Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species, domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning: Revisiting previous paradigms

Phycologia

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 168-216

  Lelong, Aurélie ^a   Hégaret, Hélène ^a   Soudant, Philippe ^a   Bates, Stephen S ^b  

^a INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE EUROPÉEN DE LA MER   (France)

^b GULF FISHERIES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; BACILLARIOPHYTA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI; PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA;

EID: 84859826686     PISSN: 00318884     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2216/11-37.1     Document Type: Article

References (410)

1. ADAMS N.G., LESOING M. & TRAINER V.L. 2000. Environmental conditions associated with domoic acid in razor clams on the Washington coast. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 1007-1015. (Pubitemid 32122745)
2. AKÉ-CASTILLO J.A. & OKOLODKOV Y.B. 2009. Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata (Bacillariophyceae) in the Gulf of Mexico? Harmful Algae News 40: 6-7.
3. ALMANDOZ G.O., FERRARIO M.E., FERREYRA G.A., SCHLOSS I.R., ESTEVES J.L. & PAPARAZZO F.E. 2007. The genus Pseudonitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) in continental shelf waters of Argentina (Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, 38-55u S). Harmful Algae 6: 93-103. (Pubitemid 46038240)
4. ALMANDOZ G.O., FERREYRA G.A., SCHLOSS I.R., DOGLIOTTI A.I., RUPOLO V., PAPARAZZO F.E., ESTEVES J.L. & FERRARIO M.E. 2008. Distribution and ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in surface waters of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology 31: 429-442. (Pubitemid 351199160)
5. ALMANDOZ G.O., HERNANDO M. & FERRARIO M.E. 2009. SEM observations of Pseudo-nitzschia from Beagle Channel: P. seriata in the southern hemisphere? Harmful Algae News 39: 6-7.
6. ÁLVAREZ G., URIBE E., QUIJANO-SCHEGGIA S., LÓPEZ-RIVERA A., MARIÑO C. & BLANCO J. 2009. Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis and Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha isolated from North Chile. Harmful Algae 8: 938-945.
7. AMATO A. & MONTRESOR M. 2008. Morphology, phylogeny, and sexual cycle of Pseudo-nitzschia mannii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae): a pseudo-cryptic species within the P. pseudodelicatissima complex. Phycologia 47: 487-497.
8. AMATO A., ORSINI L., D'ALELIO D. & MONTRESOR M. 2005. Life cycle, size reduction patterns, and ultrastructure of the pennate planktonic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 41: 542-556. (Pubitemid 40832013)
9. AMATO A., KOOISTRA W., GHIRON J.H.L., MANN D.G., PROSCHOLD T. & MONTRESOR M. 2007. Reproductive isolation among sympatric cryptic species in marine diatoms. Protist 158: 193-207. (Pubitemid 46467505)
10. AMATO A., LUDEKING A. & KOOISTRA W.H.C.F. 2010. Intracellular domoic acid production in Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata isolated from the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Toxicon 55: 157-161.
11. AMZIL Z., FRESNEL J., LE GAL D. & BILLARD C. 2001. Domoic acid accumulation in French shellfish in relation to toxic species of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima. Toxicon 39: 1245-1251. (Pubitemid 32295894)
12. ANDERSON C.R., BRZEZINSKI M.A., WASHBURN L. & KUDELA R. 2006. Circulation and environmental conditions during a toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia australis bloom in the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 327: 119-133. (Pubitemid 46142178)
13. ANDERSON C.R., SIEGEL D.A., KUDELA R.M. & BRZEZINSKI M.A. 2009. Empirical models of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms: potential use as a remote detection tool in the Santa Barbara Channel. Harmful Algae 8: 478-492.
14. ANDERSON C.R., SAPIANO M.R.P., PRASAD M.B.K., LONG W., TANGO P.J., BROWN C.W. & MURTUGUDDE R. 2010. Predicting potentially toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in the Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Marine Systems 83: 127-140.
15. ANDERSON D.M., ANDERSEN P., BRICELJ V.M., CULLEN J.J. & RENSEL J.E. 2001. Monitoring and management strategies for harmful algal blooms in coastal waters, APEC #201-MR-01.1, Asia Pacific Economic Program, Singapore, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series No. 59, Paris.
16. ANDERSON D.M., BURKHOLDER J.M., COCHLAN W.P., GLIBERT P.M., GOBLER C.J., HEIL C.A., KUDELA R.M., PARSONS M.L., RENSEL J.E.J., TOWNSEND D.W., TRAINER V.L. & VARGO G.A. 2008. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States. Harmful Algae 8: 39-53.
17. ANDREE K.B., FERNÁNDEZ-TEJEDOR M., ELANDALOUSSI L.M., QUIJANO-SCHEGGIA S., SAMPEDRO N., GARCÉS E., CAMP J. & DIOGÈNE J. 2011. Quantitative PCR coupled with melt curve analysis for detection of selected Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) from the NW Mediterranean Sea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. (in press).
18. BAJARIAS F.A., KOTAKI Y., RELOX J.R. JR., ROMERO M.L.J., FURIO E.F., LUNDHOLM N., KOIKE K., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMA M. 2006. Screening of diatoms producing domoic acid and its derivatives in the Philippines. Coastal Marine Science 30: 121-129.
19. BANDALA E.R., BRITO L. & PELAEZ M. 2009. Degradation of domoic acid toxin by UV-promoted Fenton-like processes in seawater. Desalination 245: 135-145.
20. BARGU S., KORAY T. & LUNDHOLM N. 2002a. First report of Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup and Hasle 2003, a new potentially toxic species from Turkish coasts. European Union Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 19: 479-483.
21. BARGU S., POWELL C.L., COALE S.L., BUSMAN M., DOUCETTE G.J. & SILVER M.W. 2002b. Krill: a potential vector for domoic acid in marine food webs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 237: 209-216.
22. BARGU S., LEFEBVRE K. & SILVER M.W. 2006. Effect of dissolved domoic acid on the grazing rate of krill Euphausia pacifica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 312: 169-175. (Pubitemid 43797822)
23. BARGU S., POWELL C.L., WANG Z.H., DOUCETTE G.J. & SILVER M.W. 2008. Note on the occurrence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis and domoic acid in squid from Monterey Bay, CA (USA). Harmful Algae 7: 45-51. (Pubitemid 350103780)
24. BARGU S., SILVER M., GOLDSTEIN T., ROBERTS K. & GULLAND F. 2010. Complexity of domoic acid-related sea lion strandings in Monterey Bay, California: foraging patterns, climate events, and toxic blooms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 418: 213-222.
25. BARGU S., GOLDSTEIN T., ROBERTS K., LI C. & GULLAND F. 2011a. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, domoic acid, and related California sea lion strandings in Monterey Bay, California. Marine Mammal Science. (in press).
26. BARGU S., SMITH E. & OZHAN K. 2011b. Toxic diatom Pseudonitzschia and its primary consumers (vectors). In: The diatom world (Ed. by J. Seckbach & P. Kociolek), pp. 493-512. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Germany.
27. BATES S.S. 1998. Ecophysiology and metabolism of ASP toxin production. In: Physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms (Ed. by D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G.M. Hallegraeff), pp. 405-426. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
28. BATES S.S. 2000. Domoic-acid-producing diatoms: another genus added! Journal of Phycology 36: 978-983. (Pubitemid 32111184)
29. BATES S.S. 2011. Domoic acid and Pseudo-nitzschia references. Fisheries and Oceans Canada website, available at http://www2.glf.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/os/aes- sae/dapr-radp/.
30. BATES S.S. & RICHARD D.J.A. 2000. Shellfish harvest area closure due to domoic acid - Mill river, Prince Edward Island. Harmful Algae News 21: 6-7.
31. BATES S.S. & DAVIDOVICH N.A. 2002. Factors affecting the sexual reproduction of diatoms, with emphasis on Pseudo-nitzschia spp. In: LIFEHAB workshop: life history of microalgal species causing harmful algal blooms (Ed. by E. Garcés, A. Zingone, B. Dale, M. Montresor & B. Reguera), pp. 31-36. Commission of the European Community.
32. BATES S.S. & LÉGER C. 2006. Effect of bicarbonate addition on domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries in batch culture. 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae 132, (Abstract).
33. BATES S.S. & TRAINER V.L. 2006. The ecology of harmful diatoms. In: Ecology of harmful algae (Ed. by E. Granéli & J.T. Turner), pp. 81-93. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
34. BATES S.S., BIRD C.J., DE FREITAS A.S.W., FOXALL R., GILGAN M., HANIC L.A., JOHNSON G.R.,MCCULLOCH A.W., ODENSE P., POCKLINGTON R., QUILLIAM M.A., SIM P.G., SMITH J.C., SUBA RAO D.V., TODD E.C.D., WALTER J.A. & WRIGHT J.L.C. 1989. Pennate diatom Nitzschia pungens as the primary source of domoic acid, a toxin in shellfish from eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1203-1215.
35. BATES S.S., DE FREITAS A.S.W., MILLEY J.E., POCKLINGTON R., QUILLIAM M.A., SMITH J.C. & WORMS J. 1991. Controls on domoic acid production by the diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries in culture: nutrients and irradiance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 1136-1144.
36. BATES S.S., LÉGER C., KEAFER B.A. & ANDERSON D.M. 1993a. Discrimination between domoic-acid-producing and nontoxic forms of the diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens using immunofluorescence. Marine Ecology Progress Series 100: 185-195.
37. BATES S.S., WORMS J. & SMITH J.C. 1993b. Effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth and domoic acid production by Nitzschia pungens in batch culture. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 1248-1254.
38. BATES S.S., DOUGLAS D.J., DOUCETTE G.J. & LÉGER C. 1995a. Effects of reintroducing bacteria on domoic acid production by axenic cultures of the diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries. In: Harmful marine algal blooms (Ed. by P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard, P. Gentien & C. Marcaillou), pp. 401-406. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris.
39. BATES S.S., DOUGLAS D.J., DOUCETTE G.J. & LÉGER C. 1995b. Enhancement of domoic acid production by reintroducing bacteria to axenic cultures of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Natural Toxins 3: 428-435.
40. BATES S.S., GARRISON D.L. & HORNER R.A. 1998. Bloom dynamics and physiology of domoic-acid-producing Pseudonitzschia species. In: Physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms (Ed. by D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella & G.M. Hallegraeff), pp. 267-292. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
41. BATES S.S., HILTZ M.F. & LÉGER C. 1999. Domoic acid toxicity of large new cells of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries resulting from sexual reproduction. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae (Ed. by J.L. Martin & K. Haya), pp. 21-26. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2261.
42. BATES S.S., LÉGER C., SATCHWELL M.F. & BOYER G.L. 2001. The effects of iron on domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. In: Harmful algal blooms 2000 (Ed. by G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch & R.J. Lewis), pp. 320-323. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
43. BATES S.S., LÉGER C., WELLS M.L. & HARDY K. 2003. Photodegradation of domoic acid. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae (Ed. by S.S. Bates), pp. 30-35. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2498.
44. BATES S.S., GAUDET J., KACZMARSKA I. & EHRMAN J.M. 2004. Interaction between bacteria and the domoic-acid-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle; can bacteria produce domoic acid autonomously? Harmful Algae 3: 11-20. (Pubitemid 38105879)
45. BEJARANO A.C., GULLAND F.M., GOLDSTEIN T., ST LEGER J., HUNTER M., SCHWACKE L.H., VAN DOLAH F.M. & ROWLES T.K. 2008a. Demographics and spatio-temporal signature of the biotoxin domoic acid in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) stranding records. Marine Mammal Science 24: 899-912.
46. BEJARANO A.C., VAN DOLAH F.M., GULLAND F.M., ROWLES T.K. & SCHWACKE L.H. 2008b. Production and toxicity of the marine biotoxin domoic acid and its effects on wildlife: a review. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 14: 544-567. (Pubitemid 351883235)
47. BESIKTEPE S., RYABUSHKO L., EDIGER D., YIMAZ D., ZENGINER A., RYABUSHKO V. & LEE R. 2008.Domoic acid production by Pseudonitzschia calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle (Bacillariophyta) isolated from the Black Sea. Harmful Algae 7: 438-442.
48. BILL B.D., COX F.H., HORNER R.A., BORCHERT J.A. & TRAINER V.L. 2004. The first closure of shellfish harvesting due to domoic acid in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 435-440. (Pubitemid 44545122)
49. BILL B., LUNDHOLM N., CONNELL L., BAUGH K.A. & TRAINER V.L. 2005. Domoic acid in Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata from Washington State coastal waters. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Harmful Algae in the U.S., Alismor, CA. 77 pp. (Abstract).
50. BLANCO J., LIVRAMENTO F. & RANGEL I.M. 2010. Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins in plankton and molluscs from Luanda Bay, Angola. Toxicon 55: 541-546.
