Contribution from neurophysiological and psychological methods to the study of motor imagery

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 387-397

  Guillot, Aymeric ^a   Collet, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

Author keywords

Autonomic nervous system; Electromyography; Mental chronometry; Motor imagery; Postural control; Psychological test

Indexed keywords

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BODY POSTURE; COGNITION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; MENTAL FUNCTION; MENTAL TEST; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGY; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 27844507556     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. G. Andersson, J. Hagman, R. Talianzadeh, A. Svedberg, and H.C. Larsen Effect of cognitive load on postural control Brain Res. Bull. 58 2002 135 139
2. F.C. Bakker, M.S. Boschker, and T. Chung Changes in muscular activity while imaging weight-lifting using stimulus or response propositions J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 18 1996 313 324
3. L. Beyer, T. Weiss, E. Hansen, A. Wolf, and A. Seidel Dynamics of central nervous activation during motor imagination Int. J. Psychophysiol. 9 1990 75 80
4. E.I. Bird EMG quantification of mental rehearsal Percept. Mot. Skills 59 1984 899 906
5. O. Bolliet, C. Collet, and A. Dittmar Autonomic nervous system activity during actual and mentally simulated preparation for movement Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 30 2005 11 20
6. M. Bonnet, J. Decety, M. Jeannerod, and J. Requin Mental simulation of an action modulates the excitability of spinal reflex pathways in man Cogn. Brain Res. 5 1997 221 228
7. M.S.J. Boschker Action-based Imagery: On The Nature of Mentally Imagined Motor Actions 2001 Ipskamp Printpartners Amsterdam
8. S. Bouisset, and M. Zattara Biomechanical study if the programming of anticipatory postural adjustments associated with voluntary movement J. Biomech. 20 1987 735 742
9. P. Calabrese, L. Messonier, E. Bijaoui, A. Eberhard, and G. Benchetrit Cardioventilatory changes induced by mentally imaged rowing Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 91 2004 160 166
10. R. Caldara, M.P. Deiber, C. Andrey, C.M. Michel, G. Thut, and C.A. Hauert Exp. Brain Res. 159 2004 389 399
11. C. Calmels, and J.F. Fournier Duration of physical and mental execution of gymnastic routines Sport Psychol. 15 2001 142 150
12. R. Caterini, G. Delhomme, A. Dittmar, S. Economides, and E. Vernet-Maury A model of sporting performance constructed from autonomic nervous system responses Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 67 1993 250 255
13. B. Cerritelli, P. Maruff, P. Wilson, and J. Currie The effect of an external load on the force and timing components of mentally represented actions Behav. Brain Res. 108 2000 91 96
14. C. Collet, A. Dittmar, and E. Vernet-Maury Programming or inhibiting action: autonomic nervous system control of anticipation Int. J. Psychophysiol. 32 1999 261 276
15. C. Collet, A. Dittmar, E. Vernet-Maury, Neurovegetative activity recorded during actual execution and motor imagery in elite weightlifters. In: Les sciences de la performance à l'aube du XXIème siècle. Dixièmes entretiens du centre Jacques Cartier: 263-9. Co-édité par L'AFRAPS et le centre Jacques Cartier de Lyon.
