Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States

Harmful Algae

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 39-53

  Anderson, Donald M ^a   Burkholder, Joann M ^b   Cochlan, William P ^c   Glibert, Patricia M ^d   Gobler, Christopher J ^e   Heil, Cynthia A ^f   Kudela, Raphael M ^g   Parsons, Michael L ^h   Rensel, J E Jack ⁱ   Townsend, David W ^j   Trainer, Vera L ^k   Vargo, Gabriel A ^l  

^a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^b NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE   (United States)

^e STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f FISH AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h FLORIDA GULF COAST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ Rensel Associates Aquatic Sciences   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

^k NORTHWEST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Eutrophication; Harmful algal blooms (HABs); Nitrogen; Nutrients; Phosphorus; Red tides

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; CIGUATERA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 55749114546     PISSN: 15689883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.017     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Adolf J.E., Bachvaroff T., and Place A.R. Does cryptophyte abundance trigger toxic Karlodinium veneficum blooms in eutrophic environments?. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 119-128
2. Adolf J.E., Stoecker D.K., and Harding L.W. The balance of autotrophy and heterotrophy during mixotrophic growth of Karlodinium micrum (Dinophyceae). J. Plankton Res. 28 (2006) 737-751
3. Anderson C.R., Brzenzinski M.A., Washburn L., and Kudela R. Circulation and environmental conditions during a toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia australis bloom in the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 327 (2006) 119-133
4. Anderson D.M. Toxic algal blooms and red tides: a global perspective. In: Okaichi T., Anderson D.M., and Nemoto T. (Eds). Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology (1989), Elsevier 11-16
5. Anderson D.M. Bloom dynamics of toxic Alexandrium species in the northeastern United States. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42 (1997) 1009-1022
6. Anderson D.M., Glibert P.M., and Burkholder J.M. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 25 4b (2002) 562-584
7. Anderson D.M., Keafer B.A., Kulis D.M., Waters R.M., and Nuzzi R. An immunofluorescent survey of the brown tide chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens along the northeast coast of the United States. J. Plankton Res. 15 (1993) 563-580
8. Anderson D.M., Keafer B.A., McGillicuddy D.J., Mickelson M.J., Keay K.E., Libby P.S., Manning J.P., Mayo C.A., Whittaker D.K., Hickey J.M., He R., Lynch D.R., and Smith K.W. Initial observations of the 2005 Alexandrium fundyense bloom in southern New England: general patterns and mechanisms. Deep-Sea Res. II 52 19-21 (2005) 2856-2876
9. Anderson D.M., Kulis D.M., Doucette G.J., Gallager J.C., and Balech E. Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the Northeast United States and Canada as determined by morphology, bioluminescence, toxin composition, and mating compatibility. Mar. Biol. 120 (1994) 467-478
10. Anderson D.M., Stock C.A., Keafer B.A., Bronzino Nelson A., Thompson B., McGillicuddy D.J., Keller M., Matrai P.A., and Martin J. Alexandrium fundyense cyst dynamics in the Gulf of Maine. Deep-Sea Res. II 52 19-21 (2005) 2522-2542
11. In: Anderson D.M., Townsend D.W., McGillicuddy D.J., and Turner J.T. (Eds). The ecology and oceanography of toxic Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the Gulf of Maine. Deep-Sea Res. II 52 19-21 (2005) 2365-2876
12. Aneja V.P., Nelson D.R., Roelle P.A., and Walker J.T. Agricultural ammonia emissions and ammonium concentrations associated with aerosols and precipitation in the Southeast United States. J. Geophys. Res. 108 D4 (2003) ACD12-ACD21
13. Auro, M.E., 2007. Nitrogen Dynamics and Toxicity of the Pennate Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata: A Field and Laboratory Study. MS Thesis. San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA, 91 p.
14. Auro M.E., Cochlan W.P., and Trainer V.L. Nitrogen dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata from the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Twelfth International Conference on Harmful Algae. Copenhagen, Denmark, September (2006) (Abstract)
15. Bagnis R. Natural versus anthropogenic disturbances to coral reefs: comparison in epidemiological patterns of ciguatera. Mem. Queensland Mus. 34 (1994) 455-460
16. Bates S.S. Ecophysiology and metabolism of ASP toxin production. In: Anderson D.M., Cembella A.D., and Hallegraeff G.M. (Eds). Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (1998), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 405-426
17. Bates S.S., Garrison D.L., and Horner R.A. Bloom dynamics and physiology of domoic-acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species. In: Anderson D.M., Cembella A.D., and Hallegraeff G.M. (Eds). Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (1998), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 267-292
18. Berg G.M., Glibert P.M., Lomas M.W., and Burford M. Organic nitrogen uptake and growth by the Chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens during a brown tide event. Mar. Biol. 129 (1997) 377-387
19. Berg G.M., Repeta D.J., and LaRoche J. Dissolved organic nitrogen hydrolysis rates in axenic cultures of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae): comparison with heterotrophic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (2002) 401-404
20. Berg G.M., Repeta D.J., and LaRoche J. The role of the picoeukaryote Aureococcus anophagefferens in cycling of marine high-molecular weight dissolved organic nitrogen. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48 (2003) 1825-1830
21. Biegalski S.R., and Villareal T. Correlations between atmospheric aerosol trace element concentrations and red tide at Port Aransas, Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 263 (2005) 997-1005
22. Bill B.D., Cox F.H., Horner R.A., Borchert J.A., and Trainer V.L. The first closure of shellfish harvesting due to domoic acid in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 28 2 (2006) 437-442
23. Bodeanu N., and Ruta G. Development of the planktonic algae in the Romanian Black Sea sector in 1981-1996. In: Reguera B., Blanco J., Fernandez M.L., and Wyatt T. (Eds). Harmful Algae (1998), Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris, France 188-191
24. Bomber, J.W., 1987. Ecology, Genetic Variability, and Physiology of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo. PhD Dissertation. Department of Oceanography and Ocean Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 147 p.
