Molecules involved in chemical defence of the chicken egg

Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg Products: Egg Chemistry, Production and Consumption

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 183-208

  Rehault Godbert S ^a   Herve Grepinet V ^b   Gautron, J ^a   Cabau, C ^a   Nys, Y ^a   Hincke, M ^c  

^a CEMAGREF   (France)

^b INSERM   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial defence; Chicken egg; Homeostasis; Stress response

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858865682     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9780857093912.2.183     Document Type: Chapter

References (112)

1. Aguilera O., Quiros.M., Fierro J.F. Transferrins selectively cause ion efflux through bacterial and artificial membranes. FEBS Lett 2003, 548:5-10.
2. Amella C.A., Sherry D., Shepp D.H., Schmidtmayerova H. Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha inhibits postentry steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection via suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP. J Virol 2005, 79:5625-5631.
3. Androlewicz M.J., Ortmann B., Vanendert P.M., Spies, Cresswell P. characteristics of peptide and major histocompatibility complex class-i beta(2)-microglobulin binding to the transporters associated with antigen-processing (Tap1 and Tap2). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:12716-12720.
4. Armstrong P.B. Proteases and protease inhibitors: a balance of activities in host-pathogen interaction. Immunobiology 2006, 211:263-281.
5. Armstrong P.B., Quigley J.P. Alpha(2)-macroglobulin: an evolutionarily conserved arm of the innate immune system. Dev Comp Immunol 1999, 23:375-390.
6. Augustin R., Siebert S., Bosch T.C.G. Identification of a kazal-type serine protease inhibitor with potent anti-staphylococcal activity as part of Hydra's innate immune system. Dev Comp Immunol 2009, 33:830-837.
7. Baron F., Gautier M., Brûle G. Rapid growth of Salmonella enteritidis in egg white econstituted from industrial egg white powder. J Food Prot 1999, 62:585-591.
8. Benarafa C., Remold-O'donnell E. The ovalbumin serpins revisited: perspective from the chicken genome of clade B serpin evolution in vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:11367-11372.
9. Bingle C.D., Craven C.J. Meet the relatives: a family of BPI- and LBP-related proteins. Trends Immunol 2004, 25:53-55.
10. Blankenvoorde M.F.J., Van't Hof W., Walgreen-Weterings E., Van Steenbergen Τ.J.M., Brand H.S., Veerman E.C., Amerongen A.V.Ν. 'Cystatin and cystatin-derived peptides have antibacterial activity against the pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biol Chem 1998, 379:1371-1375.
11. Bork P., Holm , Sander C. The immunoglobulin fold - structural classification, sequence patterns and common core. J Mol Biol 1994, 242:309-320.
12. Burns R., Maxwell M.H. Probable occurrence of IgE in the adult domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) after horse serum stimulation. Vet Res Commun 1981, 5:67-72.
13. Carrodeguas J.A., Rodolosse A., Garza M.V., Sanz-Clemente A., Pérez-Pe R., Lacosta A.M., Domínguez L., Monleon O., Sanchez-Diaz R., Sorribas V., Sarasa M. The chick embryo appears as a natural model for research in beta-amyloid precursor protein processing. Neuroscience 2005, 134:1285-1300.
14. Chen C.L., Lehmeyer J.E., Cooper M.D. Evidence for an IgD homologue on chicken lymphocytes. J Immunol 1982, 129:2580-2585.
15. Chien Y.C., Hincke M. M.D. Ultrastructure of avian eggshell during resorption following egg fertilization. J Struct Biol 2009, 168:527-538.
16. Choi., Jung C., Seog H., Choi H. Purification of phosvitin from egg yolk and determination of its physicochemical properties. Food Sci Biotechnol 2004, 13:434-437.
17. D'Alessandro A., Righetti P.G., Fasoli E., Zolla . The egg white and yolk interactomes as gleaned from extensive proteomic data. J Proteomics 2010, 73:1028-1042.