51. BOGAN Y.M., KENNEDY D.J., HARKIN A.L., GILLESPIE J., VAUSE B.J., BEUKERS-STEWART B.D., HESS P. & SLATER J.W. 2007. Variation in domoic acid concentration in king scallop (Pecten maximus) from fishing grounds around the Isle of Man. Harmful Algae 6: 81-92. (Pubitemid 46043457)
52. BOISSONNEAULT K.R. 2004. Gene discovery and expression profiling in the toxin-producing marine diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program on Biological Oceanography, Cambridge, MA, USA. 181 pp.
53. BOUILLON R.C., KNIERIM T.L., KIEBER R.J., SKRABAL S.A. & WRIGHT J.L.C. 2006. Photodegradation of the algal toxin domoic acid in natural water matrices. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 321-330. (Pubitemid 43259718)
54. BOUILLON R.C., KIEBER R.J., SKRABAL S.A. &WRIGHT J.L.C. 2008. Photochemistry and identification of photodegradation products of the marine toxin domoic acid. Marine Chemistry 110: 18-27.
55. BOYCE D.G., LEWIS M.R. &WORM B. 2010. Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature (London) 466: 591-596.
56. BRULAND K.W., RUE E.L. & SMITH G.J. 2001. Iron and macronutrients in California coastal upwelling regimes: implications for diatom blooms. Limnology and Oceanography 46: 1661-1674. (Pubitemid 33066065)
57. BUCK K.R., UTTALCOOKE L., PILSKALN C.H., ROELKE D.L., VILLAC M.C., FRYXELL G.A., CIFUENTES L. & CHAVEZ F.P. 1992. Autoecology of the diatom Pseudonitzschia australis, a domoic acid producer, from Monterey Bay, California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 84: 293-302. (Pubitemid 23401184)
58. BURKHOLDER J.M., HALLEGRAEFF G.M., MELIA G., COHEN A., BOWERS H.A., OLDACH D.W., PARROW M.W., SULLIVAN M.J., ZIMBA P.V., ALLEN E.H., KINDER C.A. & MALLIN M.A. 2007. Phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages in ballast water of U.S. military ships as a function of port of origin, voyage time, and ocean exchange practices. Harmful Algae 6: 486-518. (Pubitemid 46584837)
59. BUSSE L.B., VENRICK E.L., ANTROBUS R., MILLER P.E., VIGILANT V., SILVER M.W., MENGELT C., MYDLARZ L. & PRÉZELIN B.B. 2006. Domoic acid in phytoplankton and fish in San Diego, CA, USA. Harmful Algae 5: 91-101. (Pubitemid 41814802)
60. CALU G., MARTIN-JEZEQUEL V., LEFAU E., SECHET V., LASSUS P., WEIGEL P. & AMZIL Z. 2009. The influence of nitrogen speciation on growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pungens in batch and continuous cultures. In: 7th International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety (Ed. by P. Lassus), 7 pp. Éditions Quæ, Nantes, France.
61. CAMPBELL D.A., KELLY M.S., BUSMAN M., BOLCH C.J., WIGGINS E., MOELLER P.D.R., MORTON S.L., HESS P. & SHUMWAY S.E. 2001. Amnesic shellfish poisoning in the king scallop, Pecten maximus, from the west coast of Scotland. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 75-84. (Pubitemid 32827776)
62. CARLSON M., JOHNSON B. & ROCAP G. 2009. Viral-phytoplankton interactions: characterization and ecology of viruses infecting the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. In: 5th Symposium on Harmful Algae in the U.S., Ocean Shores, WA. 101 pp. (Abstract).
63. CARON D.A., GARNEAU M.E., SEUBERT E., HOWARD M.D.A., DARJANY L., SCHNETZER A., CETINIC I., FILTEAU G., LAURI P., JONES B. & TRUSSELL S. 2010. Harmful algae and their potential impacts on desalination operations off southern California. Water Research 44: 385-416.
64. CAROPPO C., CONGESTRI R., BRACCHINI L. & ALBERTANO P. 2005. On the presence of Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle and Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea, Italy). Journal of Plankton Research 27: 763-774. (Pubitemid 41456763)
65. CARTER C.M., ROSS A.H., SCHIEL D.R., HOWARD-WILLIAMS C. & HAYDEN B. 2005. In situ microcosm experiments on the influence of nitrate and light on phytoplankton community composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 326: 1-13. (Pubitemid 41628261)
66. CASTELEYN G., CHEPURNOV V.A., LELIAERT F., MANN D.G., BATES S.S., LUNDHOLM N., RHODES L., SABBE K. & VYVERMAN W. 2008. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae): a cosmopolitan diatom species? Harmful Algae 7: 241-257. (Pubitemid 350235339)
67. CASTELEYN G., ADAMS N.G., VANORMELINGEN P., DEBEER A.-E., SABBE K. & VYVERMAN W. 2009a. Natural hybrids in the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae): genetic and morphological evidence. Protist 160: 343-354.
68. CASTELEYN G., EVANS K.M., BACKELJAU T., D'HONDT S., CHEPURNOV V., SABBE K. & VYVERMAN W. 2009b. Lack of population genetic structuring in the marine planktonic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae) in a heterogeneous area in the Southern Bight of the North Sea. Marine Biology 156: 1149-1158.
69. CASTELEYN G., LELIAERT F., BACKELJAU T., DEBEER A.E., KOTAKI Y., RHODES L., LUNDHOLM N., SABBE K. & VYVERMAN W. 2010. Limits to gene flow in a cosmopolitan marine planktonic diatom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 12952-12957.
70. CAVAS T. & KONEN S. 2008. In vivo genotoxicity testing of the amnesic shellfish poison (domoic acid) in piscine erythrocytes using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Aquatic Toxicology 90: 154-159.
71. CERINO F., ORSINI L., SARNO D., DELL'AVERSANO C., TARTAGLIONE L. & ZINGONE A. 2005. The alternation of different morphotypes in the seasonal cycle of the toxic diatom Pseudonitzschia galaxiae. Harmful Algae 4: 33-48. (Pubitemid 39594503)
72. CHEPURNOV V.A., MANN D.G., SABBE K. & VYVERMAN W. 2004. Experimental studies on sexual reproduction in diatoms. International Review of Cytology 237: 91-154. (Pubitemid 39232050)
73. CHEPURNOV V.A., MANN D.G., SABBE K., VANNERUM K., CASTELEYN G., VERLEYEN E., PEPERZAK L. & VYVERMAN W. 2005. Sexual reproduction, mating system, chloroplast dynamics and abrupt cell size reduction in Pseudo-nitzschia pungens from the North Sea (Bacillariophyta). European Journal of Phycology 40: 379-395. (Pubitemid 41759250)
74. CHO E.S., KOTAKI Y. & PARK J.G. 2001. The comparison between toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and non-toxic P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle isolated from Jinhae Bay, Korea. Algae 16: 275-285.
75. CHOI K.D., LEE J.S., LEE J.O., OH K.S. & SHIN I.S. 2009. Investigation of domoic acid in shellfish collected from Korean fish retail outlets. Food Science and Biotechnology 18: 842-848.
76. CHURRO C.I., CARREIRA C.C., RODRIGUES F.J., CRAVEIRO S.C., CALADO A.J., CASTELEYN G. & LUNDHOLM N. 2009. Diversity and abundance of potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in Aveiro coastal lagoon, Portugal and description of a new variety, P. pungens var. aveirensis var. nov. Diatom Research 24: 35-62.
77. CLAQUIN P., LONGPHUIRT S.N., FOUILLARON P., HUONNIC P., RAGUENEAU O., KLEIN C. & LEYNAERT A. 2010. Effects of simulated benthic fluxes on phytoplankton dynamic and photosynthetic parameters in a mesocosm experiment (Bay of Brest, France). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 86: 93-101.
78. CLAYDEN J., KNOWLES F.E. & BALDWIN I.R. 2005. The synthesis of (2)-isodomoic acid C. Journal of the American Chemical Society 127: 2412-2413.
79. COCHLAN W.P., HERNDON J. & KUDELA R.M. 2008. Inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake by the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae). Harmful Algae 8: 111-118.
80. CONGESTRI R., POLIZZANO S. & ALBERTANO P. 2008. Toxic Pseudonitzschia populations from the Middle Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea, Italy). In: Algal toxins: nature, occurrence, effect and detection (Ed. by V. Evangelista, L. Barsanti, A.M. Frassanito, V. Passarelli & P. Gualtieri), pp. 197-210. NATO Science for Peace and Security. Series A: Chemistry and Biology, Springer, the Netherlands. (Pubitemid 352027242)
81. CORCHADO J.M., TORRES J.M. & SACAI CAUDRADO M.M. 2004. Forecasting red tides caused by Pseudo-nitzschia spp. using an artificial intelligence model. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 531-533. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
82. COSTA L.G., GIORDANO G. & FAUSTMAN E.M. 2010. Domoic acid as a developmental neurotoxin. Neurotoxicology 31: 409-423.
83. COSTA P.R. & GARRIDO S. 2004. Domoic acid accumulation in the sardine Sardina pilchardus and its relationship to Pseudonitzschia diatom ingestion. Marine Ecology Progress Series 284: 261-268. (Pubitemid 40118220)
84. COSTA P.R., RODRIGUES S.M., BOTELHO M.J. & SAMPAYO M.A.M. 2003. A potential vector of domoic acid: the swimming crab Polybius henslowii Leach (Decapoda-brachyura). Toxicon 42: 135-141. (Pubitemid 37297542)
85. COSTA P.R., ROSA R. & SAMPAYO M.A.M. 2004. Tissue distribution of the amnesic shellfish toxin, domoic acid, in Octopus vulgaris from the Portuguese coast. Marine Biology 144: 971-976. (Pubitemid 38688960)
86. COSTA P.R., ROSA R., PEREIRA J. & SAMPAYO M.A.M. 2005a. Detection of domoic acid, the amnesic shellfish toxin, in the digestive gland of Eledone cirrhosa and E. moschata (Cephalopoda, Octopoda) from the Portuguese coast. Aquatic Living Resources 18: 395-400. (Pubitemid 41771136)
87. COSTA P.R., ROSA R., DUARTE-SILVA A., BROTAS V. & SAMPAYO M.A.M. 2005b. Accumulation, transformation and tissue distribution of domoic acid, the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, in the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Aquatic Toxicology 74: 82-91. (Pubitemid 40968036)
88. CUSACK C.K., BATES S.S., QUILLIAM M.A., PATCHING J.W. & RAINE R. 2002. Confirmation of domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from Irish waters. Journal of Phycology 38: 1106-1112. (Pubitemid 36035654)
89. D'ALELIO D., AMATO A., LUEDEKING A. & MONTRESOR M. 2009. Sexual and vegetative phases in the planktonic diatom Pseudonitzschia multistriata. Harmful Algae 8: 225-232.
90. D'ALELIO D., D'ALCALÁM.R., DUBROCA L., SARNO D., ZINGONE A. & MONTRESOR M. 2010. The time for sex: a biennial life cycle in a marine planktonic diatom. Limnology and Oceanography 55: 106-114.
91. DAO H.V., TAKATA Y., OMURA T., SATO S., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMA M. 2009. Seasonal variation of domoic acid in a bivalve Spondylus versicolor in association with that in plankton samples in Nha Phu Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam. Fisheries Science 75: 507-512.
92. DAVIDOVICH N.A. & BATES S.S. 1998. Sexual reproduction in the pennate diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 34: 126-137. (Pubitemid 28176583)
93. DAVIDSON K. & FEHLING J. 2006. Modelling the influence of silicon and phosphorus limitation on the growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 357-360. (Pubitemid 44545107)
94. DE LA IGLESIA P., GIMÉNEZ G. & DIOGÈNE J. 2008. Determination of dissolved domoic acid in seawater with reversed-phase extraction disks and rapid resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with head-column trapping. Journal of Chromatography A 1215: 116-124.
95. DE LA RIVA G.T., JOHNSON C.K., GULLAND F.M.D., LANGLOIS G.W., HEYNING J.E., ROWLES T.K. & MAZET J.A.K. 2009. Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the southern California coastline. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45: 109-121.
96. DEL RIO R., BARGU S., BALTZ D., FIRE S., PETERSON G. & WANG Z.H. 2010. Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus): a potential vector of domoic acid in coastal Louisiana food webs. Harmful Algae 10: 19-29.
97. DENMARK S.E., HUNG-CHANG LIU J. & MUHUHI J.M. 2011. Stereocontrolled total syntheses of isodomoic acids G and H via a unified strategy. Journal of Organic Chemistry 76: 201-215.
98. 2 thin films. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A - Chemistry 193: 271-283.
99. DJAOUED Y., ROBICHAUD J., THIBODEAU M., BALAJI S., TCHOUKANOVA N. & BATES S.S. 2009. Photocatalytic properties of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide films in the degradation of domoic acid in aqueous solution: potential for use in molluscan shellfish biotoxin depuration facilities. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment 26: 248-257.
100. DOAN-NHU H., NGUYEN THI M.A. & NGUYEN-NGOC T.G. 2008. Pseudo-nitzschia in south-central coastal waters of Vietnam: growth and occurrence related to temperature and salinity. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae (Ed. by Ø. Moestrup), pp. 29-32. International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Copenhagen.