25. Brand L.E. The transport of terrestrial nutrients to South Florida coastal waters. In: Porter J.W., and Porter K.G. (Eds). The Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys, An Ecosystem Sourcebook (2002), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 361-413
26. Brand L.E., and Compton A. Long-term increase in Karenia brevis abundance along the Southwest Florida Coast. Harmful Algae 6 2 (2007) 232-252
27. Brett J.R., and Zala C.A. Daily patterns of nitrogen excretion and oxygen consumption of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under controlled conditions. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32 (1975) 2479-2486
28. Bricker S.B., Longstaff B., Dennison W., Jones A., Boicourt K., Wicks C., and Woerner J. Effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation's estuaries: a decade of change. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 26 (2007), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD 328 pp.
29. Bricker S.B., Longstaff B., Dennison W., Jones A., Boicourt K., Wicks C., and Woerner J. Effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation's estuaries: a decade of change. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 21-32
30. Bronk D.A., Sanderson M.P., Mulholland M.R., Heil C.A., and O'Neil J.M. Organic and inorganic nitrogen uptake kinetics in field populations dominated by Karenia brevis. In: Steidinger K.A., Landsberg J.H., Tomas C.R., and Vargo G.A. (Eds). Harmful Algae 2002 (2004), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, Florida 80-82
31. Burkholder J.M. Implications of harmful microalgae and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in management of sustainable marine fisheries. Ecol. Appl. 8 (1998) S37-S62
32. Burkholder J.M., and Glasgow H.B. Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates: behavior, impacts and environmental controls. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42 (1997) 1052-1075
33. Burkholder J.M., Dickey D.A., Kinder C., Reed R.E., Mallin M.A., Melia G., McIver M.R., Cahoon L.B., Brownie C., Deamer N., Springer J., Glasgow H., Toms D., and Smith J. Comprehensive trend analysis of nutrients and related variables in a large eutrophic estuary: a decadal study of anthropogenic and climatic influences. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51 (2006) 463-487
34. Burkholder J.M., Glasgow H.B., and Deamer-Melia N.J. Overview and present status of the toxic Pfiesteria complex. Phycologia 40 (2001) 186-214
35. Burkholder J.M., Glibert P.M., and Skelton H.M. Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 77-93
36. Burkholder J.M., Gordon A.S., Moeller P.D., Law J.M., Coyne K.J., Lewitus A.J., Ramsdell J.S., Marshall H.G., Deamer N.J., Cary S.C., Kempton J.W., Morton S.L., and Rublee P.A. Demonstration of toxicity to fish and to mammalian cells by Pfiesteria species: comparison of assay methods and multiple strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 102 (2005) 3471-3476
37. Burkholder J.M., Mallin M.A., Glasgow Jr. H.B., Larsen L.M., McIver M.R., Shank G.C., Deamer-Melia N., Briley D.S., Springer J., Touchette B.W., and Hannon E.K. Impacts to a coastal river and estuary from rupture of a large swine waste holding lagoon. J. Environ. Qual. 26 (1997) 1451-1466
38. Buskey E.J., Liu H., Collumb C., and Bersano J.G.F. The decline and recovery of a persistent Texas brown tide algal bloom in the Laguna Madre (Texas, USA). Estuaries 24 (2001) 337-346
39. Buskey E.J., Stewart J., Peterson J., and Collumb C. Current status and historical trends of brown tide and red tide phytoplankton blooms in the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area. Tex. Nat. Resour. Conserv. Comm., Austin, Rep. CCBNEP-07 (1996) 174
40. Busse L.B., Venrick E.L., Antrobus R., Miller P.E., Vigilant V., Silver M.W., Mengelt C., Mydlarz L., and Prezelin B.B. Domoic acid in phytoplankton and fish in San Diego, CA, USA. Harmful Algae 5 (2006) 91-101
41. Carlson R.D., and Tindall D.R. Distribution and periodicity of toxic dinoflagellates in the Virgin Islands. In: Anderson D.M., White A.W., and Baden D.G. (Eds). Toxic Dinoflagellates (1985), Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., New York 171-177
42. Cloern J.E. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 210 (2001) 223-253
43. Cochlan W.P., Herndon J., and Kudela R.M. Inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake by the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae). Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 111-118
44. Collos Y., Gagne C., Laabir M., Vaquer A., Cecchi P., and Souchu P. Nitrogenous nutrition of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) in cultures and in Thau lagoon, southern France. J. Phycol. 40 (2004) 96-103
45. Cooper M.J. Ciguatera and other marine poisoning in the Gilbert Islands. Pac. Sci. 18 (1964) 411-440
46. Cosper E.M., Dennison W., and Milligan A. An examination of environmental factors important to initiating and sustaining "brown tide" blooms. In: Cosper E.M., Bricelj V.M., and Carpenter E.J. (Eds). Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms (1989), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 317-340
47. Deeds J.R., Terlizzi D.E., Adolf J.E., Stoecker D.K., and Place A.R. Toxic activity from cultures of Karlodinium micrum (=Gyrodinium galatheanum) (Dinophyceae)-a dinoflagellate associated with fish mortalities in an estuarine aquaculture facility. Harmful Algae 1 (2002) 169-189
48. del Amor F.M., Navarro J., and Aparicio P.M. Isotopic discrimination as a tool for organic farming certification in sweet pepper. J. Environ. Qual. 37 (2008) 182-185
49. Denton W., and Contreras C. The Red Tide (Karenia brevis) Bloom of 2000. Water Qual. Tech. Ser. WQTS-2004-01, Tex (2004), Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin
50. Deonarine S.N., Gobler C.J., Lonsdale D.J., and Caron D.A. The role of zooplankton in the occurrence of harmful brown tide blooms (Aureococcus anophagefferens) in US mid-Atlantic estuaries. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 44 (2006) 181-195
51. Durand-Clement M. A study of toxin production by Gambierdiscus toxicus in culture. Toxicon 24 (1986) 1153-1157
52. [EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998. Environmental Impacts of Animal Feeding Operations. EPA Office of Water, Standards, and Applied Sciences Division.