18. D'Ambrosio C., Arena S., Scaloni A., Guerrier L., Boschetti E., Mendieta M.E., Citterio A., Righetti P.G. Exploring the chicken egg white proteome with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries. J Proteome Res 2008, 7:3461-3474.
19. Dann S.M., Eckmann . Innate immune defenses in the intestinal tract. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007, 23:115-120.
20. Davalos A., Miguel M., Bartolome , Lopez-Fandino R. Antioxidant ctivity of peptides derived from egg white proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis. J Food Prot 2004, 67:1939-1944.
21. De Libero G., Collmann A., Mori. The cellular and biochemical rules of lipid antigen presentation. Eur J Immunol 2009, 39:2648-2656.
22. Deeley R.G., Mullinix Κ.Ρ., Wetekam W., Kronenberg H.M., Meyers M., Eldridge J.D., Goldberger R.F. Vitellogenin synthesis in avian liver - vitellogenin is precursor of egg-yolk phosphoproteins. J Biol Chem 1975, 250:9060-9066.
23. Den Dunnen J., Gringhuis S., Geutenbeek Τ.H. Dusting the sugar fingerprint: C-type lectin signaling in adaptive immunity. Immunol Lett 2010, 128:12-16.
24. Diao H.Y., Iwabuchi Κ., Li L.J., Onoe Κ., Van Kaer L., Kon S., Saito Y., Morimoto J., Denhardt D.T., Rittling S., Uede Τ. 'Osteopontin regulates development and function of invariant natural killer T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:15884-15889.
25. Diller R. Stress protein expression kinetics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2006, 8:403-424.
26. Dunn I.C., Wilson Ρ.W., Lua Z., Bain M.M., Crossan C.L., Talbot R.Τ., Waddington D. New hypotheses on the function of the avian shell gland derived from microarrayanalysis comparing tissue from juvenile and sexually mature hens. Gen Comp Endocrin 2009, 163:225-232.
27. Tsukada T. Protease inhibitors prevent the development of human rotavirus-induced diarrhea in suckling mice. Microbiol Immunol 1991, 35:583-588.
28. Evans E.W., Beach G.G., Wunderlich J., Harmon G. Isolation of antimicrobial peptides from avian heterophils. J Leukoc Biol 1994, 56:661-665.
29. Farinazzo A., Restuccia U., Bachi A., Guerrier L., Fortis F., Boschetti E., Fasoli E., Citterio A., Righetti P.G. Chicken egg yolk cytoplasmic proteome, mined via combinatorial peptide ligand libraries. J Chromatogr A 2009, 1216:1241-1252.
30. Feulner J.A., Lu M.F., Shelton J.M., Zhang M., Richardson J., Munford R.S. Identification of acyloxyacyl hydrolase, a lipopolysaccharide-detoxifying enzyme, in the murine urinary tract'. Infect Immun 2004, 72:3171-3178.
31. Galjart N.J., Morreau H., Willemsen R., Gillemans N., Bonten E.J., Dazzo A. Human lysosomal protective protein has cathepsin-a-like activity distinct from its protective function. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:14754-14762.
32. Gautron J., Hincke M.Τ., Nys Y. Precursor matrix proteins in the uterine fluid change with stages of eggshell formation in hens. Connect Tissue Res 1997, 36:195-210.
33. Gautron J., Hincke M.Τ, Mann K., Panheleux M., Bain M., Mckee M.D., Solomon S.E., Nys Y. Ovocalyxin-32, a novel chicken eggshell matrix protein - isolation, amino acid sequencing, cloning, and immunocytochemical localization. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:39243-39252.
34. Gautron J., Murayama E., Vignal A., Morisson M., Mckee M.D., Rehault S., Labas V., Belghazi M., Vidal M.L., Nys Γ., Hincke M.Τ. Cloning of ovocalyxin-36, a novel chicken eggshell protein related to lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins, bactericidal permeability-increasing proteins, and plunc family proteins. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:5273-5286.
35. Gong D., Wilson P.W., Bain M.M., Mcdade, Kalina J., Herve-Grepinet V., Nys Y., Dunn I.C. Gallin; an antimicrobial peptide member of a new avian defensin family, the ovodefensins, has been subject to recent gene duplication. BMC Immunol 2010, 11:12.