101. DORTCH Q., ROBICHAUX R., POOL S., MILSTED D., MIRE G., RABALAIS N.N., SONIAT T.M., FRYXELL G.A., TURNER R.E. & PARSONS M.L. 1997. Abundance and vertical flux of Pseudonitzschia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 146: 249-264.
102. DOUCETTE G.J., KING K.L., THESSEN A.E. & DORTCH Q. 2008. The effect of salinity on domoic acid production by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Nova Hedwig, Beiheft 133: 31-46.
103. DOUGLAS D.J., RAMSEY U.P.,WALTER J.A. &WRIGHT J.L.C. 1992. Biosynthesis of the neurotoxin domoic acid by the marine diatom Nitzschia pungens forma multiseries, determined with [13C]-labeled precursors and nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of the Chemical Society. Chemical Communications 1992: 714-716.
104. DOUGLAS D.J., BATES S.S., BOURQUE L.A. & SELVIN R.C. 1993. Domoic acid production by axenic and non-axenic cultures of the pennate diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries. In: Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea (Ed. by T.J. Smayda & Y. Shimizu), pp. 595-600. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
105. DYBAS C.L. 2004. Harmful algal blooms: biosensors provide new ways of detecting and monitoring growing threat in coast waters. BioScience 53: 918-923. (Pubitemid 37231729)
106. EL-SABAAWI R. & HARRISON P.J. 2006. Interactive effects of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthetic physiology of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia granii (Bacillariophyceae) from the northeast subarctic Pacific. Journal of Phycology 42: 778-785. (Pubitemid 44126587)
107. ELDRIDGE M.L., TRICK C.G., ALM M.B., DITULLIO G.R., RUE E.L., BRULAND K.W., HUTCHINS D.A. & WILHELM S.W. 2004. Phytoplankton community response to a manipulation of bioavailable iron in HNLC waters of the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 35: 79-91. (Pubitemid 39104247)
108. EVANS K.M. & HAYES P.K. 2004. Microsatellite markers for the cosmopolitan marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 125-126. (Pubitemid 38261331)
109. EVANS K.M., BATES S.S., MEDLIN L.K. & HAYES P.K. 2004. Microsatellite marker development and genetic variation in the toxic marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 40: 911-920. (Pubitemid 39384854)
110. FALK M., WALTER J.A. & WISEMAN P.W. 1989. Ultraviolet spectrum of domoic acid. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67: 1421-1425.
111. FALK M., SETO P.F. & WALTER J.A. 1991. Solubility of domoic acid in water and in nonaqueous solvents. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69: 1740-1744.
112. FEHLING J., DAVIDSON K., BOLCH C.J. & BATES S.S. 2004. Growth and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) under phosphate and silicate limitation. Journal of Phycology 40: 674-683. (Pubitemid 39059706)
113. FEHLING J., DAVIDSON K. & BATES S.S. 2005. Growth dynamics of non-toxic Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima and toxic P. seriata (Bacillariophyceae) under simulated spring and summer photoperiods. Harmful Algae 4: 763-769. (Pubitemid 40328625)
114. FEHLING J., DAVIDSON K., BOLCH C. & TETT P. 2006. Seasonality of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) in western Scottish waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 323: 91-105. (Pubitemid 44689618)
115. FERNANDES L.F. & BRANDINI F.P. 2010. The potentially toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo in the Paraná and Santa Catarina States, Southern Brazil. Iheringia. Série Botânica 65: 47-62.
116. FERDIN M.E., KVITEK R.G., BRETZ C.K., POWELL C.L., DOUCETTE G.J., LEFEBVRE K.A., COALE S. & SILVER M.W. 2002. Emerita analoga (Stimpson) - possible new indicator species for the phycotoxin domoic acid in California coastal waters. Toxicon 40: 1259-1265. (Pubitemid 35239895)
117. FERRARIO M., LICEA S., BALESTRINI C.F. & FERREYRA G. 2004. Species of Pseudo-nitzschia in the Drake Passage (54-61uS to 46-64uW), pp. 434-436. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
118. FIRE S.E. & SILVER M.W. 2005. Domoic acid in the Santa Cruz wharf fishery. California Fish and Game 91: 179-192. (Pubitemid 40975476)
119. FIRE S.E., WANG Z., LEIGHFIELD T.A., MORTON S.L., MCFEE W.E., MCLELLAN W.A., LITAKER R.W., TESTER P.A., HOHN A.A., LOVEWELL G., HARMS C., ROTSTEIN D.S., BARCO S.G., COSTIDIS A., SHEPPARD B., BOSSART G.D., STOLEN M., DURDEN W.N. & VAN DOLAH F.M. 2009. Domoic acid exposure in pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia spp.) from southeastern and mid-Atlantic U.S. waters. Harmful Algae 8: 658-664.
120. FIRE S.E., WANG Z.H., BERMAN M., LANGLOIS G.W., MORTON S.L., SEKULA-WOOD E. & BENITEZ-NELSON C.R. 2010. Trophic transfer of the harmful algal toxin domoic acid as a cause of death in a minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) stranding in southern California. Aquatic Mammals 36: 342-350.
121. FISHER J.M., REESE J.G., PELLECHIA P.J., MOELLER P.L. & FERRY J.L. 2006. Role of Fe(III), phosphate, dissolved organic matter, and nitrate during the photodegradation of domoic acid in the marine environment. Environmental Science & Technology 40: 2200-2205.
122. FORBES J.R. & DENMAN K.L. 1991. Distribution of Nitzschia pungens in coastal waters of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 960-967.
123. FRAGA S., ALVEREZ M.J.,MÍ GUEZ Á., FERNÁNDEZ M.L., COSTAS E. & LÓPEZ-RODAS V. 1998. Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from Galician waters: toxicity, DNA content and lectin binding assay. In: Harmful algae (Ed. by B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M.L. Fernández & T. Wyatt), pp. 270-273. Xunta de Galicia and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
124. FRITZ L., QUILLIAM M.A., WRIGHT J.L.C., BEALE A.M. & WORK T.M. 1992. An outbreak of domoic acid poisoning attributed to the pennate diatom Pseudo nitzschia australis. Journal of Phycology 28: 439-442. (Pubitemid 23401266)
125. FRYXELL G.A., REAP M.E. & VALENCIC D.L. 1990. Nitzschia pungens Grunow f. multiseries Hasle: observations of a known neurotoxic diatom. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 100: 171-188.
126. FRYXELL G.A., GARZA S.A. & ROELKE D.L. 1991. Auxospore formation in an Antarctic clone of Nitzschia subcurvata Hasle. Diatom Research 6: 235-245.
127. FRYXELL G.A., VILLAC M.C. & SHAPIRO L.P. 1997. The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920-1996: a review. Phycologia 36: 419-437. (Pubitemid 28278200)
128. GAILHARD I., GROS P., DURBEC J.P., BELIAEFF B., BELIN C., NÉZAN E. & LASSUS P. 2002. Variability patterns of microphytoplankton communities along the French coasts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 242: 39-50. (Pubitemid 35352833)
129. GARCÍA-MENDOZA E., RIVAS D., OLIVOS-ORTIZ A., ALMAZÁ NBECERRIL A., CASTAÑEDA-VEGA C. & PEÑA-MANJARREZ J.L. 2009. A toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom in Todos Santos Bay, northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Harmful Algae 8: 493-503.
130. GARRISON D.L., CONRAD S.M., EILERS P.P. & WALDRON E.M. 1992. Confirmation of domoic acid production by Pseudonitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) cultures. Journal of Phycology 28: 604-607.
131. GLIBERT P.M., SEITZINGER S., HEIL C.A., BURKOLDER J.M., PARROW M.W., CODISPOTI L.A. & KELLY V. 2006. Escalating worldwide use of urea - a global change contributing to coastal eutrophication. Oceanography 18: 198-208.
132. GOLDSTEIN T., MAZET J.A.K., ZABKA T.S., LANGLOIS G., COLEGROVE K.M., SILVER M., BARGU S., VAN DOLAH F., LEIGHFIELD T., CONRAD P.A., BARAKOS J., WILLIAMS D.C., DENNISON S., HAULENA M. & GULLAND F.M.D. 2008. Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): an increasing risk to marine mammal health. Proceedings of the Royal Society B - Biological Sciences 275: 267-276. (Pubitemid 350295708)
133. GORGA J.J., MENGELT C. & PRÉZELIN B.B. 2002. UV-B inhibition of Pseudo-nitzschia australis: primary production is minimized by UV-A enhancement effects. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 385-387. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
134. GRANÉLI E. & HANSEN P.J. 2006. Allelopathy in harmful algae: a mechanism to compete for resources? In: Ecology of harmful algae (Ed. by E. Granéli & J.T. Turner), pp. 189-201. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
135. GRANT K.S., BURBACHER T.M., FAUSTMAN E.M. & GRATTTAN L. 2010. Domoic acid: neurobehavioral consequences of exposure to a prevalent marine biotoxin. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 32: 132-141.
136. GRATTAN L., ROBERTS S., TRAINER V., BOUSHEY C., BURBACHER T., GRANT K., TRACY K. & MORRIS G. 2009. Domoic acid neurotoxicity in American Indians: baseline characteristics of the coastal cohort. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 31: NBTS12.
137. GUANNEL M.L., HORNER-DEVINE M.C. & ROCAP G. 2011. Bacterial community composition differs with species and toxigenicity of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 64: 117-133.
138. HA D.V., TAKATA Y., SATO S., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMA M. 2006. Domoic acid in a bivalve Spondylus cruentus in Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Coastal Marine Science 30: 130-132.
139. HACHÉ S. 2000. Détermination d'un signal (phéromone) produit par la diatomée toxique Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries ayant un rôle dans la communication sexuelle. 29 pp. Universitéde Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
140. HAGSTRÖM J.A., GRANÉLI E., MANEIRO I., BARREIRO A., PETERMANN A. & SVENSEN C. 2007. Release and degradation of amnesic shellfish poison from decaying Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries in presence of bacteria and organic matter. Harmful Algae 6: 175-188. (Pubitemid 46136084)
141. HAGSTRÖM J.A., GRANÉLI E., MOREIRA M.O.P. & ODEBRECHT C. 2010. Domoic acid production and elemental composition of two Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries strains, from the NW and SW Atlantic Ocean, growing in phosphorus- or nitrogen-limited chemostat cultures. Journal of Plankton Research 33: 297-308.
142. HALL A.J. & FRAME E. 2010. Evidence of domoic acid exposure in harbour seals from Scotland: a potential factor in the decline in abundance? Harmful Algae 9: 489-493.
143. HALLEGRAEFF G.M. 1994. Species of the diatom genus Pseudonitzschia in Australian waters. Botanica Marina 37: 397-411.
144. HAMME R.C., WEBLEY P.W., CRAWFORD W.R., WHITNEY F.A., DEGRANDPRE M.D., EMERSON S.R., ERIKSEN C.C., GIESBRECHT K.E., GOWER J.F.R., KAVANAUGH M.T., PENA M.A., SABINE C.L., BATTEN S.D., COOGAN L.A., GRUNDLE D.S. & LOCKWOOD D. 2010. Volcanic ash fuels anomalous plankton bloom in subarctic northeast Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters 37: L19604.
145. HANIC L.A., SEKIMOTO S. & BATES S.S. 2009. Oomycete and chytrid infections of the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae) from Prince Edward Island, Canada. Botany 87: 1096-1105.
146. HANSEN L.R., SOYLU S., KOTAKI Y., MOESTRUP Ø. & LUNDHOLM N. 2011. Toxin production and temperature-induced morphological variation of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia seriata from the Arctic. Harmful Algae 10: 689-696.
147. HASLE G.R. 1965. Nitzschia and Fragilariopsis species studied in the light and electron microscopes. II. The group Pseudonitzschia. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Vidensk-Akademi I. Mat. -Nat. Klasse, Ny Series 18: 1-45.
148. HASLE G.R. 1994. Pseudo-nitzschia as a genus distinct from Nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 30: 1036-1039.
149. HASLE G.R. 1995. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and P. multiseries (Bacillariophyceae): nomenclatural history, morphology, and distribution. Journal of Phycology 31: 428-435.
150. HASLE G.R. 2002. Are most of the domoic acid-producing species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia cosmopolites? Harmful Algae 1: 137-146. (Pubitemid 37379140)
151. HASLE G.R. & LUNDHOLM N. 2005. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa (Bacillariophyceae) raised in rank based on morphological, phylogenetic and distributional data. Phycologia 44: 608-619. (Pubitemid 41643311)
152. HASLE G.R. & SYVERTSEN E.E. 1997. Marine diatoms. In: Identifying marine phytoplankton (Ed. by C.R. Tomas), pp. 5-385. Academic Press, San Diego.
153. HASLE G.R., LANGE C.B. & SYVERTSEN E.E. 1996. A review of Pseudo-nitzschia, with special reference to the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 50: 131-175.
154. HATFIELD C.L., GAUGLITZ E.J., BARNETT H.J., LUND J.A.K., WEKELL J.C. & EKLUND M. 1995. The fate of domoic acid in Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) as a function of processing. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 359-363.