53. [EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. Deposition of Air Pollutants to the Great Waters. 3rd Report to the U.S. Congress, (1) Section A, Chapter 4-Water Quality Issues Related to Multiple Watersheds in the Neuse River Basin.
54. Fournier R.O., Marra J., Bohrer R., and Van Det M. Plankton dynamics and nutrient enrichment of the Scotian Shelf. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34 (1977) 1004-1018
55. Gastrich M.D., Bell J.L., Gobler C.J., Anderson O.R., and Wilhelm S.W. Viruses as potential regulators of regional brown tide blooms caused by the alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens: a comparison of bloom years 1999-2000 and 2002. Estuaries 27 (2004) 112-119
56. Giblin A.E., and Gaines A.G. Nitrogen inputs to a marine embayment: the importance of groundwater. Biogeochemistry 10 (1990) 309-328
57. Glasgow H.B., Burkholder J.M., Mallin M.A., Deamer-Melia N.J., and Reed R.E. Field ecology of toxic Pfiesteria complex species, and a conservative analysis of their role in estuarine fish kills. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (2001) 715-730
58. In: Glibert P. (Ed). GEOHAB, Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Programme. HABs in Eutrophic Systems (2006), IOC/SCOR, Paris/Baltimore 74 pp.
59. Glibert P.M., Alexander J., Trice T.M., Michael B., Magnien R.E., Lane L., Oldach D., and Bowers H. Chronic urea nitrogen loading: a correlate of Pfiesteria spp. in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA. In: Steidinger K.A., Landsberg J.H., Tomas C.R., and Vargo G.A. (Eds). Harmful Algae 2002. Proceedings of the X International Conference on Harmful Algae. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (2004) 74-76
60. Glibert P.M., and Burkholder J.M. The complex relationships between increasing fertilization of the earth, coastal eutrophication and proliferation of harmful algal blooms. In: Granéli E., and Turner J. (Eds). Ecology of Harmful Algae (2006), Springer 341-354
61. Glibert, P.M., Burkholder, J.M., Kana, T.M., Alexander, J., Skelton, H., Shilling, C., in press. Grazing by Karenia brevis on Synechococcus enhances its growth rate and may help to sustain blooms. Aquat. Microbial Ecol.
62. Glibert P.M., Burkholder J.M., Parrow M.W., Lewitus A.J., and Gustafson D. Rates of direct uptake of nitrogen and nitrogen nutritional preferences by functional types of Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae. Harmful Algae 5 (2006) 380-394
63. Glibert P.M., Harrison J., Heil C., and Seitzinger S. Escalating worldwide use of urea-a global change contributing to coastal eutrophication. Biogeochemistry 77 (2006) 441-463
64. Glibert P.M., Heil C.A., Hollander D., Revilla M., Hoare A., Alexander J., and Murasko S. Evidence for dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus uptake during a cyanobacterial bloom in Florida Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 280 (2004) 73-83
65. Glibert P.M., Magnien R., Lomas M.W., Alexander J., Fan C., Haramoto E., Trice M., and Kana T.M. Harmful algal blooms in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA: comparisons of 1997, 1998, and 1999 events. Estuaries 24 (2001) 875-883
66. Glibert P.M., Mayorga E., and Seitzinger S. Prorocentrum minimum tracks anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on a global basis: application of spatially explicit nutrient export models. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 33-38
67. Glibert P.M., Seitzinger S., Heil C.A., Burkholder J.M., Parrow M.W., Codispoti L.A., and Kelly V. The role of eutrophication in the global proliferation of harmful algal blooms. Oceanography 18 (2005) 198-209
68. Glibert P.M., Trice T.M., Michael B., and Lane L. Urea in the tributaries of the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland. Water Air Soil Pollut. 160 (2005) 229-243
69. Glibert P.M., Wazniak C.E., Hall M., and Sturgis B. Seasonal and interannual trends in nitrogen in Maryland's Coastal Bays and relationships with brown tide. Ecol. Appl. 17 5 (2007) S79-S87
70. Gobler C.J., Boneillo G.E., Debenham C., and Caron D.A. Nutrient limitation, organic matter cycling, and plankton dynamics during an Aureococcus anophagefferens bloom in Great South Bay, NY. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 35 (2004) 31-43
71. Gobler C.J., Lonsdale D.J., and Boyer G.L. A synthesis and review of causes and impact of harmful brown tide blooms caused by the alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens. Estuaries 28 (2005) 726-749
72. Gobler C.J., Renaghan M.J., and Buck N.J. Impacts of nutrients and grazing mortality on the abundance of Aureococcus anophagefferens during a New York brown tide bloom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 (2002) 129-141
73. Gobler C.J., and Sañudo-Wilhelmy S.A. Effects of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, inorganic nutrients, and iron additions on the growth of phytoplankton and bacteria during a brown tide bloom. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 209 (2001) 19-34
74. Gobler C.J., and Sañudo-Wilhelmy S.A. Temporal variability of groundwater seepage and brown tide blooms in a Long Island embayment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 217 (2001) 299-309
75. Goshorn D., Deeds J., Tango P., Poukish C., Place A.R., McGinty M., Butler W., Luckett C., and Magnien R. Occurrence of Karlodinium micrum and its association with fish kills in Maryland estuaries. In: Steidinger K.A., Landsberg J.H., Tomas C.R., and Vargo G.A. (Eds). Harmful Algae 2002. Proceedings of the X International Conference on Harmful Algae. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (2004) 361-363
76. Hallegraeff G.M. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32 (1993) 79-99
77. Harrison J.H., Caraco N.F., and Seitzinger S.P. Global patterns and sources of dissolved organic matter export to the coastal zone: results from a spatially explicit, global model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19 (2005) GBS406
78. Havens J.J., Heil C.A., Hollander D., Vargo G.A., Ault D., Murasko S., and Walsh J.J. Isotopic constraints on nutrient sources supporting the 2001 Karenia brevis bloom. In: Steidinger K.A., Landsberg J.H., Tomas C.R., and Vargo G.A. (Eds). Harmful Algae 2002. Proceedings of the X International Conference on Harmful Algae. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris (2004) 32-34
79. Haywood A.J., Steidinger K.A., Truby E.W., Bergquist P.R., Bergquist P.L., Adamson J., and MacKenzie L. Comparative morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of three new species of the genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) from New Zealand. J. Phycol. 40 (2004) 165-179
80. Heil C.A., Glibert P.M., and Fan C. Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller-a review of a harmful algal bloom species of growing worldwide importance. Harmful Algae 4 (2005) 449-470
81. Heil C.A., Revilla M., Glibert P.M., and Murasko S. Nutrient quality drives differential phytoplankton community composition on the Southwest Florida Shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52 (2007) 1067-1078
82. Heil, C., Truby, E., Wolny, J., Pigg. R., Richardson, B., Garrett, M., Haywood, A., Petrik, K., Flewelling, L., Stone, E., Cook, S., Scott, P., Steidinger, K., Landsberg, J., in press. The multi-species nature of the 2005 Karenia bloom in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, September 4-9, 2006.
