg, L. (1985). Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking. Journal of Neurophysiology, 53, 1219-1243.
137. Romero, D. H., Lacourse, M. G., Lawrence, K. E., Schandler, S., & Cohen, M. J. (2000). Event-related potentials as a function of movement parameter variations during motor imagery and isometric action. Behavioural Brain Research, 117, 83-96.
138. Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001). Effect of the subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: A PET investigation of agency. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 546-550.
139. Russell, C., & Grealy, M. A. (2010). Avoidant instructions induce ironic and overcompensatory movement errors differently between and within individuals. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1671-1682.
140. Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. London: Hutchinson's University Library.
141. Shapiro, L. (2011). Embodied cognition. London: Routledge.
142. Sirigu, A., & Duhamel, J. R. (2001). Motor and visual imagery as two complementary but neurally dissociable mental processes. Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences, 13, 910-919.
143. Sirigu, A., Duhamel, J. R., Cohen, L., Pillon, B., Dubois, B., & Agid, Y. (1996). The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage. Science, 273, 1564-1568.
144. Slepian, M. L., Weisbuch, M., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2011). Tough and tender: Embodied categorization of gender. Psychological Science, 22, 26-28.
145. Smith, D., & Wright, C. (2008). Imagery and sport performance. In A. M. Lane (Ed.), Sport and exercise psychology: Topics in applied psychology (pp. 139-149). London: Hodder.
146. Smith, D., Wright, C. J., Allsopp, A., & Westhead, H. (2007). It's all in the mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 80-92.
147. Smith, E. E., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2007). Cognitive psychology: Mind and brain. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
148. Solodkin, A., Hlustik, P., Chen, E. E., & Small, S. L. (2004). Fine modulations in network activation during motor execution and motor imagery. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 1246-1255.
149. Steenbergen, B., Crajé, C., Nilsen, D. M., & Gordon, A. M. (2009). Motor imagery training in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A potentially useful therapeutic tool for rehabilitation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51, 690-696.
150. Sternberg, R. J. (2009). Cognitive psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
151. Walsh, M. M., & Rosenbaum, D. A. (2009). Deciding how to act is not achieved by matching mental movies. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35, 1481-1489.
152. Ward, J. (2010). The student's guide to cognitive neuroscience (2nd ed.). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.
153. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
154. Wei, G., & Luo, J. (2010). Sport expert's motor imagery: Functional imaging of professional motor skills and simple motor skills. Brain Research, 1341, 52-62.
155. Weinberg, R. S. (2008). Does imagery work? Effects on performance and mental skills. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 3, 1-21.
156. Whitman, R. D. (2011). Cognition. New York: John Wiley.
157. Wilson, M. W. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 625-636.
158. Witt, J. K., & Proffitt, D. R. (2008). Action-specific influences on distance perception: A role for motor simulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1479-1492.
159. Wright, C. J., & Smith, D. (2009). The effects of PETTLEP imagery on strength performance. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 7, 18-31.
160. Wuyam, B., Moosavi, S. H., Decety, J., Adams, L., Lansing, R.W., & Guz, A. (1995). Imagination of dynamic exercise produced ventilatory responses which were more apparent in competitive sportsmen. Journal of Physiology (London), 482, 713-24.
161. Yarrow, K., Brown, P., & Krakauer, J. W. (2009). Inside the brain of an elite athlete: The neural processes that support high achievement in sports. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 10, 585-596.