155. HÉGARET H., SHUMWAY S.E., WIKFORS G.H., PATE S. & BURKHOLDER J.M. 2008. Potential transport of harmful algae via relocation of bivalve molluscs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 361: 169-179. (Pubitemid 351975509)
156. HEISLER J., GLIBERT P.M., BURKHOLDER J.M., ANDERSON D.M., COCHLAN W., DENNISON W.C., DORTCH Q., GOBLER C.J., HEIL C.A., HUMPHRIES E., LEWITUS A., MAGNIEN R., MARSHALL H.G., SELLNER K., STOCKWELL D.A., STOECKER D.K. & SUDDLESON M. 2008. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: a scientific consensus. Harmful Algae 8: 3-13.
157. HERNÁNDEZ-BECERRIL D.U. 1998. Species of the planktonic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia of the Pacific coasts of Mexico. Hydrobiologia 379: 77-84.
158. HERNÁNDEZ-BECERRIL D.U. & DÍAZ-ALMEYDA E.M. 2006. The Nitzschia bicapitata group, new records of the genus Nitzschia, and further studies on species of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyta) from Mexican Pacific coasts. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 130: 293-306.
159. HILLEBRAND H. & SOMMER U. 1996. Nitrogenous nutrition of the potentially toxic diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries Hasle. Journal of Plankton Research 18: 295-301.
160. HILTZ M.F., BATES S.S. & KACZMARSKA I. 2000. Effect of light:dark cycles and cell apical length on the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae) in culture. Phycologia 39: 59-66. (Pubitemid 30121487)
161. HOLLAND P.T., MCNABB P., RHODES L.L., SELWOOD A.I. & NEIL T. 2003. Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in New Zealand shellfish - detection of a novel domoic acid isomer. In: Molluscan shellfish safety (Ed. by A. Villalba, B. Reguera, J.L. Romalde & R. Beiras), pp. 29-42. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
162. HOLLAND P.T., SELWOOD A.I., MOUNTFORT D.O., WILKINS A.L., MCNABB P., RHODES L.L., DOUCETTE G.J., MIKULSKI C.M. & KING K.L. 2005. Isodomoic acid C, an unusual amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin from Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Chemical Research in Toxicology 18: 814-816. (Pubitemid 40705447)
163. HOLTERMANN K.E., BATES S.S., TRAINER V.L., ODELL A. & ARMBRUST E.V. 2010. Mass sexual reproduction in the toxigenic diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis and P. pungens (Bacillariophyceae) on the Washington coast, USA. Journal of Phycology 46: 41-52.
164. HORNER R.A. & POSTEL J.R. 1993. Toxic diatoms in western Washington waters (US west coast). Hydrobiologia 269: 197-205. (Pubitemid 24417316)
165. HORNER R.A., GARRISON D.L. & PLUMLEY F.G. 1997. Harmful algal blooms and red tide problems on the U.S. west coast. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1076-1088.
166. HORNER R.A., HICKEY B.M. & POSTEL J.R. 2000. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and physical oceanography off Washington state, USA. South African Journal of Marine Science 22: 299-308. (Pubitemid 32464172)
167. HOWARD M.D.A., COCHLAN W.P., LADIZINSKY N. & KUDELA R.M. 2007. Nitrogenous preference of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) from field and laboratory experiments. Harmful Algae 6: 206-217. (Pubitemid 46136086)
168. HUBBARD K.A., ROCAP G. & ARMBRUST E.V. 2008. Inter- and intraspecific community structure within the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 44: 637-649. (Pubitemid 351743558)
169. HUSTEDT F. 1958. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen an Diatomeen. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 105: 193-211.
170. HUTCHINS D.A. & BRULAND K.W. 1998. Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime. Nature (London) 393: 561-564. (Pubitemid 28319241)
171. HUTCHINS D.A., DITULLIO G.R., ZHANG Y. & BRULAND K.W. 1998. An iron limitation mosaic in the California upwelling regime. Limnology and Oceanography 43: 1037-1054. (Pubitemid 28514754)
172. IGNATIADES L. & GOTSIS-SKRETAS O. 2010. A review on toxic and harmful algae in Greek coastal waters (E. Mediterranean Sea). Toxins 2: 1019-1037.
173. ILYASH L.V., BELEVICH T.A., ULANOVA A.Y. & MATORIN D.N. 2007. Fluorescence parameters of marine plankton algae at the assimilation of organic nitrogen. Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin 62: 111-116.
174. JACKSON A.E., AYER S.W. & LAYCOCK M.V. 1992. The effect of salinity on growth and amino acid composition in the marine diatom Nitzschia pungens. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 2198-2201.
175. JAMES K.J., GILLMAN M., AMANDI M.F., LÓPEZ-RIVERA A., PUENTE P.F., LEHANE M., MITROVIC S. & FUREY A. 2005. Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs in Ireland. Toxicon 46: 852-858. (Pubitemid 41735135)
176. JEFFERY B., BARLOW T., MOIZER K., PAUL S. & BOYLE C. 2004. Amnesic shellfish poison. Food and Chemical Toxicology 42: 545-557. (Pubitemid 38314825)
177. JESTER R., LEFEBVRE K., LANGLOIS G., VIGILANT V., BAUGH K. & SILVER M.W. 2009. A shift in the dominant toxin-producing algal species in central California alters phycotoxins in food webs. Harmful Algae 8: 291-298.
178. JOHNSTON M., GALLACHER S., SMITH E.A. & GLOVER L.A. 2001. Detection of N-acyl homoserine lactones in marine bacteria associated with production and biotransformation of sodium channel blocking toxins and the microflora of toxin-producing phytoplankton. In: Harmful algal blooms 2000 (Ed. by G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch & R.J. Lewis), pp. 375-378. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
179. JONES T.O., WHYTE J.N.C., GINTHER N.G., TOWNSEND L.D. & IWAMA G.K. 1995a. Haemocyte changes in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, caused by exposure to domoic acid in the diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries. Toxicon 33: 347-353.
180. 2 in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas and the California mussel, Mytilus californianus. Aquatic Toxicology 31: 43-55.
181. JONSSON P.R., PAVIA H. & TOTH G. 2009. Formation of harmful algal blooms cannot be explained by allelopathic interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 11177-11182.
182. KACZMARSKA I., BATES S.S., EHRMAN J.M. & LÉGER C. 2000. Fine structure of the gamete, auxospore and initial cell in the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyta). Nova Hedwigia 71: 337-357.
183. KACZMARSKA I., EHRMAN J.M., BATES S.S., GREEN D.H., LÉGER C. & HARRIS J. 2005a. Diversity and distribution of epibiotic bacteria on Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae) in culture, and comparison with those on diatoms in native seawater. Harmful Algae 4: 725-741. (Pubitemid 40328622)
184. KACZMARSKA I., LEGRESLEY M.M., MARTIN J.L. & EHRMAN J. 2005b. Diversity of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Harmful Algae 4: 1-19. (Pubitemid 39594501)
185. KACZMARSKA I., MARTIN J.L., EHRMAN J.M. & LEGRESLEY M.M. 2007. Pseudo-nitzschia species population dynamics in the Quoddy Region, Bay of Fundy. Harmful Algae 6: 861-874. (Pubitemid 47575972)
186. KACZMARSKA I., REID C., MARTIN J.L. & MONIZ M.B.J. 2008. Morphological, biological and molecular characteristics of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima from the Canadian Maritimes. Botany 86: 763-772. (Pubitemid 352018906)
187. KANIOU-GRIGORIADOU I., MOURATIDOU T. & KATIKOU P. 2005. Investigation on the presence of domoic acid in Greek shellfish. Harmful Algae 4: 717-723. (Pubitemid 40328621)
188. KLEIN C., CLAQUIN P., BOUCHART V., LE ROY B. & VÉRON B. 2010. Dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and domoic acid production in a macrotidal ecosystem of the Eastern English Channel (Normandy, France). Harmful Algae 9: 218-226.
189. KOBAYASHI K., KOBIYAMA A., KOTAKI Y. & KODAMA M. 2003. Possible occurrence of intracellular bacteria in Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, a causative diatom of amnesic shellfish poisoning. Fisheries Science 69: 974-978. (Pubitemid 37425041)
190. KOBAYASHI K., TAKATA Y. & KODAMA M. 2009. Direct contact between Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and bacteria is necessary for the diatom to produce a high level of domoic acid. Fisheries Science 75: 771-776.
191. KODAMA M., DOUCETTE G.J. & GREEN D.H. 2006. Relationships between bacteria and harmful algae. In: Ecology of harmful algae (Ed. by E. Granéli & J.T. Turner), pp. 243-255. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
192. KOTAKI Y., KOIKE K., SATO S., OGATA T., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMA M. 1999. Confirmation of domoic acid production of Pseudonitzschia multiseries isolated from Ofunato Bay, Japan. Toxicon 37: 677-682. (Pubitemid 29073569)
193. KOTAKI Y., KOIKE K., YOSHIDA M., THUOC C.V., HUYEN N.T.M., HOI N.C., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMA M. 2000. Domoic acid production in Nitzschia sp. (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from a shrimp-culture pond in Do Son, Vietnam. Journal of Phycology 36: 1057-1060. (Pubitemid 32111191)
194. KOTAKI Y., FURIO E.F., SATAKE M., LUNDHOLM N., KATAYAMA T., KOIKE K., FULGUERAS V.P., BAJARIAS F.A., TAKATA Y., KOBAYASHI K., SATO S., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMA M. 2005. Production of isodomoic acids A and B as major toxin components of a pennate diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica. Toxicon 46: 946-953. (Pubitemid 41735146)
195. KOTAKI Y., FURIO E.F., BAJARIAS F.A., SATAKE M., LUNDHOLM N., KOIKE K., SATO S., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMAM. 2006. New stage of the study on domoic acid-producing diatoms - a finding of Nitzschia navis-varingica that produces domoic acid derivatives as major toxin components. Coastal Marine Science 30: 116-120.
196. KOTAKI Y., LUNDHOLM N., KATAYAMA T., FURIO E.F., ROMERO M.L., RELOX J.R., YASUMOTO T., NAOKI H., HIROSE M.Y., THANH T.D., THUOC C.V., HUYEN N.T.M., THU P.T., TAKATA Y., KODAMA M. & FUKUYO Y. 2008. ASP toxins of pennate diatoms and bacterial effects on the variation in toxin composition. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae (Ed. by Ø. Moestrup), pp. 300-302. International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Copenhagen.
197. KRAYEVSKY D.M., MEAVE DEL CASTILLO E., ZAMUDIO E., NORRIS J.N. & FREDERIQUE S. 2009. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota (Ed. by D.L. Felder & D.K. Camp), Vol. 1, Biodiversity, pp. 155-186. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.
198. KUDELA R., COCHLAN W. & ROBERTS A. 2004a. Spatial and temporal patterns of Pseudo-nitzschia species in central California related to regional oceanography. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 347-349. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
199. KUDELA R., ROBERTS A. & ARMSTRONG M. 2004b. Laboratory analyses of nutrient stress and toxin accumulation in Pseudonitzschia species from Monterey Bay, California. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 136-138. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
200. KUDELA R., PITCHER G., PROBYN T., FIGUEIRAS F., MOITA T. & TRAINER V. 2005. Harmful algal blooms in coastal upwelling systems. Oceanography 18: 184-197. (Pubitemid 40881913)
201. KUDELA R.M., HOWARD M.D.A., JENKINS B.D., MILLER P.E. & SMITH G.J. 2010. Using the molecular toolbox to compare harmful algal blooms in upwelling systems. Progress in Oceanography 85: 108-121.
202. KVITEK R.G., GOLDBERG J.D., SMITH G.J., DOUCETTE G.J. & SILVER M.W. 2008. Domoic acid contamination within eight representative species from the benthic food web ofMonterey Bay, California, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 367: 35-47.
203. LADIZINSKY N. 2003. The influence of dissolved copper on the production of domoic acid by Pseudo-nitzschia species in Monterey Bay, California: laboratory experiments and field observations. MS thesis. California State University, Monterey Bay. 68 pp.
204. LAIL E.M., SKRABAL S.A., KIEBER R.J., BOUILLON R.C. &WRIGHT J.L.C. 2007. The role of particles on the biogeochemical cycling of domoic acid and its isomers in natural water matrices. Harmful Algae 6: 651-657. (Pubitemid 47284975)
205. LANE J.Q., RAIMONDI P.T. & KUDELA R.M. 2009. Development of a logistic regression model for the prediction of toxigenic Pseudonitzschia blooms in Monterey Bay, California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 383: 37-51.
206. LEANDRO L.F., ROLLAND R.M., ROTH P.B., LUNDHOLM N.,WANG Z.H. & DOUCETTE G.J. 2010a. Exposure of the North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis to the marine algal biotoxin, domoic acid. Marine Ecology Progress Series 398: 287-303.
207. LEANDRO L.F., TEEGARDEN G.J., ROTH P.B., WANG Z.H. & DOUCETTE G.J. 2010b. The copepod Calanus finmarchicus: a potential vector for trophic transfer of the marine algal biotoxin, domoic acid. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 382: 88-95.