83. Heisler J., Glibert P., Burkholder J., Anderson D., Cochlan W., Dennison W., Gobler C., Dortch Q., Heil C., Humphries E., Lewitus A., Magnien R., Marshall H., Sellner K., Stockwell D., Stoecker D., and Suddleson M. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: a scientific consensus. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 3-13
84. Herndon J., and Cochlan W.P. Nitrogen utilization by the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo: growth and uptake kinetics in laboratory cultures. Harmful Algae 6 (2007) 260-270
85. Herndon J., Cochlan W.P., and Horner R. Heterosigma akashiwo blooms in San Francisco Bay. Interagency Ecol. Program San Francisco Estuary Newslett. 16 (2003) 46-48
86. Hood R.R., Neuer S., and Cowles T.J. Autotrophic production, biomass and species composition at two stations across an upwelling front. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 83 (1992) 221-232
87. Horner, R.A., 2003. Identification of some Pseudo-nitzschia species from western Washington waters. In: Bates, S.S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aq. Sci. 2498, pp. 77-79.
88. Howard M., Cochlan W.P., Ladizinsky N., and Kudela R.M. Evaluation of California isolates of Lingulodinium polyedrum for the production of yessotoxin. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 28 2 (2006) 399-402
89. Howarth R.W. Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 14-20
90. Howes, B.L., Ramsey, J.S., Kelley, S.W., Cote, J.M., 2003. Water Quality and Habitat Health of the Embayment Systems of Orleans, Massachusetts. Progress Report From the 2001 and 2002 Field Season: Water Quality Monitoring and Hydrodynamic Modeling. Final Report to the Town of Orleans, Massachusetts, 50 pp.
91. Hu C., Muller-Karger F.E., and Swarzenski P.W. Hurricanes, submarine groundwater discharge, and Florida's red tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 (2006) L11601 10.1029/2005GL025449
92. Hurst Jr. J.W. History of paralytic shellfish poisoning on the Maine coast. In: LoCicero V.R. (Ed). Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms. Proceedings of the International Conference (1st) (1975), Massachusetts Science and Technology Foundation 525-528
93. Jaworski N. Retrospective of the water quality issues of the upper Potomac Estuary. Aquat. Sci. 3 (1990) 11-40
94. Jeong H.J., Park J.Y., Nho J.H., Park M.O., Ha J.H., Seong K.A., Jeng C., Seong C.N., Lee K.Y., and Yih W.H. Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 41 (2005) 1331-2143
95. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Park J.Y., Song J.Y., Kim S.T., Lee S.H., Kim K.Y., and Yih W.H. Feeding by the phototrophic red-tide dinoflagellates: 5 species newly revealed and 6 species previously known to be mixotrophic. Aquat. Microbial. Ecol. 40 (2005) 133-150
96. Johnson K.S., Chavez F.P., Elrod V.A., Fitzwater S.E., Pennington J.T., Buck K.R., and Walz P.M. The annual cycle of iron and the biological response in central California coastal waters. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2001) 1247-1250
97. Kana T.M., Lomas M.W., MacIntyre H.L., Cornwell J.C., and Gobler C.J. Stimulation of the brown tide organism, Aureococcus anophagefferens, by selective nutrient additions to in situ mesocosms. Harmful Algae 3 (2004) 377-388
98. Keller A.A., and Rice R.L. Effects of nutrient enrichment on natural populations of the brown tide phytoplankton Aureococcus anophagefferens (Chrysophyceae). J. Phycol. 25 (1989) 636-646
99. Kemp W.M., Boynton W.R., Adolf J.E., Boesch D.F., Boicourt W.C., Brush G., Cornwell J.C., Fisher T.R., Glibert P.M., Hagy J.D., Harding L.W., Houde E.D., Kimmel D.G., Miller W.D., Newell R.I.E., Roman M.R., Smith E.M., and Stevenson J.C. Eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 303 (2005) 1-29
100. Kudela R.M., and Cochlan W.P. The kinetics of nitrogen and carbon uptake and the influence of irradiance for a natural population of Lingulodinium polyedrum (Pyrrophyta) off southern California. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 21 (2000) 31-47
101. Kudela R.M., Cochlan W.P., and Roberts A. Spatial and temporal patterns of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in central California related to regional oceanography. In: Steidinger K.A., Landsberg J.H., Tomas C.R., and Vargo G.A. (Eds). Harmful Algal Blooms 2002. Proceedings of the X International Conference on Harmful Algae. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (2004) 347-349
102. Kudela R.M., Lane J.Q., and Cochlan W.P. The potential role of anthropogenically derived nitrogen in the growth of harmful algae in California, USA. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 103-110
103. Ladizinsky, N., 2003. The Influence of Dissolved Copper on the Production of Domoic Acid by Pseudo-nitzschia Species in Monterey Bay, California: Laboratory Experiments and Field Observations. Master's Thesis. California State University, Monterey Bay, CA, USA, 68 p.