16. C. Collet, A. Guillot, O. Bolliet, G. Delhomme, and A. Dittmar Neurophysiological correlates of mental processes through non-invasive micro-sensors recording in the field Sci. Sports 18 2003 74 85
17. L.A. Cooper, and R.N. Shepard Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images W.G. Chase Visual Information Processing 1973 Academic Press San Diego, CA 75 176
18. J. Cumming, and C.R. Hall Athletes' use of imagery in the off-season Sport Psychol. 16 2002 160 172
19. R. Cunnington, R. Iansek, J.L. Bradshaw, and J.G. Phillips Movement-related potentials associated with movement preparation and motor imagery Exp. Brain Res. 111 1996 429 436
20. M.C. Dault, J.S. Frank, and F. Allard Influence of a visuo-spatial, verbal and central executive working memory task on postural control Gait Posture 14 2001 110 116
21. M.C. Dault, L. Yardley, and J.S. Frank Does articulation contribute to modifications of postural control during dual-task paradigms? Cogn. Brain Res. 16 2003 434 440
22. J. Decety Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate? Cogn. Brain Res. 3 1996 87 93
23. J. Decety, and M. Jeannerod Mentally simulated movements in virtual reality: does Fitts's law hold in motor imagery? Behav. Brain Res. 72 1996 127 134
24. J. Decety, and F. Michel Comparative analysis of actual and mental movement times in two graphic tasks Brain Cogn. 11 1989 87 97
25. J. Decety, M. Jeannerod, and C. Prablanc The timing of mentally represented actions Behav. Brain Res. 34 1989 35 42
26. J. Decety, H. Sjoholm, E. Ryding, G. Stenberg, and D.H. Ingvar The cerebellum participates in mental activity: tomographic measurements of regional cerebral blood flow Brain Res. 535 1990 313 317
27. J. Decety, M. Jeannerod, M. Germain, and J. Pastene Vegetative response during imagined movement is proportional to mental effort Behav. Brain Res. 42 1991 1 5
28. J. Decety, M. Jeannerod, D. Durozard, and G. Baverel Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental simulation of motor actions in man J. Physiol. 461 1993 549 563
29. J. Decety, D. Perani, M. Jeannerod, V. Bettinardi, B. Tadary, R.P. Woods, J.C. Mazziota, and F. Fazio Mapping motor representations with positron emission tomography Nature 371 1994 600 602
30. M.P. Deiber, V. Ibanez, M. Honda, N. Sadato, R. Raman, and M. Hallett Cerebral processes related to visuomotor imagery and generation of simple finger movements studied with positron emission tomography NeuroImage 7 1998 73 85
31. M. Denis, and S.M. Kosslyn Scanning visual mental images: a window o the mind Curr. Psychol. Cogn. 18 1999 409 465
32. M. Denis, N. Chevalier, and S. Eloi Visual imagery and the use of mental practice in the development o motor skills Can. J. Appl. Sport Sci. 10 1985 4S 16S
33. C. Deschaumes-Molinaro, A. Dittmar, and E. Vernet-Maury Relationship between mental imagery and sporting performance Behav. Brain Res. 45 1991 29 36
34. C. Deschaumes-Molinaro, A. Dittmar, and E. Vernet-Maury Autonomic nervous system response patterns correlate with mental imagery Physiol. Behav. 51 1992 1021 1027
35. R. Dickstein, A. Dunsky, and E. Marcovitz Motor imagery for gait rehabilitation in post-stroke hemiparesis Phys. Ther. 12 2004 1167 1177
36. A.C. Dijkerman, M. Letswaart, M. Johnston, and R.S. MacWalter Does motor imagery training improve hand function in chronic stroke patients? A pilot study Clin. Rehabil. 18 2004 538 549
37. J.E. Driskell, C. Copper, and A. Moran Does mental practice enhance performance? J. Appl. Psychol. 79 1994 481 492
38. I.E. Dror, S.M. Kosslyn, and W.L. Waag Visual spatial abilities of pilots J. Appl. Psychol. 78 1993 763 773
39. T. Ehrenfield, M. Guerraz, K.V. Thilo, L. Yardley, and M.A. Gresty Posture and mental task performance when viewing a moving visual field Cogn. Brain Res. 17 2003 140 153
40. F. Esposito, E. Seifritz, E. Formisano, R. Morrone, T. Scarabino, G. Tedeschi, S. Cirillo, R. Goebel, and F. Di Salle Real-time independent component analysis of fMRI time-series NeuroImage 20 2003 2209 2224
41. D.L. Feltz, and D.M. Landers The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance: a meta-analysis J. Psychol. 5 1983 25 57
42. D.C. Fowles, M.J. Christie, and R. Edelberg Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements Psychophysiology 18 1981 232 239
43. S. Fusi, D. Cutuli, M.R. Valente, P. Bergonzi, C.A. Porro, and P.E. Di Prampero Cardioventilatory responses during real or imagined walking at low speed Arch. Ital. Biol. 143 2005 223 228
44. S.C. Gandevia, L.R. Wilson, J.T. Inglis, and D. Burke Mental rehearsal of motor tasks recruits alpha-motoneurones but fails to recruit human fusimotor neurones selectively J. Neurophysiol. 505 1997 259 266
45. A. Guillot, and C. Collet Duration of mentally simulated movement: a review J. Mot. Behav. 37 2005 10 19
46. A. Guillot, C. Collet, A. Dittmar, G. Delhomme, C. Delemer, and E. Vernet-Maury The effect of physiological activation on performance in shooting: evaluation through neurovegetative indices J. Psychophysiol. 17 2003 214 223
47. A. Guillot, C. Collet, C. Molinaro, and A. Dittmar Expertise the peripheral autonomic activity during the preparation phase in shooting events Percept. Mot. Skills 98 2004 371 381
48. A. Guillot, C. Collet, and A. Dittmar Relationship between visual vs. kinaesthetic imagery, field dependence-independence and complex motor skills J. Psychophysiol. 18 2004 190 198
49. A. Guillot, C. Collet, A. Dittmar, Influence of environmental context on motor imagery quality. Biol. Sport., in press.