208. LEFEBVRE K.A. & ROBERTSON A. 2010. Domoic acid and human exposure risks: a review. Toxicon 56: 218-230.
209. LEFEBVRE K.A., POWELL C.L., BUSMAN M., DOUCETTE G.J., MOELLER P.D.R., SLIVER J.B., MILLER P.E., HUGHES M.P., SINGARAM S., SILVER M.W. & TJEERDEMA R.S. 1999. Detection of domoic acid in northern anchovies and California sea lions associated with an unusual mortality event. Natural Toxins 7: 85-92.
210. LEFEBVRE K.A., DOVEL S.L. & SILVER M.W. 2001. Tissue distribution and neurotoxic effects of domoic acid in a prominent vector species, the northern anchovy Engraulis mordax. Marine Biology 138: 693-700. (Pubitemid 32406416)
211. LEFEBVRE K.A., BARGU S., KIECKHEFER T. & SILVER M.W. 2002a. From sanddabs to blue whales: the pervasiveness of domoic acid. Toxicon 40: 971-977. (Pubitemid 34663690)
212. LEFEBVRE K.A., SILVER M.W., COALE S.L. & TJEERDEMA R.S. 2002b. Domoic acid in planktivorous fish in relation to toxic Pseudo-nitzschia cell densities. Marine Biology 140: 625-631. (Pubitemid 36064340)
213. LEFEBVRE K.A., ROBERTSON A., FRAME E.R., COLEGROVE K.M., NANCE S., BAUGH K.A., WIEDENHOFT H. & GULLAND F.M.D. 2010. Clinical signs and histopathology associated with domoic acid poisoning in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and comparison of toxin detection methods. Harmful Algae 9: 374-383.
214. LEIRA F.J., VIEITES J.M., BOTANA L.M. & VYEITES M.R. 1998. Domoic acid levels of naturally contaminated scallops as affected by canning. Journal of Food Science 63: 1081-1083. (Pubitemid 29025763)
215. LEMIÈRE G., SEDEHIZADEH S., TOUEG J., FLEARY-ROBERTS N. & CLAYDEN J. 2011. A general synthetic approach to the amnesic shellfish toxins: total synthesis of (2)-isodomoic acid B, (2)-isodomoic acid E and (2)-isodomoic acid F. Chemical Communications 47: 3745-3747.
216. LEVIN E.D., PANG W.G., HARRISON J., WILLIAMS P., PETRO A. & RAMSDELL J.S. 2006. Persistent neurobehavioral effects of early postnatal domoic acid exposure in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 28: 673-680. (Pubitemid 44820772)
217. LEWIS N.I., BATES S.S., MCLACHLAN J.L. & SMITH J.C. 1993. Temperature effects on growth, domoic acid production, and morphology of the diatom Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries. In: Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea (Ed. by T.J. Smayda & Y. Shimizu), pp. 601-606. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
218. LEYNAERT A., BUCCIARELLI E., CLAQUIN P., DUGDALE R.C., MARTIN-JÉZÉQUEL V., PONDAVEN P. & RAGUENEAU O. 2004. Effect of iron deficiency on diatom cell size and silicic acid uptake kinetics. Limnology and Oceanography 49: 1134-1143. (Pubitemid 39040349)
219. LI A., YU R., WANG Y., YAN T. & ZHOU M. 2005. Morphological and toxicity characteristics of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens strain PP0201-01 isolated from the East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 23: 418-426. (Pubitemid 43172961)
220. LIEFER J.D., MACINTYR H.L., NOVOVESKÁL., SMITH W.L. & DORSEY C.P. 2009. Temporal and spatial variability in Pseudonitzschia spp. in Alabama coastal waters: a "hot spot" linked to submarine groundwater discharge? Harmful Algae 8: 706-714.
221. LINCOLN J.A., TURNER J.T., BATES S.S., LÉGER C. & GAUTHIER D.A. 2001. Feeding, egg production, and egg hatching success of the copepods Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis on diets of the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and the non-toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens. Hydrobiologia 453: 107-120. (Pubitemid 34020895)
222. LJUBEŠIĆ Z., BOSAK S., VILIČ IĆ D., BOROJEVIĆ K.K., MARIĆ D., GODRIJAN J., UJEVIĆ I., PEHAREC P. & DaKOVAC T. 2011. Ecology and taxonomy of potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species in Lim Bay (north-eastern Adriatic Sea). Harmful Algae 10: 713-722.
223. LÓPEZ-RIVERA A., PINTO M., INSINILLA A., ISLA B.S., URIBE E., ALVAREZ G., LEHANE M., FUREY A. & JAMES K.J. 2009. The occurrence of domoic acid linked to a toxic diatom bloom in a new potential vector: the tunicate Pyura chilensis (Piure). Toxicon 54: 754-762.
224. LOUREIRO S., GARCÉS E., FERNÁNDEZ-TEJEDOR M., VAQUÉD. & CAMP J. 2009a. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in the Ebro Delta (Alfacs Bay, NW Mediterranean Sea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 83: 539-549.
225. LOUREIRO S., JAUZEIN C., GARCÉS E., COLLOS Y., CAMP J. & VAQUÉD. 2009b. The significance of organic nutrients in the nutrition of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Plankton Research 31: 399-410.
226. LUNDHOLM N. & MOESTRUP Ø. 2002. The marine diatom Pseudonitzschia galaxiae sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae): morphology and phylogenetic relationships. Phycologia 41: 594-605. (Pubitemid 36080108)
227. LUNDHOLM N., SKOV J., POCKLINGTON R. & MOESTRUP Ø. 1994. Domoic acid, the toxic amino acid responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning, now in Pseudo nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) in Europe. Phycologia 33: 475-478.
228. LUNDHOLM N., SKOV J., POCKLINGTON R. & MOESTRUP Ø. 1997. Studies on the marine planktonic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. 2. Autecology of P. pseudodelicatissima based on isolates from Danish coastal waters. Phycologia 36: 381-388. (Pubitemid 28229027)
229. LUNDHOLM N., DAUGBJERG N. & MOESTRUP Ø. 2002a. Phylogeny of the Bacillariaceae with emphasis on the genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) based on partial LSU rDNA. European Journal of Phycology 37: 115-134. (Pubitemid 34264651)
230. LUNDHOLM N., HASLE G.R., FRYXELL G.A. & HARGRAVES P.E. 2002b. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of species within the Pseudo-nitzschia americana complex (Bacillariophyceae) with descriptions of two new species, Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana and Pseudo-nitzschia linea. Phycologia 41: 480-497. (Pubitemid 35307128)
231. LUNDHOLM N., MOESTRUP Ø., HASLE G.R. & HOEF-EMDEN K. 2003. A study of the Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima/ cuspidata complex (Bacillariophyceae): what is P. pseudodelicatissima? Journal of Phycology 39: 797-813. (Pubitemid 36990716)
232. LUNDHOLM N., HANSEN P.J. & KOTAKI Y. 2004. Effect of pH on growth and domoic acid production by potentially toxic diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273: 1-15. (Pubitemid 38889483)
233. LUNDHOLM N., ANDERSEN P., JØRGENSEN K., RING THORBJØRNSEN B., CEMBELLA A. & KROCK B. 2005a. Domoic acid in Danish blue mussels due to a bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata. Harmful Algae News 29: 8-10.
234. LUNDHOLM N., HANSEN P.J. & KOTAKI Y. 2005b. Lack of allelopathic effects of the domoic acid-producing marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 288: 21-33. (Pubitemid 40554671)
235. LUNDHOLM N., MOESTRUP Ø., KOTAKI Y., HOEF-EMDEN K., SCHOLIN C. & MILLER P. 2006. Inter- and intraspecific variation of the Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima complex (Bacillariophyceae) illustrated by rRNA probes, morphological data and phylogenetic analyses. Journal of Phycology 42: 464-481.
236. LUNDHOLM N., CLARKE A. & ELLEGAARD M. 2010. A 100-year record of changing Pseudo-nitzschia species in a sill-fjord in Denmark related to nitrogen loading and temperature. Harmful Algae 9: 449-457.
237. LUNDHOLM N., BATES S.S., BAUGH K.A., BILL B., CONNELL L., LÉGER C. & TRAINER V.L.. Cryptic and pseudo-cryptic diversity in diatoms - with descriptions of Pseudo-nitzschia hasleana sp. nov. and P. fryxelliana sp. nov. Journal of Phycology. (in press)
238. LYONS D. 2002. Effect of organic enrichment on growth and domoic acid production by axenic cultures of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. 94 pp. Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada.
239. MACINTYRE H.L., STUTES A.L., SMITH W.L., DORSEY C.P., ABRAHAM A. & DICKEY R.W. 2011. Environmental correlates of community composition and toxicity during a bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Plankton Research 33: 273-295.
240. MAEDA M., KODAMA T., TANAKA T., YOSHIZUMI H., TAKEMOTO T., NOMOTO K. & FUJITA T. 1986. Structures of isodomoic acids A, B and C, novel insecticidal amino-acids from the red alga Chondria armata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34: 4892-4895.
241. MAFRA L.L. JR. 2009. Comparative domoic acid kinetics in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) feeding on Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries: implications for species-specific management. PhD thesis. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 233 pp.
242. MAFRA L.L. JR., BRICELJ V.M., OUELLETTE C., LÉGER C. & BATES S.S. 2009a. Mechanisms contributing to low domoic acid uptake by oysters feeding on Pseudo-nitzschia cells. I. Filtration and pseudofeces production. Aquatic Biology 6: 201-212.
243. MAFRA L.L. JR., BRICELJ V.M. & WARD J.E. 2009b. Mechanisms contributing to low domoic acid uptake by oysters feeding on Pseudo-nitzschia cells. II. Selective rejection. Aquatic Biology 6: 213-226.
244. MAFRA L.L. JR., BRICELJ V.M., OUELLETTE C. & BATES S.S. 2010. Feeding mechanics as the basis for differential uptake of the neurotoxin domoic acid by oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and mussels, Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Toxicology 97: 160-171.
245. MALDONADO M.T., HUGHES M.P., RUE E.L. & WELLS M.L. 2002. The effect of Fe and Cu on growth and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Limnology and Oceanography 47: 515-526. (Pubitemid 34290317)
246. MALDONADO M.T., ALLEN A.E., CHONG J.S., LIN K., LEUS D., KARPENKO N. & HARRIS S.L. 2006. Copper-dependent iron transport in coastal and oceanic diatoms. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 1729-1743. (Pubitemid 44185725)
247. MANN D.G. 1988. Why didn't Lund see sex in Asterionella? A discussion of the diatom life cycle in nature. In: Algae and the aquatic environment (Ed. by F.E. Round), pp. 383-412. Biopress, Bristol, UK.
248. MANN D.G. 1999. The species concept in diatoms. Phycologia 38: 437-495. (Pubitemid 30023338)
249. MANN D.G. & BATES S.S. 2001. Life cycles in diatoms; gaps in knowledge. In: Life history of microalgal species causing harmful blooms (Ed. by E. Garcés, A. Zingone, B. Dale, M. Montresor & B. Reguera), pp. 117-120. Commission of the European Community, Calviá, Majorca, Spain.
250. MARCHANT H.J. & THOMAS D.P. 2005. Diatoms. In: Antarctic marine protists (Ed. by H.J. Marchant & J.J. Scott), pp. 13-201. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra and Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart.
251. MARCHETTI A. & HARRISON P.J. 2007. Coupled changes in the cell morphology and the elemental (C, N, and Si) composition of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia due to iron deficiency. Limnology and Oceanography 52: 2270-2284. (Pubitemid 47612148)
252. MARCHETTI A., TRAINER V.L. & HARRISON P.J. 2004. Environmental conditions and phytoplankton dynamics associated with Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and domoic acid in the Juan de Fuca eddy. Marine Ecology Progress Series 281: 1-12. (Pubitemid 39569268)
253. MARCHETTI A., MALDONADO M.T., LANE E.S. & HARRISON P.J. 2006a. Iron requirements of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia: comparison of oceanic (high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll waters) and coastal species. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 2092-2101. (Pubitemid 44520906)
254. MARCHETTI A., SHERRY N.D., KIYOSAWA H., TSUDA A. & HARRISON P.J. 2006b. Phytoplankton processes during a mesoscale iron enrichment in the NE subarctic Pacific: Part I -Biomass and assemblage. Deep-Sea Research. Part II 53: 2095-2113. (Pubitemid 44780104)
255. MARCHETTI A., LUNDHOLM N., KOTAKI Y., HUBBARD K., HARRISON P.J. & ARMBRUST E.V. 2008. Identification and assessment of domoic acid production in oceanic Pseudonitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) from iron-limited waters in the northeast subarctic Pacific. Journal of Phycology 44: 650-661. (Pubitemid 351743566)
256. MARCHETTI A., PARKER M.S., MOCCIA L.P., LIN E.O., ARRIETA A.L., RIBALET F., MURPHY M.E.P., MALDONADO M.T. & ARMBRUST E.V. 2009. Ferritin is used for iron storage in bloom-forming marine pennate diatoms. Nature 457: 467-470.