104. Lange C.B., Reid F.M.H., and Vernet M. Temporal distribution of the potentially toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis at a coastal site in southern California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 104 (1994) 309-312
105. Langlois, G., 2001. Marine biotoxin monitoring in California, 1927-1999. In: RaLonde, R. (Ed.), Harmful Algae Blooms on the North American West Coast. University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-05, pp. 31-34.
106. Langlois, G., Smith, P., 2001. Phytoplankton. In: Karl, H.A., Chin, J.L., Ueber, E., Stauffer, P.H., Hendley III, J.W. (Eds.), Beyond the Golden Gate-Oceanography, Geology, Biology and Environmental Issues in the Gulf of the Farallones. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1198, pp. 123-132.
107. Lapointe B.E. Simultaneous top-down and bottom-up forces control macroalgal blooms on coral reefs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44 (1999) 1586-1592
108. Lapointe B.E., Barile P.J., Yentsch C.S., Littler M.M., Littler D.S., and Kakuk B. The relative importance of nutrient enrichment and herbivory on macroalgal communities near Norman's Pond Cay, Exumas Cays, Bahamas: a "natural" enrichment experiment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 298 (2004) 275-301
109. LaRoche J., Nuzzi R., Waters R., Wyman K., Falkowski P.G., and Wallace D.W.R. Brown tide blooms in Long Island's coastal waters linked to interannual variability in groundwater flow. Global Change Biol. 3 (1997) 397-410
110. Lechat I., Partenski F., and Chungue E. Gambierdiscus toxicus: culture and toxin production. In: Delesalle B., Galzin R., and Salvat B. (Eds). Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress. Tahiti, Antenne Museum-EPHE, Moorea (French Polynesia) (1985) 443-448
111. Lehman P.W., Boyer G., Hall C., Waller S., and Gehrts K. Distribution and toxicity of a new colonial Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in San Francisco Bay Estuary, California. Hydrobiology 541 (2005) 87-99
112. Lewitus A., Brock L.M., Burke M.K., DeMattio K.A.S., and Wilde S.B. Lagoonal stormwater detention ponds as promoters of harmful algal blooms and eutrophication along the South Carolina coast. Harmful Algae 8 (2008) 60-65
113. Lewitus A.J., Burkholder J.M., Glasgow Jr. H.B., Glibert P.M., Willis B.M., and Hayes K.C. Mixotrophy and nitrogen uptake by Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 35 (1999) 1430-1437
114. Lewitus A.J., Glasgow H.B., and Burkholder J.M. Kleptoplastidy in the toxic dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida. J. Phycol. 35 (1999) 303-312
115. Lewitus A.J., Schmidt L.B., Mason L.J., Kempton J.W., Wilde S.B., Wolny J.L., Williams B.J., Hayes K.C., Hymel S.N., Keppler C.J., and Ringwood A.H. Harmful algal blooms in South Carolina residential and golf course ponds. Popul. Environ. 24 (2003) 387-413
116. Li Y., and Smayda T.J. Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae): on prediction of the week of bloom initiation and maximum during the initial pulse of its bimodal bloom cycle in Narragansett Bay. Plankton Biol. Ecol. 47 (2000) 80-84
117. Lomas M.W., Glibert P.M., and Berg G.M. Characterization of nitrogen uptake by natural populations of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Chrysophyceae) as a function of incubation duration, substrate concentration, light, and temperature. J. Phycol. 32 (1996) 907-916
118. Lomas M.W., Kana T.M., MacIntyre H.L., Cornwell J.C., Nuzzi R., and Waters R. Inter-annual variability of Aureococcus anophagefferens in Quantuck Bay, Long Island: natural test of the DON hypothesis. Harmful Algae 3 (2004) 389-402
119. Love R.C., Loder T.C., and Keafer B.A. Nutrient conditions during Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the western Gulf of Maine, USA. Deep-Sea Res. II 52 (2005) 2450-2466
120. Lund, E.J., 1936. Some facts relating to the occurrences of dead and dying fish on the Texas Coast during June, July, and August 1935. In: Annual Report of the Texas Game, Fish, and Oyster Commission (1934-35), Austin, pp. 47-50.
121. MacIntyre H.L., Lomas M.W., Cornwell J., Suggett D.J., Gobler C.J., Koch E.W., and Kana T.M. Mediation of benthic-pelagic coupling by microphytobenthos: an energy- and material-based model for initiation of blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens. Harmful Algae 3 (2004) 403-437
122. Mackas D.L., and Harrison P.J. Nitrogenous nutrient sources and sinks in the Juan de Fuca Strait/Strait of Georgia/Puget Sound Estuarine System: assessing the potential for eutrophication. Est. Coastal Shelf Sci. 44 (1997) 1-21
123. Magaña H.A., Contreras C., and Villareal T.A. A historical assessment of Karenia brevis in the western Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae 2 (2003) 163-171
124. Mallin M.A. Impacts of industrial-scale swine and poultry production on rivers and estuaries. Am. Sci. 88 (2000) 26-37
125. Mallin M.A., and Cahoon L.B. Industrialized animal production-a major source of nutrient and microbial pollution to aquatic ecosystems. Popul. Environ. 24 (2003) 369-385
126. Marshall H.G., Burchardt L., and Lacouture R. A review of phytoplankton composition within Chesapeake Bay and its tidal estuaries. J. Plankton Res. 27 (2005) 1083-1102
127. Marshall H.G., Egerton T., Burchardt L., Cerbin S., and Kokocinski M. Long-term monitoring results of harmful algal populations in Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries in Virginia, U.S.A. Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud. 34 (2005) 35-41
128. Marshall H.G., Hargraves P.E., Burkholder J.M., Parrow M.W., Elbrächter M., Allen E.H., Knowlton V.M., Rublee P.A., Hynes W.L., Egerton T.A., Remington D.L., Wyatt K.B., Lewitus A.J., and Henrich V.C. Taxonomy of Pfiesteria (Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae 5 (2006) 481-496
129. Martorano, C.D., 1997. Nutrient Dynamics During Blooms of Alexandrium spp. in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. MS Thesis. Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 132 pp.