36. Green N.M. Avidin. Adv Protein Chem 1975, 29:85-133.
37. Guerin-Dubiard C., Pasco M., Molle D., Desert C., Croguennec Τ., Ñau F. Proteomic analysis of hen egg white. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54:3901-3910.
38. Guillemet E., Cadot C., Tran S.L., Guineb Retiere M.H., Lereclus D., Ramarao N. The InhA metalloproteases of Bacillus cereus contribute concomitantly to virulence. J Bacterio 2010, 192:286-294.
39. Hailman E., Lichenstein H., WÜrfel M.M., Zukowski M.M., Wright S.D. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein accelerates the binding of LPS to CD14. Faseb J 1994, 8:A316.
40. Halaby D.M., Mornon J.P.E. The immunoglobulin superfamily: an insight on its tissular, species, and functional diversity. J Mol Evol 1998, 46:389-400.
41. Hamal R., Burgess S.C., Pevzner I.Y., Erf G.F. Maternal antibody transfer from dams to their egg yolks, egg whites, and chicks in meat lines of chickens. Poult Sci 2006, 85:1364-1372.
42. Hancock R.E.W. Peptide antibiotics. Lancet 1997, 349:418-422.
43. Herve-Grepinet V., Rehault-Godbert S., Labas V., Magallon T., Derache C., La Verone M., Gautron J., Nys Y. Purification and characterization of the avian beta-defensin 11 (AvBD11): a new antimicrobial peptide in the egg. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 54:4401-4409.
44. Hincke M.Τ., Tsang C.P.W., Courtney M., Hill V., Narbaitz R. Purification and immunochemistry of a soluble matrix protein of the chicken eggshell (ovocleidin-17). Calcif Tissue Int 1995, 56:578-583.
45. Hincke M.Τ., Gautron J., Panheleux M., Garcia-Ruiz J., Mckee M.D., Nys Y. Identification and localization of lysozyme as a component of the eggshell membranes and shell matrix. Matrix Biol 2000, 19:443-453.
46. Hsieh C.S., Deroos P., Honey , Beers C., Rudensky A.Y. A role for cathepsin L and cathepsin S in peptide generation for MHC class II presentation. J Immunol 2002, 168:2618-2625.
47. Hutloff A., Dittrich A.M., Beier Κ.C., Euaschewitsch , Kraft R., Anagnostopoulos I., Kroczek R.A. ICOS is an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28. Nature 1999, 397:263-266.
48. Ibrahim H.R., Sugimoto Y., Aoki Τ. Ovotransferrin antimicrobial peptide (OTAP-92) kills bacteria through a membrane damage mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000, 1523:196-205.
49. Ibrahim H.R., Hoq M.I., Aoki Τ. Ovotransferrin possesses SOD-like superoxide anion scavenging activity that is promoted by copper and manganese binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2007, 41:631-640.
50. Ishikawa S., Yano Y., Arihara , Itoh M. Egg yolk phosvitin inhibits hydroxyl radical formation from the Fenton reaction. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004, 68:1324-1331.
51. Jonchere V., Rehault-Godbert S., Hennequet-Antier C., Cabali C., Sibut V., Cogburn L.A., Nys Y., Gautron J. Gene expression profiling to identify eggshell proteins involved in physical defense of the chicken egg. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:57.
52. Karim A.Y., Kulczycka M., Kantyka Τ., Dubin G., Jaba Iah A., Daugherty Ρ.S., Thogersen I., Enghild J.J., Nguyen A., Potempa J. A novel matrix metalloprotease-like enzyme (karilysin) of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia ATCC 43037. Biol Chem 2010, 391:105-117.
53. Kasinsky H.E., Lewis J.D., Dacks J., Ausio J. Origin of H1 linker histones. Faseb J 2001, 15:34-42.
54. Kobayashi , Hattori M., Hara-Kudo Y., Okubo T., Yamamoto S., Takita Τ., Sugita-Konishi Y. Glycopeptide derived from hen egg ovomucin has the ability to bind enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52:5740-5746.