257. MARSHALL H.G., BURCHARDT L. & LACOUTURE R. 2005. A review of phytoplankton composition within Chesapeake Bay and its tidal estuaries. Journal of Plankton Research 27: 1083-1102. (Pubitemid 43012741)
258. MARTIN J.L., HAYA K., BURRIDGE L.E. & WILDISH D.J. 1990. Nitzschia pseudodelicatissima - a source of domoic acid in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. Marine Ecology Progress Series 67: 177-182.
259. MAUCHER J.M. & RAMSDELL J.S. 2007. Maternal-fetal transfer of domoic acid in rats at two gestational time points. Environmental Health Perspectives 115: 1743-1746.
260. MAZZILLO F.F., POMEROY C., KUO J., RAMONDI P.T., PRADO R. & SILVER M.W. 2010. Angler exposure to domoic acid via consumption of contaminated fishes. Aquatic Biology 9: 1-12.
261. MCCARRON P. & HESS P. 2006. Tissue distribution and effects of heat treatments on the content of domoic acid in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. Toxicon 47: 473-479. (Pubitemid 43363467)
262. MCCARRON P., KOTTERMAN M., DE BOER J., REHMANN N. & HESS P. 2007a. Feasibility of gamma irradiation as a stabilisation technique in the preparation of tissue reference materials for a range of shellfish toxins. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387: 2487-2493. (Pubitemid 46384965)
263. MCCARRON P., BURRELL S. & HESS P. 2007b. Effect of addition of antibiotics and an antioxidant on the stability of tissue reference materials for domoic acid, the amnesic shellfish poison. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387: 2495-2502. (Pubitemid 46384966)
264. MCCARRON P., EMTEBORG H. & HESS P. 2007c. Freeze-drying for the stabilisation of shellfish toxins in mussel tissue (Mytilus edulis) reference materials. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387: 2475-2486. (Pubitemid 46384964)
265. MCCARRON P., EMTEBORG H., NULTY C., RUNDBERGET T., LOADER J.I., TEIPEL K., MILES C.O., QUILLIAM M.A. & HESS P. 2011. A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 1: design and preparation. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400: 821-833.
266. MCDONALD S.M., SARNO D. & ZINGONE A. 2007. Identifying Pseudo-nitzschia species in natural samples using genus-specific PCR primers and clone libraries. Harmful Algae 6: 849-860. (Pubitemid 47575969)
267. MCGINNESS K.L., FRYXELL G.A. & MCEACHRAN J.D. 1995. Pseudonitzschia species found in digestive tracts of northern anchovies (Engraulis mordax). Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 642-647.
268. MCMANUS M.A., KUDELA R.M., SILVER M.W., STEWARD G.F., DONAGHAY P.L. & SULLIVAN J.M. 2008. Cryptic blooms: are thin layers the missing connection? Estuaries and Coasts 31: 396-401. (Pubitemid 351912656)
269. MCQUOID M.R. & GODHE A. 2004. Recruitment of coastal planktonic diatoms from benthic versus pelagic cells: variations in bloom development and species composition. Limnology and Oceanography 49: 1123-1133. (Pubitemid 39040348)
270. MCQUOID M.R. & HOBSON L.A. 1996. Diatom resting stages. Journal of Phycology 32: 889-902. (Pubitemid 27047800)
271. MEDLIN L.K. &KOOISTRA W.H.C.F. 2010. Methods to estimate the diversity in the marine photosynthetic protist community with illustrations from case studies: a review. Diversity 2: 973-1014.
272. MÉNDEZ S. & FERRARIO M. 2009. First report of Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata in Uruguay - January 2009. Harmful Algae News 40: 5-6.
273. MENGELT C. & PRÉZELIN B.B. 2002. Dark survival and subsequent light recovery for Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 388-390. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
274. MILLER R.L. & KAMYKOWSKI D.L. 1986. Effects of temperature, salinity, irradiance and diurnal periodicity on growth and photosynthesis in the diatom Nitzschia americana - lightsaturated growth. Journal of Phycology 22: 339-348.
275. MOS L. 2001. Domoic acid: a fascinating marine toxin. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 9: 79-85. (Pubitemid 32146651)
276. MOSCHANDREOU K.K., PAPAEFTHIMIOU D., KATIKOU P., KALOPESA E., PANOU A. & NIKOLAIDIS G. 2010. Morphology, phylogeny and toxin analysis of Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from the Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. Phycologia 49: 260-273.
277. MUNDAY R., HOLLAND P.T., MCNABB P., SELWOOD A.I. & RHODES L.L. 2008. Comparative toxicity to mice of domoic acid and isodomoic acids A, B and C. Toxicon 52: 954-956.
278. NAGASAKI K., TOMARU Y., TAKAO Y., NISHIDA K., SHIRAI Y., SUZUKI H. & NAGUMO T. 2005. Previously unknown virus infects marine diatom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 3528-3535. (Pubitemid 40980517)
279. NEGRI R.M., MONTOYA N.G., CARRETO J.I., AKSELMAN R. & INZA D. 2004. Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Mytilus edulis, Engraulis anchoita and domoic acid in the Argentine Sea. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 139-141. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
280. NÉZAN E., CHOMÉRAT N. & CRASSOUS M.P. 2007. First record of diatom Pseudo-nitzschia americana in French waters. Harmful Algae News 33: 18-19.
281. NÉZAN E., CHOMÉRAT N., BILIEN G., BOULBEN S., DUVAL A. & RYCKAERT M. 2010. Pseudo-nitzschia australis on French Atlantic coast-an unusual toxic bloom. Harmful Algae News 41: 1-2.
282. NI Y., KASSAB R.M., CHEVLIAKOV M.V. & MONTGOMERY J. 2009. Total syntheses of isodomoic acids G and H: an exercise in tetrasubstituted alkene synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society 131: 17714-17718.
283. NMFS. 2004. Interim report on the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) unusual mortality event along the Panhandle of Florida, March-April 2004.
284. NOVELLI A., KISPERT J., FERNÁNDEZ-SÁNCHEZ M.T., TORREBLANCA A. & ZITKO V. 1992. Domoic acid-containing toxic mussels produce neurotoxicity in neuronal cultures through a synergism between excitatory amino acids. Brain Research 577: 41-48.
285. OLSON M.B. & LESSARD E.J. 2010. The influence of the Pseudonitzschia toxin, domoic acid, on microzooplankton grazing and growth: a field and laboratory assessment. Harmful Algae 9: 540-547.
286. ORIVE E., LAZA-MARTINEZ A., SEOANE S., ALONSO A., ANDRADE R. & MIGUEL I. 2010. Diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia in the Southeastern Bay of Biscay. Diatom Research 25: 125-145.
287. ORLOVA T.Y. & MOROZOVA T.V. 2009. Resting stages of microalgae in recent marine sediments of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 35: 313-322.
288. ORLOVA T.Y. & SHEVCHENKO O.G. 2002. The first finding of Pseudo-nitzschia americana (Bacillariophyta) in Russian seas. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 28: 336-339. (Pubitemid 46206176)
289. ORLOVA T.Y., STONIK I.V., AIZDAICHER N.A., BATES S.S., LÉGER C. & FEHLING J. 2008. Toxicity, morphology and distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, P. multistriata and P. multiseries (Bacillariophyta) from the northwestern Sea of Japan. Botanica Marina 51: 297-306.
290. ORSINI L., SARNO D., PROCACCINI G., POLETTI R., DAHLMANN J. & MONTRESOR M. 2002. Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata (Bacillariophyceae) from the Gulf of Naples: morphology, toxin analysis and phylogenetic relationships with other Pseudonitzschia species. European Journal of Phycology 37: 247-257. (Pubitemid 34523153)
291. ORSINI L., PROCACCINI G., SARNO D. & MONTRESOR M. 2004. Multiple rDNA ITS-types within the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Bacillariophyceae) and their relative abundances across a spring bloom in the Gulf of Naples. Marine Ecology Progress Series 271: 87-98. (Pubitemid 38681888)
292. OSADA M. & STEWART J.E. 1997. Gluconic acid/gluconolactone: physiological influences on domoic acid production by bacteria associated with Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 12: 203-209. (Pubitemid 127471719)
293. PALMA S., MOURINO H., SILVA A., BARAO M.I. & MOITA M.T. 2010. Can Pseudo-nitzschia blooms be modeled by coastal upwelling in Lisbon Bay? Harmful Algae 9: 294-303.
294. PAN Y.L. & SUBBA RAO D.V. 1997. Impacts of domestic sewage effluent on phytoplankton from Bedford Basin, eastern Canada. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34: 1001-1005. (Pubitemid 28067446)
295. PAN Y.L., SUBBA RAO D.V. & MANN K.H. 1996a. Changes in domoic acid production and cellular chemical composition of the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries under phosphate limitation. Journal of Phycology 32: 371-381. (Pubitemid 26263699)
296. PAN Y.L., SUBBA RAO D.V., MANN K.H., BROWN R.G. & POCKLINGTON R. 1996b. Effects of silicate limitation on production of domoic acid, a neurotoxin, by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. 1. Batch culture studies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 131: 225-233. (Pubitemid 26263986)
297. PAN Y.L., SUBBA RAO D.V.,MANN K.H., LI W.K.W. & HARRISON W.G. 1996c. Effects of silicate limitation on production of domoic acid, a neurotoxin, by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. 2. Continuous culture studies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 131: 235-243. (Pubitemid 26263987)
298. PAN Y., BATES S.S. & CEMBELLA A.D. 1998. Environmental stress and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia: a physiological perspective. Natural Toxins 6: 127-135. (Pubitemid 29121549)
299. PAN Y.L., PARSONS M.L., BUSMAN M., MOELLER P.D.R., DORTCH Q., POWELL C.L. & DOUCETTE G.J. 2001. Pseudo-nitzschia sp. cf. pseudodelicatissima - a confirmed producer of domoic acid from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 220: 83-92. (Pubitemid 33028047)
300. PARKER M.S., SCHRUTH D., BERTHIAUME C., IVERSON V., ROCAP G., JENKINS B., BATES S.S. & ARMBRUST E.V. 2009. Genome sequencing of the toxin-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. In: 5th Symposium on Harmful Algae in the U.S., Ocean Shores, WA. 157 pp. (Abstract).
301. PARRISH C.C., DE FREITAS A.S.W., BODENNEC G., MACPHERSON E.J. & ACKMAN R.G. 1991. Lipid composition of the toxic marine diatom, Nitzschia pungens. Phytochemistry 30: 113-116.
302. PARSONS M.L., SCHOLIN C.A., MILLER P.E., DOUCETTE G.J., POWELL C.L., FRYXELL G.A., DORTCH Q. & SONIAT T.M. 1999. Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in Louisiana coastal waters: molecular probe field trials, genetic variability, and domoic acid analyses. Journal of Phycology 35: 1368-1378. (Pubitemid 30049439)
303. PARSONS M.L., DORTCH Q. & TURNER R.E. 2002. Sedimentological evidence of an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) abundance in response to coastal eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography 47: 551-558. (Pubitemid 34290321)
304. PEERS G., QUESNEL S.A. & PRICE N.M. 2005. Copper requirements for iron acquisition and growth of coastal and oceanic diatoms. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 1149-1158. (Pubitemid 41033837)
305. PERAGALLO H. & PERAGALLO M. 1897-1908. Diatomées de France (Ed. by M.J. Tempère), Micrographe-Éditeur, Grez-sur-Loing, France, 492 pp.
306. PRIISHOLM K., MOESTRUP Ø. & LUNDHOLM N. 2002. Taxonomic notes on the marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the Andaman Sea near the island of Phuket, Thailand, with a description of Pseudo-nitzschia micropora sp. nov. Diatom Research 17: 153-175. (Pubitemid 34593095)
307. PROCOPIAK L.K., FERNANDES L.F. & MOREIRA FILHO H. 2006. Marine and estuarine diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Parana, southern Brazil: check-list with emphasis on harmful species. Biota Neotrop 6, (3), On-line version ISSN 1676-0603. [In Portugese.]
308. PULIDO O.M. 2008. Domoic acid toxicologic pathology: a review. Marine Drugs 6: 180-219. (Pubitemid 351919080)
309. QI Y., WANG J. & ZHENG L. 1994. The taxonomy and bloom ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia on the coasts of China. In: IOCWESTPAC Third International Scientific Symposium (Ed. by A. Nontji, S. Soemodihardjo, A.G. Iladude, D. Setiapermana, D.P. Praseno, M.K. Moosa & O.S.R. Ongkosongo), pp. 88-95, Bali, Indonesia.
310. QUIJANO-SCHEGGIA S., GARCÉS E., VAN LENNING K., SAMPEDRO N. & CAMP J. 2005. First detection of diatom Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana (nontoxic) and its relative P. multistriata (presumably toxic) in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Harmful Algae News 29: 5.
311. QUIJANO-SCHEGGIA S., GARCÉS E., SAMPEDRO N., VAN LENNING K., FLO E., ANDREE K., FORTUÑO J.M. & CAMP J. 2008. Identification and characterisation of the dominant Pseudonitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) along the NE Spanish coast (Catalonia, NW Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 72: 343-359.