50. A. Guillot, T. Creveaux, M. Haguenauer, C. Collet, Effect of motor imagery on postural control., submitted for publication.
51. A. Guillot, M. Haguenauer, A. Dittmar, C. Collet, Effect of muscle fatigue on motor imagery accuracy. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., in press.
52. B.D. Hale The effects of internal and external imagery on muscular and ocular concomitants J. Sport Psychol. 4 1982 379 387
53. B.S. Hale, J.S. Raglin, and D.M. Koceja Effect of mental imagery of a motor task on the Hoffmann reflex Behav. Brain Res. 142 2003 1 7
54. C.R. Hall, and K.A. Martin Measuring movement imagery abilities: a revision of the movement imagery questionnaire J. Ment. Imag. 21 1997 143 154
55. C.R. Hall, and J. Pongrac Movement Imagery Questionnaire 1983 Department of Physical Education, University of Western Ontario London, Ontario
56. C.R. Hall, W.M. Rodgers, and K.A. Barr The use of imagery by athletes in selected sports Sport Psychol. 4 1990 1 10
57. C.R. Hall, K.A. Martin, and E.A. Vadocz What are confident athletes imaging? An examination of image content Sport Psychol. 10 1996 171 179
58. C.R. Hall, D.E. Mack, A. Paivio, and H.A. Hausenblas Imagery use by athletes: development of the sport imagery questionnaire Int. J. Sport Psychol. 29 1998 73 89
59. M.F. Hamel, and Y. Lajoie Mental imagery. Effects on static balance and attentional demands of the elderly Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 17 2005 223 228
60. L. Hardy, and N. Callow Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 21 1999 95 112
61. D.V. Harris, and W.J. Robinson The effect of skill level on EMG activity during internal and external imagery J. Sport Psychol. 8 1986 105 111
62. R. Hashimoto, and J.C. Rothwell Dynamic changes in corticospinal excitability during motor imagery Exp. Brain Res. 125 1999 75 81
63. K. Hugdahl Cognitive influences on human autonomic nervous system function Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6 1996 252 258
64. M.C. Hunter, and M.A. Hoffman Postural control: visual and cognitive manipulations Gait Posture 13 2001 41 48
65. A. Isaac, D.F. Marks, and D. Russel An instrument for assessing imagery of movement: the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire (VMIQ) J. Ment. Imag. 10 1986 23 30
66. E. Jacobson Electrical measurement of neuromuscular states during mental activities Am. J. Physiol. 96 1931 115 121
67. E. Jacobson Electrophysiology of mental activities Am. J. Psychol. 44 1932 677 694
68. P.L. Jackson, M.F. Lafleur, F. Malouin, C.L. Richards, and J. Doyon Functional cerebral reorganization following motor sequence learning through mental practice with motor imagery NeuroImage 20 2003 1171 1180
69. P.L. Jackson, J. Doyon, C.L. Richards, and F. Malouin The efficacy of combined physical and mental practice in the learning of a foot-sequence task after stroke: a case report Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair 18 2004 106 111
70. M. Jeannerod The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery Behav. Brain Sci. 17 1994 187 245
71. P. Johnson The functional equivalence of imagery and movement Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 34A 1982 349 365
72. S.H. Johnson-Frey Stimulation through simulation? Motor imagery and functional reorganization in hemiplegic stroke patients Brain Cogn. 55 2004 328 331
73. D.P. Jowdy, and D.V. Harris Muscular responses during mental imagery as a function of motor skill level J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 12 1990 191 201
74. R. Kail, P. Carter, and J. Pellegrino The locus of sex differences in spatial ability Percept. Psychophys. 26 1979 182 186