55. Koo Y.S., Kim J.M., Park I.Y., Yu J., Jang S.A., Kím S., Park C., Cho J.H., Kím S.C. Structure-activity relations of parasin I, a histone H2A-derived antimicrobial peptide. Peptides 2008, 29:1102-1108.
56. Korant D., Brzin J., Turk V. Cystatin, a protein inhibitor of cysteine proteases alters viral protein cleavages in infected human-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985, 127:1072-1076.
57. Koskela , Kohonen Ρ., Salminen H., Uchida Τ., Buerstedde J.M., Lassila. Identification of a novel cytokine-like transcript differentially expressed in avian gamma delta T cells. Immunogenetics 2004, 55:845-854.
58. Kulkarni M.M., Mcmaster W.R., Kamysz E., Kamysz W., Engman D.M., Mcgwire S. The major surface-metalloprotease of the parasitic protozoan, Leishmania, protects against antimicrobial peptide-induced apoptotic killing. Mol Microbiol 2006, 62:1484-1497.
59. Lakshminarayanan R., Kini R.M., Valiyaveettil S. Investigation of the role of ansocalcin in the biomineralization in goose eggshell matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:5155-5159.
60. Lakshminarayanan R., Valiyaveettil S., Rao V.S., Kini R.M. Purification, characterization, and in vitro mineralization studies of a novel goose eggshell matrix protein, ansocalcin. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:2928-2936.
61. Lakshminarayanan R., Joseph J.S., Kini R.M., Valiyaveettil S. Structure-function relationship of avian eggshell matrix proteins: a comparative study of two major eggshell matrix proteins, ansocalcin and OC-17. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6:741-751.
62. Landon C., Thouzeau C., Labbe H., Bulet P., Vovelle F. Solution structure of spheniscin, a beta-defensin from the penguin stomach. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:3043330439.
63. La Vélin I., Yarden Ν., Ben-Bassat S., Bar A., Pines M. Regulation of osteopontin gene expression during egg shell formation in the laying hen by mechanical strain. Matrix Biology 1998, 17:615-623.
64. Lavric M., Maughan M.Ν., Bliss Τ.W., Dohms J.E., Bencina D., Keeler C.L., Narat M. Gene expression modulation in chicken macrophages exposed to Mycoplasma synoviae or Escherichia colf. Vet Microbiol 2008, 126:111-121.
65. Lebeurrier N., Liot G., Lopez-Atalaya J.P., Orset C., Fernandez-Monreal M., Sonderegger P., Ali C., Vivien D. The brain-specific tissue-type plasminogen activator inhibitor, neuroserpin, protects neurons against excitotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005, 30:552-558.
66. Lehrer R.I., Barton A., Daher A., Harwig S.S., Ganz Τ., Selsted M.E. Interaction of human defensins with Escherichia coli. Mechanism of bactericidal activity. J Clin Invest 1989, 84:553-561.
67. Li X.C., Wang X.W., Wang Z.H., Zhao X.F., Wang J.X. A three-domain Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor exhibiting domain inhibitory and bacteriostatic activities from freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Dev Comp Immunol 2009, 33:1229-1238.
68. Liao W., Ma D., Han Z., Liu S. Expression of recombinant chicken avian beta-defensin 10 in E. coli and determination of its antimicrobial activity. Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao/Chin J Prevent Vet Med 2008, 30:765-769. 789.
69. Lu C., Baker R.C. Characteristics of egg-yolk phosvitin as an antioxidant for inhibiting metal-catalyzed phospholipid oxidations. Poult Sci 1986, 65:2065-2070.
70. Hendershot M. ER chaperone functions during normal and stress conditions. J Chem Neuroanat 2004, 28:51-65.
71. Maclachlan I., Nimpf J., Schneider W.J. Avian riboflavin binding-protein binds to lipoprotein receptors in association with vitellogenin. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:24127-24132.