312. QUIJANO-SCHEGGIA S., GARCÉS E., ANDREE K., FORTUÑO J.M. & CAMP J. 2009a. Homothallic auxosporulation in Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana (Bacillariophyta). Journal of Phycology 45: 100-107.
313. QUIJANO-SCHEGGIA S., GARCÉS E., LUNDHOLM N., MOESTRUP Ø., ANDREE K. & CAMP J. 2009b. Morphology, physiology, molecular phylogeny and sexual compatibility of the cryptic Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima complex (Bacillariophyta), including the description of P. arenysensis sp. nov. Phycologia 48: 492-509.
314. QUIJANO-SCHEGGIA S., GARCÉS E., ANDREE K.B., DE LA IGLESIA P., DIOGÈNE J., FORTUÑO J.M. & CAMP J. 2010. Pseudo-nitzschia species on the Catalan coast: characterization and contribution to the current knowledge of the distribution of this genus in the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina 74: 395-410.
315. QUILLIAM M.A. 2003. Chemical methods for domoic acid, the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin. In: Manual on harmful marine microalgae, Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology (Ed. by G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson & A.D. Cembella), pp. 247-266. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO), Paris.
316. RAMSDELL J.S. 2007. The molecular and integrative basis to domoic acid toxicity. In: Phycotoxins: chemistry and biochemistry (Ed. by L. Botana), pp. 223-250. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Cambridge, MA.
317. RAMSDELL J.S. & STAFSTROM C.E. 2009. Rat kainic acid model provides unexpected insight into an emerging epilepsy syndrome in sea lions. Epilepsy Currents 9: 142-143.
318. RAMSEY U.P., DOUGLAS D.J., WALTER J.A. & WRIGHT J.L.C. 1998. Biosynthesis of domoic acid by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Natural Toxins 6: 137-146. (Pubitemid 29121550)
319. REAP M.E. 1991. Nitzschia pungens Grunow f. multiseries Hasle: growth phases and toxicity of clonal cultures isolated from Galveston Bay, Texas. 78 pp. MS thesis. Texas A&M University.
320. REPHY. Réseau de Surveillance du Phytoplancton et des Phycotoxines, IFREMER, France.
321. RHODES L. 1996. New Zealand update on HABs, 1992-1996. Harmful Algae News 15: 10.
322. RHODES L.L. 1998. Identification of potentially toxic Pseudonitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) in New Zealand coastal waters, using lectins. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32: 537-544. (Pubitemid 29157905)
323. RHODES L., WHITE D., SYHRE M. & ATKINSON M. 1996. Pseudonitzschia species isolated from New Zealand coastal waters: domoic acid production in vitro and links with shellfish toxicity. In: Harmful and toxic algal blooms (Ed. by T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima & Y. Fukuyo), pp. 155-158. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
324. RHODES L., SCHOLIN C., GARTHWAITE I., HAYWOOD A. & THOMAS A. 1998. Domoic acid producing Pseudo-nitzschia species educed by whole cell DNA probe-based and immunochemical assays. In: Harmful algae (Ed. by B. Reguera, I. Blanco, M.L. Fernádez & T. Wyatt), pp. 274-277. Xunta de Gilicia and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
325. RHODES L.L., ADAMSON J. & SCHOLIN C. 2000. Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata (Bacillariophyceae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34: 463-467.
326. RHODES L., HOLLAND P.A.J., SELWOOD A. & MCNABB P. 2004. Mass culture of Pseudo-nitzschia australis for production of a new isomer of domoic acid. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 125-127. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
327. RHODES L., SELWOOD A., MCNABB P., BRIGGS L., ADAMSON J., VAN GINKEL R. & LACZKA O. 2006. Trace metal effects on the production of biotoxins by microalgae. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 393-397. (Pubitemid 44545114)
328. RIBALET F., MARCHETTI A., HUBBARD K.A., BROWN K., DURKIN C.A., MORALES R., ROBERT M., SWALWELL J.E., TORTELL P.D. &ARMBRUST E.V. 2010. Unveiling a phytoplankton hotspot at a narrow boundary between coastal and offshore waters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 16571-16576.
329. RINES J.E.B., DONAGHAY P.L., DEKSHENIEKS M.M., SULLIVAN J.M. & TWARDOWSKI M.S. 2002. Thin layers and camouflage: hidden Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) populations in a fjord in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 225: 123-137. (Pubitemid 34161491)
330. ROMERO M.L.J., KOTAKI Y., LUNDHOLM N., THOHA H., OGAWA H., RELOX J.R., TERADA R., TAKEDA S., TAKATA Y., HARAGUCHI K., ENDO T., LIM P.-T., KODAMA M. & FUKUYO Y. 2011. Unique amnesic shellfish toxin composition found in the South East Asian diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica. Harmful Algae 10: 456-462.
331. RUE E. & BRULAND K. 2001. Domoic acid binds iron and copper: a possible role for the toxin produced by the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. Marine Chemistry 76: 127-134. (Pubitemid 32974436)
332. RYAN J.P., CHAVEZ F.P. & BELLINGHAM J.G. 2005. Physical-biological coupling in Monterey Bay, California: topographic influences on phytoplankton ecology. Marine Ecology Progress Series 287: 23-32. (Pubitemid 40428426)
333. SAHRAOUI I., HLAILI A.S.,MABROUK H.H., LÉGER C. & BATES S.S. 2009. Blooms of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo in Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia, SW Mediterranean). Diatom Research 24: 175-190.
334. SAHRAOUI I., BATES S.S., BOUCHOUICHA D., HADJ MABROUK H. & SAKKA HLAILI A. 2011. Toxic and potentially toxic Pseudonitzschia populations in Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia, SW Mediterranean) during 2006-7, and first report of domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana Lundholm, Hasle & G.A. Fryxell. Diatom Research (in press).
335. SAPP M.,WICHELS A. & GERDTS G. 2007. Impacts of cultivation of marine diatoms on the associated bacterial community. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 3117-3120. (Pubitemid 46718602)
336. SARNO D., ZINGONE A. & MONTRESOR M. 2010. A massive and simultaneous sex event of two Pseudo-nitzschia species. Deep-Sea Research. Part II 57: 248-255.
337. SAWANT P.M., WEARE B.A., HOLLAND P.T., SELWOOD A.I., KING K.L., MIKULSKI C.M., DOUCETTE G.J., MOUNTFORT D.O. & KERR D.S. 2007. Isodomoic acids A and C exhibit low KA receptor affinity and reduced in vitro potency relative to domoic acid in region CA1 of rat hippocampus. Toxicon 50: 627-638. (Pubitemid 47404626)
338. SAWANT P.M., TYNDALL J.D.A., HOLLAND P.T., PEAKE B.M., MOUNTFORT D.O. & KERR D.S. 2010. In vivo seizure induction and affinity studies of domoic acid and isodomoic acids-D, -E and -F. Neuropharmacology 59: 129-138.
339. SAZHIN A.F., ARTIGAS L.F., NEJSTGAARD J.C. & FRISCHER M.E. 2007. The colonization of two Phaeocystis species (Prymnesiophyceae) by pennate diatoms and other protists: a significant contribution to colony biomass. Biogeochemistry 83: 137-145. (Pubitemid 46763864)
340. SCHAFFER P., REEVES C., CASPER D.R. & DAVIS C.R. 2006. Absence of neurotoxic effects in leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata, following domoic acid exposure. Toxicon 47: 747-752. (Pubitemid 43766824)
341. SCHNETZER A., MILLER P.E., SCHAFFNER R.A., STAUFFER B.A., JONES B.H., WEISBERG S.B., DIGIACOMO P.M., BERELSON W.M. & CARON D.A. 2007. Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid in the San Pedro Channel and Los Angeles harbor areas of the Southern California Bight, 2003-2004. Harmful Algae 6: 372-387. (Pubitemid 46400587)
342. SCHOLIN C.A., GULLAND F., DOUCETTE G.J., BENSON S., BUSMAN M., CHAVEZ F.P., CORDARO J., DELONG R., DE VOGELAERE A., HARVEY J., HAULENA M., LEFEBVRE K., LIPSCOMB T., LOSCUTOFF S., LOWENSTINE L.J., MARIN R. III, MILLER P.E., MCLELLAN W.A., MOELLER P.D.R., POWELL C.L., ROWLES T., SILVAGNI P., SILVER M., SPRAKER T., TRAINER V. & VAN DOLAH F.M. 2000. Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature (London) 403: 80-84. (Pubitemid 30038524)
343. SCOTT F.J. & THOMAS D.P. 2005. Diatoms. In: Antarctic marine protists (Ed. by F.J. Scott & H.J. Marchant), pp. 13-201. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra and Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart.
344. SEEYAVE S., PROBYN T.A., PITCHER G.C., LUCAS M.I. & PURDIE D.A. 2009. Nitrogen nutrition in assemblages dominated by Pseudo-nitzschia spp., Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata off the west coast of South Africa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 379: 91-107.
345. SEKULA-WOOD E., SCHNETZER A., BENITEZ-NELSON C.R., ANDERSON C., BERELSON W.M., BRZEZINSKI M.A., BURNS J.M., CARON D.A., CETINIC I., FERRY J.L., FITZPATRICK E., JONES B.H., MILLER P.E., MORTON S.L., SCHAFFNER R.A., SIEGEL D.A. & THUNELL R. 2009. Rapid downward transport of the neurotoxin domoic acid in coastal waters. Nature Geoscience 2: 272-275.
346. SEKULA-WOOD E., BENITEZ-NELSON C., MORTON S., ANDERSON C., BURRELL C. & THUNELL R. 2011. Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid fluxes in Santa Barbara Basin (CA) from 1993 to 2008. Harmful Algae 10: 567-575.
347. SIERRA-BELTRÁN A.P., PALAFOX-URIBE M., GRAJALES-MONTIEL J., CRUZ-VILLACORTA A. & OCHOA J.L. 1997. Sea bird mortality at Cabo San Lucas, Mexico: evidence that toxic diatom blooms are spreading. Toxicon 35: 447-453. (Pubitemid 27102264)
348. SIERRA-BELTRÁN A.P., CORTÉS-ALTAMIRANO R., GALLO-REYNOSO J.P., LICEA-DURAN S. & ÉGIDO-VILLARREAL J. 2005. Is Pseudonitzschia pseudodelicatissima toxin the principal cause of sardines, dolphins, sea lions and pelicans mortality in 2004 in Mexico? Harmful Algae News 29: 6-8.
349. SILVER M.W., BARGU S., COALE S.L., BENITEZ-NELSON C.R., GARCIA A.C., ROBERTS K.J., SEKULA-WOOD E., BRULAND K.W. & COALE K.H. 2010. Toxic diatoms and domoic acid in natural and iron-enriched waters of the oceanic Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 20762-20767.
350. SKOV J., TON T.P. & DO T.B.L. 2004. Bacillariophyceae. In: Potentially toxic microalgae of Vietnamese waters (Ed. by J. Larsen & N.L. Nguyen), pp. 23-51. Opera Botanica Vol. 140, Council for Nordic Publications in Botany, Copenhagen.
351. SMITH E.A., PAPAPANAGIOTOU E.P., BROWN N.A., STOBO L.A., GALLACHER S. & SHANKS A.M. 2006. Effect of storage on amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins in king scallops (Pecten maximus). Harmful Algae 5: 9-19. (Pubitemid 41814794)
352. SMITH J.C., PAULEY K., CORMIER P., ANGUS R., ODENSE P., O'NEIL D., QUILLIAM M.A. & WORMS J. 1991. Population dynamics and toxicity of various species of Dinophysis and Nitzschia from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In: Proceedings of the Second Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae (Ed. by D.C. Gordon Jr), 25 pp. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1799 [Abstract].
353. STEHR C.M., CONNELL L., BAUGH K.A., BILL B.D., ADAMS N.G. & TRAINER V.L. 2002. Morphological, toxicological, and genetic differences among Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species in inland embayments and outer coastal waters of Washington State, USA. Journal of Phycology 38: 55-65. (Pubitemid 34196830)
354. STEWART J.E. 2008. Bacterial involvement in determining domoic acid levels in Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries cultures. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 50: 135-144. (Pubitemid 351300192)
355. STEWART J.E., MARKS L.J., WOOD C.R., RISSER S.M. & GRAY S. 1997. Symbiotic relations between bacteria and the domoic acidproducing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and the capacity of these bacteria for gluconic acid/gluconolactone formation. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 12: 211-221. (Pubitemid 127471720)
356. STEWART J.E., MARKS L.J., GILGAN M.W., PFEIFFER E. & ZWICKER B.M. 1998. Microbial utilization of the neurotoxin domoic acid: blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) as sources of the microorganisms. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44: 456-464.
357. STONIK I.V., ORLOVA T.Y. & BEGUN A.A. 2008. Potentially toxic diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta and P. calliantha from Russian waters of East Japan Sea and Sea of Okhotsk. Ocean Science Journal 43: 25-30.