75. R.M. Kohl, and D.L. Roenker Mechanisms involvement during skill imagery J. Mot. Behav. 15 1983 179 190
76. S.M. Kosslyn Scanning visual images: some structural implications Percept. Psychophys. 14 1973 90 94
77. S.M. Kosslyn, T.M. Ball, and B.J. Reiser Visual images preserve metric spatial information: evidence from studies of image scanning J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 4 1978 47 60
78. J.L. Lacey, and B.C. Lacey Verification and extension of the principle of autonomic response-stereotypy Am. J. Psychol. 71 1958 50 73
79. J.L. Lacey, and B.C. Lacey Studies of heart rate and other bodily processes in sensori-motor behavior P.A. Obrist A.H. Black J. Brener L.V. Dicara Cardiovascular Psychophysiology 1974 Aldine Chicago 538 564
80. M.F. Lafleur, P.L. Jackson, F. Malouin, C.L. Richards, A.C. Evans, and J. Doyon Motor learning produces parallel dynamic functional changes during the execution and imagination of sequential foot movements NeuroImage 2 2002 142 157
81. P.J. Lang A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery Psychophysiology 16 1979 495 512
82. S. Li, D.G. Kamper, J.A. Stevens, and W.Z. Rymer The effect of motor imagery on spinal segmental excitability J. Neurosci. 27 2004 9674 9680
83. K.P. Liu, C.C. Chan, T.M. Lee, and C.W. Hui-Chan Mental imagery for promoting relearning for people after stroke: a randomized controlled trial Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85 2004 1403 1408
84. L. Lotze, P. Montoya, M. Erb, E. Hulsmann, H. Flor, U. Klause, N. Birbaumer, and W. Grodd Activation of cortical and cerebellar motor areas during executed and imagined hand movements: an fMRI study J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11 1999 491 501
85. F. Malouin, C.L. Richards, J. Desrosiers, and J. Doyon Bilateral slowing of mentally simulated actions after stroke NeuroReport 15 2004 1349 1353
86. F. Malouin, C.L. Richards, J. Doyon, J. Desrosiers, and S. Belleville Training mobility tasks after stroke with combined mental and physical practice: a feasibility study Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair 18 2004 66 75
87. D.F. Marks Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures Br. J. Psychol. 64 1973 17 24
88. P. Maruff, and D. Velakoulis The voluntary control of motor imagery. Imagined movements in individuals with feigned impairment and conversion disorder Neuropsychologia 38 2000 1251 1260
89. J. Massion Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination Prog. Neurobiol. 38 1992 35 56
90. F.J. McGuigan Cognitive Psychophysiology: Principles of Covert Behavior 1978 Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ
91. S. Mellah, L. Rispal-Padel, and G. Riviere Changes in excitability of motor units during preparation for movement Exp. Brain Res. 82 1990 178 186
92. E. Mellet, L. Petit, B. Mazoyer, M. Denis, and N. Tzourio Reopening the mental imagery debate: lessons from functional anatomy NeuroImage 8 1998 129 139
93. K.J. Munroe, C.R. Hall, S. Simms, and R.S. Weinberg The influence of type of sport and time of season on athlete's use of imagery Sport Psychol. 12 1998 440 449
94. K.J. Munroe, P.R. Giacobbi, C.R. Hall, and R. Weinberg The four Ws of imagery use: where, when, why and what Sport Psychol. 14 2000 119 137
95. D.G. Nair, K.L. Purcott, A. Fuchs, F. Steinberg, and J.A.K. Kelso Cortical and cerebellar activity of the human brain during imagined and executed unimanual and bimanual action sequences: a functional MRI study Cogn. Brain Res. 15 2003 250 260