130. Moeller P.D.R., Beauchesne K.R., Huncik K.M., Davis W.C., Christopher S.J., Riggs-Gelasco P., and Gelasco A. Metal complexes and free radical toxins produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 1166-1172
131. Mulholland M.R., Bernhardt P.W., Heil C.A., Bronk D.A., and O'Neil J.M. Nitrogen fixation and rate of release of fixed nitrogen by Trichodesmium spp. in the Gulf of Mexico. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51 (2006) 1762-1776
132. Mulholland M.R., Gobler C.J., and Lee C. Peptide hydrolysis, amino acid oxidation, and nitrogen uptake in communities seasonally dominated by Aureococcus anophagefferens. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 (2002) 1094-1108
133. Nishitani L., and Chew K. PSP toxins in the Pacific Coast states: monitoring programs and effects on bivalve industries. J. Shellfish Res. 7 (1988) 653-669
134. Nuzzi R., and Waters R.A. Long-term perspective on the dynamics of brown tide blooms in Long Island Coastal Bays. Harmful Algae 3 (2004) 279-293
135. Okaichi T. Red tides in the Seto Inland Sea. In: Okaichi T., and Yanagi Y. (Eds). Sustainable Development in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan-From the Viewpoint of Fisheries (1997), Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo, Japan 251-304
136. Pan Y., Subba Rao D.V., and Mann K.H. Changes in domoic acid production and cellular chemical composition of the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries under phosphate limitation. J. Phycol. 32 (1996) 371-381
137. Pan Y., Subba Rao D.V., Mann K.H., Brown R.G., and Pocklington R. Effects of silicate limitation on production of domoic acid, a neurotoxin, by the diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries (Hasle). I. Batch culture studies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 131 (1996) 225-233
138. Parrow M.W., Burkholder J.M., Deamer N.J., and Zhang C. Vegetative and sexual reproduction in Pfiesteria spp. (Dinophyceae) cultured with algal prey, and inferences for their classification. Harmful Algae 1 (2002) 5-33
139. Parsons M.L., Dortch Q., and Turner R.E. Sedimentological evidence of an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) abundance in response to coastal eutrophication. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 (2002) 551-558
140. Parsons M.L., and Preskitt L.B. A survey of epiphytic dinoflagellates from the coastal waters of the island of Hawaii. Harmful Algae 6 (2007) 658-669
141. Parsons M.L., Walsh W.J., Settlemier C.J., White D.J., Ballauer J.M., Ayotte P.M., Osada K.M., and Carman B. A multivariate assessment of the coral ecosystem health of two embayments on the lee of the island of Hawaii. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 56 (2008) 1138-1149
142. Phlips E.J., Badylak S., and Lynch T.C. Blooms of the picoplanktonic cyanobacterium Synechococcus in Florida Bay, a subtropical inner-shelf lagoon. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44 (1999) 1166-1175
143. Popels L.C., Coyne K.J., Forbes R., Pustizzi F., Gobler C.J., Cary S.C., and Hutchins D.A. The use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection and enumeration of the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens in environmental samples along the United States East Coast. Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth. 1 (2003) 92-102
144. Portnoy J.W., Nowicki B.L., Roman C.T., and Urish D.W. The discharge of nitrate-contaminated groundwater from developed shoreline to marsh-fringed estuary. Water Resour. Res. 34 11 (1998) 3095-3104
145. Poulton N.J., Keafer B.A., and Anderson D.M. Toxin variability in natural populations of Alexandrium fundyense in Casco Bay, Maine-evidence of nitrogen limitation. Deep-Sea Res. II 52 19-21 (2005) 2501-2521
146. Price D.W., Kizer K.W., and Hansgen K.H. California's paralytic shellfish poisoning prevention program, 1927-1989. J. Shellfish Res. 10 (1991) 119-145
147. Procise, L.A., Mulholland, M.R., submitted for publication. Grazing by recent isolated and natural populations of Karenia brevis from the Gulf of Mexico on Synechococcus. Aquatic Microbial Ecology.
148. Randall J.E. A review of ciguatera, tropical fish poisoning with a tentative explanation of its cause. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 8 (1958) 236-267
149. Rensel, J.E., 1991. Phytoplankton and Nutrient Studies Near Salmon Net-Pens at Squaxin Island, Washington. Technical Appendices of Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement: Fish Culture in Floating Net-Pens. Prepared by Parametrix, Battelle Northwest Laboratories and Rensel Associates for the State of Washington Departments of Ecology, Fisheries and Natural Resources, 161 pp. and appendices.
150. Rensel J.E. Factors controlling paralytic shellfish poisoning in Puget Sound. J. Shellfish Res. 12 2 (1993) 371-376
151. Rensel J.E. Harmful algal blooms and finfish resources in Puget Sound. In: Robichaud E. (Ed). Puget Sound Research Volume 1 (1995), Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, Olympia, Washington pp. 442-429
152. Rensel, J.E., 2007. Fish Kills from the Harmful Alga Heterosigma akashiwo in Puget Sound: Recent Blooms and Review. Prepared by Rensel Associates Aquatic Sciences for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research (CSCOR). Washington, D.C., 58 pp. (http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=39383&pt=2&p=29109; http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=39383&pt=2&p=29109).