72. Mageed A.M., Isobe N., Yoshimura Y. Expression of avian beta-defensins in the oviduct and effects of lipopolysaccharide on their expression in the vagina of hens. Poult Sci 2008, 87:979-984.
73. Mann The chicken egg white proteome. Proteomics 2007, 7:3558-3568.
74. Mann Proteomic analysis of the chicken egg vitelline membrane. Proteomics 2008, 8:2322-2332.
75. Mann, Mann M. The chicken egg yolk plasma and granule proteomes. Proteomics 2008, 8:178-191.
76. Mann, Siedler F. The amino acid sequence of ovocleidin 17, a major protein of the avian eggshell calcified layer. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1999, 47:997-1007.
77. Mann , Siedler F. Ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggshell matrix contains two different C-type lectin-like proteins. Isolation, amino acid sequence, and posttranslational modifications. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004, 1696:41-50.
78. Mann, Siedler F. Amino acid sequences and phosphorylation sites of emu and rhea eggshell C-type lectin-like proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006, 143:160-170.
79. Mann, Macek , Olsen J.V. Proteomic analysis of the acid-soluble organic matrix of the chicken calcified eggshell layer. Proteomics 2006, 6:3801-3810.
80. Miyagawa S., Ramata R., Matsumoto , Okamura R., Maeda H. Inhibitory effects of ovomacroglobulin on bacterial keratitis in rabbits. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991, 229:81-286.
81. Molla A., Matsumura Γ., Yamamoto Τ., Okamura R., Maeda H. Pathogenic capacity of proteases from Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their suppression by chicken egg-white ovomacroglobulin. Infect Immun 1987, 55:2509-2517.
82. Morrison S., Mohammed M.S., Wims .A., Trinh R., Etches R. Sequences in antibody molecules important for receptor-mediated transport into the chicken egg yolk. Mol Immunol 2002, 38:619-625.
83. Nagai Y., Shimazu R., Ogata H., Akashi S., Sudo , Yamasaki H., Hayashi S.I., Iwakura Y., Kimoto M., Miyaké Requirement for MD-1 in cell surface expression of RP105/ CD180 and B-cell responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. Blood 2002, 99:1699-1705.
84. Nash J.A., Ballard Τ.N., Weaver Τ.E., Akinbi H.Τ. The peptidoglycan-degrading property of lysozyme is not required for bactericidal activity in vivo. J Immunol 2006, 177:519-526.
85. 2+-binding protein. calbindin-d(28k), in the yolk-sac', Dev Biol 1991, 144:167-176.
86. Park C., S., Matsuzaki , Kim M.S., Kím S.C. Structure-activity analysis of buforin II, a histone H2A-derived antimicrobial peptide: The proline hinge is responsible for the cell-penetrating ability of buforin II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:8245-8250.
87. Pazgier M., Hoover D.M., Yang D., Lu W., Lubkowski J. Human beta-defensins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006, 63:1294-1313.
88. Pilon M., Gautron J., Nys Y., Hincke M.Τ. 'Cloning of a hen protein is related to mammalian lipopolysaccharide-binding and lipid transfer proteins', Proceedings of XXI World's Poultry Congress, Aug 20-24, 2000 2000, Montreal, Canada.
89. Remold-O'donnell E. The ovalbumin family of serpin proteins. FEBSLett 1993, 315:105-108.
90. Reyes-Grajeda J.P., Moreno A., Romero A. Crystal structure of ovocleidin-17, a major protein of the calcified Gallus gallus eggshell - Implications in the calcite mineral growth pattern. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:40876-40881.
91. Rose M.H., Hincke M.Τ. Protein constituents of the eggshell: eggshell-specific matrix proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009, 66:2707-2719.
92. Sakanaka S., Tachibana Γ., Ishihara N., Juneja .R. Antioxidant activity of egg-yolk protein hydrolysates in a linoleic acid oxidation system. Food Chem 2004, 86:99-103.
93. Schumann R.R., Leong S.R., Flaggs G.W., Gray P.W., Wright S.D., Mathison J.C., Tobias P.S., Ulevitch R.J. Structure and function of lipopolysaccharide binding-protein. Science 1990, 249:1429-1431.