96. E. Naito, T. Kochiyama, R. Kidata, S. Nakamura, M. Matsumura, Y. Yonekura, and N. Sadato Internally simulated movement sensations during motor imagery activate cortical motor areas and the cerebellum J. Neurosci. 22 2002 3683 3691
97. K. Oishi, M. Kimura, M. Yasukawa, T. Yoneda, and T. Maeshima Amplitude reduction of H-reflex during mental movement simulation in elite athletes Behav. Brain Res. 62 1994 55 61
98. K. Oishi, T. Kasai, and T. Maeshima Autonomic response specificity during motor imagery J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Hum. Sci. 19 2000 255 261
99. S. Ozel, J. Larue, and C. Molinaro Relation between sport and spatial imagery: comparison of three groups of participants J. Psychol. 138 2004 49 63
100. S.J. Page, P. Levine, S. Sisto, and M.V. Johnston Combined with physical practice for upper limb motor deficit in sub-acute stroke: a case report Phys. Ther. 81 2001 1455 1462
101. A. Paivio Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance Can. J. Appl. Sport Sci. 10 1985 22S 28S
102. C. Papaxanthis, T. Pozzo, X. Skoura, and M. Schieppati Does order and timing performance of imagined and actual movements affect the motor imagery process? The duration of walking and writing tasks Behav. Brain Res. 134 2002 209 215
103. A. Pascual-Leone, D. Nguyet, L.G. Cohen, J.P. Brasil-Neto, A. Cammarota, and M. Hallett Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills J. Neurophysiol. 74 1995 1037 1045
104. N.I. Alvarez, B. Estanol, M.V. Corona, B. Figueroa, M.V. Mondragon, M.M. Lopez-Lomeli, L. Espinosa-Sierra, J. Ruiz, G. Garcia-Ramos, O. Infante, and M.R. Martinez Effect of muscle contraction on heart rate and skin blood flow. Preliminary results Arch. Cardiol. Mex. 72 2002 13 19
105. C.A. Porro, V. Cettolo, A.V. Fancescato, and P. Baraldi Ipsilateral involvement of primary motor cortex during motor imagery Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 2000 3059 3063
106. M.I. Posner Chronometric Explorations of Mind 1978 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ
107. V.K. Ranganathan, V. Siemionow, J.Z. Liu, V. Sahgal, and G.H. Yue From mental power to muscle power-gaining strength by using the mind Neuropsychologia 42 2004 944 956
108. C.L. Reed Chronometric comparisons of imagery to action: visualizing versus physically performing springboard dives Mem. Cogn. 30 2002 1169 1178
109. M.A. Riley, A.A. Baker, and J.M. Schmidt Inverse relation between postural variability and difficulty of a concurrent short-term memory task Brain Res. Bull. 62 2003 191 195
110. E.C. Rodrigues, L.A. Imbiriba, G.R. Leite, J. Magahlaes, E. Volchan, and C.D. Vargas Mental simulation strategy affects postural control Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 25 2003 33 35
111. M. Roth, J. Decety, M. Raybaudi, R. Massarelli, C. Delon-Martin, C.M. Segebarth, S. Morand, A. Gemignani, M. Decorps, and M. Jeannerod Possible involvement of primary motor cortex in mentally simulated movement: a functional magnetic resonance imagery study NeuroReport 7 1996 1280 1284
112. R. Roure, C. Collet, C. Deschaumes-Molinaro, A. Dittmar, H. Rada, G. Delhomme, and E. Vernet-Maury Autonomic nervous system responses correlate with mental rehearsal in volley-ball training Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 78 1998 99 108
113. R. Roure, C. Collet, C. Deschaumes-Molinaro, G. Delhomme, A. Dittmar, and E. Vernet-Maury Imagery quality estimated by autonomic response is correlated to sporting performance enhancement Physiol. Behav. 66 1999 63 72
114. P. Ruby, and J. Decety Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: a PET investigation of agency Nat. Neurosci. 4 2001 546 550
115. R.A. Schmidt, and T.D. Lee Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis 3rd ed. 1999 Human Kinetics Champaign, IL