358. STONIK I.V., ORLOVA T.Y. & LUNDHOLM N. 2011. Diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia from the Western North Pacific. Diatom Research 26: 121-134.
359. SUÁREZ-ISLA B.A., LÓPEZ A., HERNÁNDEZ C., CLÉMENT A. & GUZMÁN L. 2002. Impacto económico de las floraciones de microalgas nocivas en Chile y datos recientes sobre la ocurrencia de veneno amnésico de los mariscos. In: Floraciones algales nocivas en el cono Sur Americano (Ed. by E.A. Sar, M.E. Ferrario & B. Reguera), pp. 257-268. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Madrid.
360. SUBBA RAO D.V., PAN Y. & SMITH J.S. 1995. Allelopathy between Rhizosolenia alata (Brightwell) and the toxigenic Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries (Hasle). In: Harmful marine algal blooms (Ed. by P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard, P. Gentien & C. Marcaillou-Le Baut), pp. 681-686. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris.
361. SUBBA RAO D.V., PAN Y. & MUKHIDA K. 1998. Production of domoic acid by Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Hasle, affected by lithium. Marine Ecology 19: 31-36. (Pubitemid 28393164)
362. 2 and phosphate availability on domoic acid production and physiology of the marine harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Limnology and Oceanography 56: 829-840.
363. TAKAHASHI E., YU Q., EAGLESHAM G., CONNELL D.W.,MCBROOM J., COSTANZO S. & SHAW G.R. 2007. Occurrence and seasonal variations of algal toxins in water, phytoplankton and shellfish from North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia. Marine Environmental Research 64: 429-442. (Pubitemid 47287773)
364. TAKANO H. 1995. Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata (Takano) Takano, a new combination for the pennate diatom Nitzschia multistriata Takano. Diatom, The Japanese Journal of Diatomology 10: 73-74.
365. TAKATA Y., SATO S., HA D.V., MONTOJO U.M., LIRDWITAYAPRASIT T., KAMOLSIRIPICHAIPORN S., KOTAKI Y., FUKUYO Y. & KODAMA M. 2009. Occurrence of domoic acid in tropical bivalves. Fisheries Science 75: 473-480.
366. TAKEMOTO T. & DAIGO K. 1958. Constituents of Chondria armata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 6: 578-580.
367. 12 auxotrophs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 20756-0761.
368. TEITELBAUM J., CARPENTER S. & CASHMAN N.R. 1990. Neurologic sequelae after ingestion of mussels contaminated with domoic acid. New England Journal of Medicine 323: 1632-1633.
369. TESSON S.V.M., BORRA M., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F. & PROCACCINI G. 2011. Microsatellite primers in the planktonic diatom Pseudonitzschia multistriata (Bacillariophyceae). American Journal of Botany 98: e33-e35.
370. TESTER P.A., PAN Y., DOUCETTE G.J. & SCHOLIN C.A. 2001. Accumulation of domoic acid activity in copepods. In: Harmful algal blooms 2000 (Ed. by G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch & R.J. Lewis), pp. 418-421. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
371. THÉBAUD O., VÉRON G. & FIFAS S. 2005. Incidences des épisodes d'efflorescence de micro algues toxiques sur les écosystèmes et sur les pêcheries de coquillages en baie de Douarnenez. Ifremer. Available at http://archimer.ifremer.fr.doc.2005.rapport- 1262.pdf.
372. THESSEN A.E. 2007. Taxonomy and ecophysiology of Pseudonitzschia in the Chesapeake Bay. PhD thesis. University of Maryland, College Park, MD. 231 pp.
373. THESSEN A.E. & STOECKER D.K. 2008. Distribution, abundance and domoic acid analysis of the toxic diatom genus Pseudonitzschia from the Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries and Coasts 31: 664-672.
374. THESSEN A.E., DORTCH Q., PARSONS M.L. & MORRISON W. 2005. Effect of salinity on Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) growth and distribution. Journal of Phycology 41: 21-29. (Pubitemid 40263624)
375. THESSEN A.E., BOWERS H.A. & STOECKER D.K. 2009. Intra- and interspecies differences in growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia while using different nitrogen sources. Harmful Algae 8: 792-810.
376. THESSEN A.E., SONIAT T.M., DORTCH Q. & DOUCETTE G.J. 2010. Crassostrea virginica grazing on toxic and non-toxic diatoms. Toxicon 55: 570-579.
377. TODD E.C.D. 1993. Domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning -a review. Journal of Food Protection 56: 69-83.
378. THOMAS K., TREMBLAY M.-L., WALTER J.A. & QUILLIAM M.A. 2008. NRC CRM-DA-f, a certified calibration solution reference material for domoic acid. CRMP Technical Report CRM-DA-f-20071205, June 2008. Available at http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/imb-ibm/doc/DA-fCertificateENGFeb2010.pdf
379. TRAINER V.L. & BILL B.D. 2004. Characterization of a domoic acid binding site from Pacific razor clam. Aquatic Toxicology 69: 125-132. (Pubitemid 38917071)
380. TRAINER V.L., ADAMS N.G., BILL B.D., STEHR C.M., WEKELL J.C., MOELLER P., BUSMAN M. & WOODRUFF D. 2000. Domoic acid production near California coastal upwelling zones, June 1998. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 1818-1833. (Pubitemid 32040155)
381. TRAINER V.L., HICKEY B.M. & HORNER R.A. 2002. Biological and physical dynamics of domoic acid production off the Washington coast. Limnology and Oceanography 47: 1438-1446.
382. TRAINER V.L., COCHLAN W.P., ERICKSON A., BILL B.D., COX F.H., BORCHERT J.A. & LEFEBVRE K.A. 2007. Recent domoic acid closures of shellfish harvest areas in Washington State inland waterways. Harmful Algae 6: 449-459. (Pubitemid 46400589)
383. TRAINER V.L., HICKEY B.M. & BATES S.S. 2008. Toxic diatoms. In: Oceans and human health: risks and remedies from the sea (Ed. by P.J. Walsh, S.L. Smith, L.E. Fleming, H. Solo-Gabrielle & W.H. Gerwick), pp. 219-237. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York.
384. TRAINER V.L., HICKEY B.M., LESSARD E.J., COCHLAN W.P., TRICK C.G., WELLS M.L., MACFADYEN A. & MOORE S.K. 2009a. Variability of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid in the Juan de Fuca eddy region and its adjacent shelves. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 289-308.
385. TRAINER V.L., WELLS M.L., COCHLAN W.P., TRICK C.G., BILL B.D., BAUGH K.A., BEALL B.F., HERNDON J. & LUNDHOLM N. 2009b. An ecological study of a massive bloom of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata off the Washington State coast. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 1461-1474.
386. TRAINER V.L., PITCHER G.C., REGUERA B. & SMAYDA T.J. 2010. The distribution and impacts of harmful algal bloom species in eastern boundary upwelling systems. Progress in Oceanography 85: 33-52.
387. TRAINER V.L., BATES S.S., LUNDHOLM N., THESSEN A.E., ADAMS N.G., COCHLAN W.P. & TRICK C.G. 2012. Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health. Harmful Algae. (in press)
388. TRICK C.G., BILL B.D., COCHLAN W.P., WELLS M.L., TRAINER V.L. & PICKELL L.D. 2010. Iron enrichment stimulates toxic diatom production in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 5887-5892.
389. TRIMBORN S., LUNDHOLM N., THOMS S., RICHTER K.U., KROCK B., HANSEN P.J. & ROST B. 2008. Inorganic carbon acquisition in potentially toxic and non-toxic diatoms: the effect of pH-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. Physiologia Plantarum 133: 92-105. (Pubitemid 351519376)
390. TRUELOVE J., MUELLER R., PULIDO O. & IVERSON F. 1996. Subchronic toxicity study of domoic acid in the rat. Food and Chemical Toxicology 34: 525-529. (Pubitemid 26246431)
391. TRUELOVE J., MUELLER R., PULIDO O., MARTIN L., FERNIE S. & IVERSON F. 1997. 30-day oral toxicity study of domoic acid in cynomolgus monkeys: lack of overt toxicity at doses approaching the acute toxic dose. Natural Toxins 5: 111-114. (Pubitemid 27403979)
392. UJEVIĆ I., NINČ EVIĆ-GLADAN Ž., ROJE R., SKEJIĆ S., ARAPOV J. & MARASOVIĆ I. 2010. Domoic acid - a new toxin in the Croatian Adriatic shellfish toxin profile. Molecules 15: 6835-6849.
393. VALE P. & SAMPAYO M.A.M. 2001. Domoic acid in Portuguese shellfish and fish. Toxicon 39: 893-904. (Pubitemid 32012957)
394. VELO-SUÁREZ L., GONZÁLEZ-GIL S., GENTIEN P., LUNVEN M., BECHEMIN C., FERNAND L., RAINE R. & REGUERA B. 2008. Thin layers of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and the fate of Dinophysis acuminata during an upwelling-downwelling cycle in a Galician Ria. Limnology and Oceanography 53: 1816-1834.
395. VERSHININ A.O. & ORLOVA T.Y. 2008. Toxic and harmful algae in the coastal waters of Russia. Oceanology 48: 524-537.
396. VIGILANT V.L. & SILVER M.W. 2007. Domoic acid in benthic flatfish on the continental shelf of Monterey Bay, California, USA. Marine Biology 151: 2053-2062.
397. VILLAC M.C. & FRYXELL G.A. 1998. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens var. cingulata var. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) based on field and culture observations. Phycologia 37: 269-274. (Pubitemid 29423126)
398. VILLAC M.C., ROELKE D.L., VILLAREAL T.A. & FRYXELL G.A.1993. Comparison of two domoic acid-producing diatoms - a review. Hydrobiologia 269: 213-224. (Pubitemid 24417139)
399. VILLAC M.C., MATOS M.G., SANTOS V.S., RODRIGUES A.W. & VIANA S.C. 2004. Composition and distribution of Pseudonitzschia from Guanabara Bay, Brazil: the role of salinity, based on field and culture observations. In: Harmful algae 2002 (Ed. by K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas & G.A. Vargo), pp. 56-58. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris.
400. VILLAC M.C., MELO S., MENEZES M. & RIVERA D. 2005. Pseudonitzschia brasiliana (Bacillariophyceae), an opportunistic diatom on the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Atlâ ntica, Río Grande. Atlantica 27: 139-145.
401. WEKELL J.C., GAUGLITZ E.J., BARNETT H.J., HATFIELD C.L. & EKLUND M. 1994. The occurrence of domoic acid in razor clams (Siliqua patula), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), and anchovies (Engraulis mordax). Journal of Shellfish Research 13: 587-593.
402. WELLS M.L., TRICK C.G., COCHLAN W.P., HUGHES M.P. & TRAINER V.L. 2005. Domoic acid: the synergy of iron, copper, and the toxicity of diatoms. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 1908-1917. (Pubitemid 41692196)
403. WILHELM S.W. & TRICK C.G. 1994. Iron-limited growth of cyanobacteria - multiple siderophore production is a common response. Limnology and Oceanography 39: 1979-1984.
404. WINDUST A. 1992. The response of bacteria, microalgae, and zooplankton to the diatom Nitzschia pungens forma multiseries, and its toxic metabolite domoic acid. MS thesis. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 107 pp.
405. WORK T.M., BARR B., BEALE A.M., FRITZ L., QUILLIAM M.A. & WRIGHT J.L.C. 1993. Epidemiology of domoic acid poisoning in brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) and Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in California. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24: 54-62.
406. WRIGHT J.L.C., BOYD R.K., DE FREITAS A.S.W., FALK M., FOXALL R.A., JAMIESON W.D., LAYCOCK M.V., MCCULLOCH A.W., MCINNES A.G., ODENSE P., PATHAK V.P., QUILLIAM M.A., RAGAN M.A., SIM P.G., THIBAULT P., WALTER J.A., GILGAN M., RICHARD D.J.A. & DEWAR D. 1989. Identification of domoic acid, a neuroexcitatory amino-acid, in toxic mussels from eastern Prince Edward Island. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67: 481-490.
407. WRIGHT J.L.C., FALK M., MCINNES A.G. & WALTER J.A. 1990. Identification of isodomoic acid D and two new geometrical isomers of domoic acid in toxic mussels. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68: 22-25. (Pubitemid 20136211)
408. YAP-DEJETO L.G., OMURA T., NAGAHAMA Y., NAGAHAMA Y. & FUKUYO Y. 2010. Observations of eleven Pseudo-nitzschia species in Tokyo Bay, Japan. La Mer (La SociétéFranco-Japonaise d'Océanographie, Tokyo) 48: 1-16.
409. ZAMAN L., ARAKAWA O., SHIMOSU A., ONOUE Y., NISHIO S., SHIDA Y. & NOGUCHI T. 1997. Two new isomers of domoic acid from a red alga, Chondria armata. Toxicon 35: 205-212. (Pubitemid 27102286)
410. ZHANG F.Z. & DICKMAN M. 1999. Mid-ocean exchange of container vessel ballast water. 1: Seasonal factors affecting the transport of harmful diatoms and dinoflagellates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 176: 243-251. (Pubitemid 29107461)