94. Serveau C., Lalmanach G., Juliano M.A., Scharfstein J., Juliano L., Gauthier F. Investigation of the substrate specificity of cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase of Trypanosoma cruzi, through the use of cystatin-derived substrates and inhibitors. Biochem J 1996, 313:951-956.
95. Silphaduang U., Hincke M.Τ., Nys Y., Mine Y. Antimicrobial proteins in chicken reproductive system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 340:648-655.
96. Silverman G.A., Bird P.I., Carrell R.W., Church F.C., Coughlin P., Gettins P.G.W., Irving J.A., Lomas D.A., Luke C.J., Pemberton P.A., Remold-O' Donnell E., Salvesen G.S., Travis J., Whisstock J.C. The serpins are an expanding superfamily of structurally similar but functionally diverse proteins - evolution, mechanism of inhibition, novel functions, and a revised nomenclature. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:33293-33296.
97. Sugiarto H., Yu P. Avian antimicrobial peptides: the defense role of beta-defensins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004, 323:721-727.
98. Supuran C.Τ., Scozzafava A., Clare W. Bacterial protease inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2002, 22:329-372.
99. Tian X., Gautron J., Monget P., Pascal G. What makes an egg unique? - The clue from evolutionary scenarios of egg-specific genes. Biol Reprod 2010, 83:893-900.
100. Valenti P., Antonini G., Von Hunolstein C., Visca P., Orsi N., Antonini E. Studies of the antimicrobial activity of ovotransferrin. Int J Tissue React 1983, 5:97-105.
101. Van Dijk A., Veldhuizen E.J.A., Kalkhove S.I.C., Tjeerdsma-Van Bokhoven J.L.M., Romijn R.A., Haagsman H.P. The beta-defensin gallinacin-6 is expressed in the chicken digestive tract and has antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chem 2007, 51:912-922.
102. Verdot , Lalmanach G., Vercruysse V., Hoebeke J., Gauthier F., Vray . Chicken cystatin stimulates nitric oxide release from interferon-gamma-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages via cytokine synthesis. Eur J Biochem 1999, 266:1111-1117.
103. Vieira A.V., Schneider W.J. Transport and uptake of retinol during chicken oocyte growth. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1169:250-256.
104. Wellman-Labadie O., Picman J., Hincke M.Τ. Avian antimicrobial proteins: structure, distribution and activity. Worlds Poult Sci J 2007, 63:421-438.
105. Wellman-Labadie , Lakshminarayanan R., Hincke M.Τ. Antimicrobial properties of avian eggshell-specific C-type lectin-like proteins. Febs Lett 2008, 582:699-704.
106. Wesierska E., Saleh Y., Trziszka T., Kopec W., Siewinski M., Korzekwa . Antimicrobial activity of chicken egg white cystatin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 21:59-64.
107. West A.P., Herr A., Bjorkman P.J. The chicken yolk sac IgY receptor, a functional equivalent of the mammalian MHC-related Fc receptor, is a phospholipase A2 receptor homolog. Immunity 2004, 20:601-610.
108. Wheeler Τ.Τ., Hood A., Maqbool Ν.J., Mcewan J.C., Bingle C.D., Zhao S.Y. Expansion of the bactericidal/permeability increasing-like (BPI-like) protein locus in cattle. BMC Genomics 2007, 8:75.
109. Wölpe S.D., Cerami A. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 and protein-2 -members of a novel superfamily of cytokines. Faseb J 1989, 3:2565-2573.
110. Xing J., Wellman-Labadie O., Gautron J., Hincke M.Τ. Recombinant eggshell ovocalyxin-32: expression, purification and biological activity of the glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007, 147:172-177.
111. Yan R.T., Wang S.Z. Identification and characterization of tenp, a gene transiently expressed before overt cell differentiation during neurogenesis. J Neurobiol 1998, 34:319-328.
112. Yepes M., Lawrence D.A. Neuroserpin: a selective inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator in the central nervous system. Thromb Haemost 2004, 91:457-464.