116. T. Schubert, D.Y. Von Cramon, T. Niendorf, S. Pollmann, and P. Bublak Cortical areas and the control of self-determined finger movements: an fMRI study NeuroReport 9 1998 3171 3176
117. H. Sequeira, and S. Ba M'hamed Pyramidal control of heart rate and arterial pressure in cats Arch. Ital. Biol. 137 1999 47 62
118. W.A. Shaw The distribution of muscular action potentials during imaging Psychol. Rec. 2 1938 195 216
119. W.A. Shaw The distribution of muscular action potentials to imagined weight lifting Arch. Psychol. 247 1940 1 50
120. R.N. Shepard, and J. Metzler Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects Science 171 1971 701 703
121. K.M. Stephan, and R.S. Frackowiack Motor imagery-Anatomical representation and electrophysiological characteristics Neurochem. Res. 21 1996 1105 1116
122. R.M. Suinn Body thinking: psychology for Olympic champions R.M. Suinn Psychology in Sports: Methods and Applications 1980 Burges Mineapolis 306 315
123. E.E. Thill, D. Bryche, G. Poumarat, and N. Rigoulet Task involvement and ego-involvement goals during actual and imagined movements: their effects on cognition and vegetative responses Behav. Brain Res. 82 1997 159 167
124. R. Van Leeuwen, and J.T. Inglis Mental practice and imagery: a potential role in stroke rehabilitation Phys. Ther. Rev. 3 1998 47 52
125. E. Vernet-Maury, G. Sicard, A. Dittmar, and C. Deschaumes-Molinaro Autonomic nervous system preferential responses Act. Nerv. Super. 32 1990 37 38
126. S. Vieilledent, Mental simulation of a complex motor skill in climbing situation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Université Pierre and Marie Cury, Paris, France, 1996.
127. N. Vuillerme, V. Nougier, and N. Teasdale Effects of a reaction time task on postural control in humans Neurosci. Lett. 291 2000 77 80
128. Y. Wang, and W.P. Morgan The effects of imagery perspectives on the physiological responses to imagined exercise Behav. Brain Res. 52 1992 167 174
129. N. Weiskopf, R. Veit, M. Erb, K. Mathiak, W. Grodd, R. Goebel, and N. Birbaumer Physiological self-regulation of regional brain activity using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): methodology and exemplary data NeuroImage 19 2003 577 586
130. B.E. Wexler, R.K. Fulbright, C.M. Lacadie, P. Skudlarski, R. Keltz, T. Constable, and J.C. Gore An fMRI study of the human cortical motor system response to increasing functional demands Magn. Reson. Imaging 15 1997 385 396
131. B. Wuyam, S.H. Moosavi, J. Decety, L. Adams, R.W. Lansing, and A. Guz Imagination of dynamic exercise produced ventilatory responses which were more apparent in competitive sportsmen J. Physiol. 482 1995 713 724
132. S. Yahagi, K. Shimura, and T. Kasai An increase in cortical excitability with no change in spinal excitability during motor imagery Percept. Mot. Skills 83 1996 288 290
133. L. Yardley, M. Gardney, A. Bronstein, R. Davies, D. Buckwell, and L. Luxon Interference between postural control and mental task performance in patients with vestibular disorders and healthy controls J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 71 2001 48 52
134. S.S. Yoo, and F.A. Jolesz Functional MRI for neurofeedback: feasibility study on a hand motor task NeuroReport 13 2002 1377 1381
135. E. Yoo, E. Park, and B. Chung Mental practice effect on line-tracing accuracy in persons with hemiparetic stroke: a preliminary study Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82 2001 1213 1218
136. G. Yue, and K.J. Cole Strength increases from the motor program: comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions J. Neurophysiol. 67 1992 114 123