153. Riley, G.A., 1967. The plankton of estuaries. In: Lauff, G.H. (Ed.), Estuaries. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Publ. 83, Washington, D.C., pp. 316-326.
154. Rothenberger, M.B., 2007. Long-term Impacts of Changing Land-use Practices on Water Quality and Phytoplankton Assemblages in the Neuse Estuary Ecosystem, North Carolina. PhD Dissertation. Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
155. Rothenberger, M.B., Burkholder, J.M., Brownie, C., in press. Long-term effects of changing land use practices on surface water quality in a coastal river and lagoonal estuary. Environ. Manage.
156. Rothschild B.J., Ault J.S., Goulletquer P., and Heral M. The decline of the Chesapeake Bay oyster population: a century of habitat destruction and overfishing. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111 1-2 (1994) 29-39
157. Rue E., and Bruland K. Domoic acid binds iron and copper: a possible role for the toxin produced by the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. Mar. Chem. 76 (2001) 127-134
158. [SAIC] Science Applications International Corp., 1986. Recommended Interim Guidelines for the Management of Salmon Net-Pen Culture in Puget Sound. Washington Department of Energy 87-5, Ecology No. C-0087110, Olympia, WA, 48 pp.
159. Schnetzer A., Miller P.E., Schaffner R.A., Stauffer B.A., Jones B.H., Weisberg S.B., DiGiacomo P.M., Berlson W.M., and Caron D.A. Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid in the San Pedro Channel and Los Angeles harbor areas of the southern California Bight, 2003-2004. Harmful Algae 6 (2007) 372-387
160. Scholin C.A., Gulland F., Doucette G.J., Benson S., Busman M., Chavez F.P., Cordaro J., DeLong R., De Vogelaere A., Harvey J., Haulena M., Lefebvre K., Lipscomb T., and Van Dolah F.M. Mortality of sea lions along the central California Coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature 403 (2000) 80-84
161. Seitzinger S.P., Harrison J.A., Dumont E., Beusen A.H.W., and Bouwman A.F. Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous to the coastal zone: an overview of global nutrient export from watersheds (NEWS) models and their application. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19 (2005) GB4S09
162. Smayda T.J. Primary production and the global epidemic of phytoplankton blooms in the sea: a linkage?. In: Cosper E.M., Carpenter E.J., and Bricelj M. (Eds). Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tide and Other Unusual Blooms (1989), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 213-228
163. Smith J.E., Smith C.M., and Hunter C.L. An experimental analysis of the effects of herbivory and nutrient enrichment on benthic community dynamics on a Hawaiian reef. Coral Reefs 19 (2001) 332-342
164. Smith R.L. The physical processes of coastal ocean upwelling systems. In: Summerhayes C.P., Emeis K.-C., Angel M.V., Smith R.L., and Zeitzschel B. (Eds). Upwelling in the Ocean: Modern Processes and Ancient Records (1992), John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 39-64
165. Sperr A.E., and Doucette G.J. Variation in growth rate and ciguatera toxin production among geographically distinct isolates of Gambierdiscus toxicus. In: Yasumoto T., Oshima Y., and Fukuyo Y. (Eds). Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms (1996), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 309-312
166. Springer J.J., Burkholder J.M., Glasgow H.B., Glibert P.M., and Reed R.E. Use of a real-time monitoring network (RTRM) and shipboard sampling to characterize a dinoflagellate bloom in the Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, U.S.A. Harmful Algae 4 (2005) 553-574
167. Steel, J. (Ed.), 1991. Status and Trends Report of the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study. NC DEHNR and U.S. EPA National Estuarine Program, Raleigh.
168. Stoecker D.K. Mixotrophy among dinoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46 (1999) 397-401
169. Tango, P., Butler, W., Wazniak, C., 2004. Assessment of harmful algae bloom species in the Maryland Coastal Bays. In: Wazniak, C., Hall, M. (Eds.), Maryland's Coastal Bays Ecosystem Health Assessment 2004. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/coastalbays/sob_2004.html.
170. Tango P.J., Magnien R., Butler W., Luckett C., Luckenbach M., Lacouture R., and Poukish C. Impacts and potential effects due to Prorocentrum minimum blooms in Chesapeake Bay. Harmful Algae 4 3 (2005) 525-531
171. Tester P.A., and Steidinger K.A. Gymnodinium breve red tide blooms: initiation, transport, and consequences of surface circulation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42 (1997) 1039-1051
172. Thessen A., and Stoecker D. Distribution, abundance, and domoic acid analysis of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia from the Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. Coasts (2008) 10.1007/s12237-008-9053-8
173. Tosteson T.R., Ballantine D.L., Tosteson C.G., Bardales A.T., Durst H.D., and Higerd T.B. Comparative toxicity of Gambierdiscus toxicus, Ostreopsis cf. lenticularis, and associated microflora. Mar. Fish. Rev. 48 (1986) 57-59
174. Townsend D.W. Sources and cycling of nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine. J. Mar. Syst. 16 (1998) 283-295
175. Townsend D.W., Pettigrew N.R., and Thomas A.C. On the nature of Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the Gulf of Maine. Deep-Sea Res. II 52 (2005) 2603-2630
176. Townsend D.W., Thomas A.C., Mayer L.M., Thomas M., and Quinlan J. Oceanography of the Northwest Atlantic Continental Shelf. In: Robinson A.R., and Brink K.H. (Eds). The Sea, Vol. 14A (2006), Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 119-168
177. Trainer V.L., Adams N.G., Bill B.D., Anulacion B.F., and Wekell J.C. Concentration and dispersal of a Pseudo-nitzschia bloom in Penn Cove, Washington, USA. Nat. Toxins 6 (1998) 1-13
178. Trainer V.L., and Bill B.D. Characterization of a domoic acid binding site from Pacific razor clam. Aquat. Toxicol. 69 (2004) 125-132
179. Trainer V.L., Adams N.G., Bill B.D., Stehr C.M., and Wekell J.C. Domoic acid production near California coastal upwelling zones, June 1998. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45 (2000) 1818-1833
180. Trainer V.L., Cochlan W.P., Erickson A., Bill B.D., Cox F.H., Borchert J.A., and Lefebvre K.A. Recent domoic acid closures of shellfish harvest areas in Washington State inland waterways. Harmful Algae 6 (2007) 449-459
181. Trainer V.L., Eberhart B.-T.L., Wekell J.C., Adams N.A., Hanson L., Cox F., and Dowell J. Paralytic shellfish toxins in Puget Sound, Washington State. J. Shellfish Res. 22 1 (2003) 213-224
182. Trainer V.L., Hickey B.M., and Horner R.A. Biological and physical dynamics of domoic acid production off the Washington U.S.A. Coast. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 (2002) 1438-1446
183. Trebatoski, B., 1988. Observations on the 1986-1987 Texas Red Tides Ptychodiscus brevis. Rep. 88-02. Tex Water Comm., Austin, TX, 48 pp.
184. Trice T.M., Glibert P.M., Lea C., and Van Heukelem L. HPLC pigment records provide evidence of past blooms of Aureococcus anophagefferens in the Coastal Bays of Maryland and Virginia, USA. Harmful Algae 3 (2004) 295-304
185. Turner R.E., and Rabalais N.N. Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi river delta. Nature 368 (1994) 619-621
186. Turner R.E., Rabalais N.N., Fry B., Atilla N., Milan C.S., Lee J.M., Normandeau C., Oswald T.A., Swenson E.M., and Tomasko D.A. Paleo-indicators and water quality change in the Charlotte Harbor Estuary (Florida). Limnol. Oceanogr. 51 (2006) 518-533
187. Tyler M.A., and Seliger H.H. Annual subsurface transport of a red tide dinoflagellate to its bloom area: water circulation patterns and organism distributions in the Chesapeake Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23 (1978) 227-246
188. Vargo G.A., and Shanley E. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the red tide dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis. PSZN I: Mar. Ecol. 6 (1985) 251-262
189. Vargo G.A., Heil C.A., Ault D.N., Neely M.B., Murasko S., Havens J., Lester K.M., Dixon L.K., Merkt R., Walsh J., Weisberg R., and Steidinger K.A. Four Karenia brevis blooms: a comparative analysis. In: Steidinger K.A., Landsberg J.H., Tomas C.R., and Vargo G.A. (Eds). Harmful Algae 2002. Proceedings of the X International Conference on Harmful Algae. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris (2004) 14-16
190. Vargo G.A., Heil C.A., Fanning K.A., Dixon L.K., Neely M.B., Lester K., Ault D., Murasko S., Havens J., Walsh J., and Bell S. Nutrient availability in support of Karenia brevis blooms on the central West Florida Shelf: what keeps Karenia blooming?. Cont. Shelf Res. 28 (2008) 73-98 10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.008
191. Villareal T.A., Brainard M.A., and McEachron L.W. Gymnodinium breve (Dinophyceae) in the western Gulf of Mexico: resident versus advected populations as a seed stock for blooms. In: Hallegraeff G.M., Blackburn S.I., Bolch C.J., and Lewis R.J. (Eds). Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. Paris (2001), Intergovenrmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 153-156
192. Walsh J.J., and Steidinger K.A. Saharan dust and Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 11597-11612
193. Walsh J.J., Jolliff J.K., Darrow B.P., Lenes J.M., Milroy S.P., Dieterle D.A., Carder K.L., Chen F.R., Vargo G.A., Weisberg R.H., Fanning K.A., Muller-Karger F.E., Steidinger K.A., Heil C.A., Prospero J.S., Lee T.N., Kirkpatrick G.J., Whitledge T.E., Stockwell D.A., Tomas C.R., Villareal T.A., Jochens A.E., and Bontempi P.S. Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico: where, when, and why?. J. Geophys. Res. 111 (2006) C11003 doi:10.11029/2004JC002813
194. Wang S., Tang D., He F., Fukuyo Y., and Azanza R.V. Occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) associated with ocean environments in the South China Sea. Hydrobiology 596 (2008) 79-93
195. Wazniak C.E., Hall M.R., Carruthers T., Sturgis R., and Dennison W.C. Linking water quality to living resources in a mid-Atlantic Lagoon System, USA. Ecol. Appl. 17 5 (2007) S64-S78
196. Wells M.L., Trick C.G., Cochlan W.P., Hughes M.P., and Trainer V.L. Domoic acid: the synergy of iron, copper, and the toxicity of diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50 (2005) 1908-1917
197. Withers N.W. Toxin production, nutrition, and distribution of Gambierdiscus toxicus (Hawaiian strain). In: Gomez E.D. (Ed). Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium. Manila, Philippines (1981) 449-451
198. Yasumoto T., Inoue A., Ochi T., Fujimoto K., Oshima Y., Fukuyo Y., Adachi R., and Bagnis R. Environmental studies on a toxic dinoflagellate responsible for ciguatera. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46 (1980) 1397
199. Yasumoto T., Nakajima I., Bagnis R., and Adachi R. Finding of a dinoflagellate as a likely culprit of ciguatera. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43 (1977) 1021-1026
200. Zhang Y., Fu F.-X., Whereat E., Coyne K.J., and Hutchins D.A. Bottom-up controls on a mixed-species HAB assemblage: a comparison of sympatric Chattonella subsalsa and Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophytes) isolates from the Delaware Inland Bays. Harmful Algae 5 (2006) 310-320