GATA4 in Heart Development and Disease

Heart Development and Regeneration

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 599-616

  Nemer, Georges ^a,b   Nemer, Mona ^c  

^a CLIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

^b AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858856836     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381332-9.00027-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Arceci R.J., King A.A., Simon M.C., Orkin S.H., Wilson D.B. Mouse GATA-4: a retinoic acid-inducible GATA-binding transcription factor expressed in endodermally derived tissues and heart. Mol. Cell Biol. 1993, 13:2235-2246.
2. Aries A., Paradis P., Lefebvre C., Schwartz R.J., Nemer M. Essential role of GATA-4 in cell survival and drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:6975-6980.
3. Bhalla S.S., Robitaille L., Nemer M. Cooperative activation by GATA-4 and YY1 of the cardiac B-type natriuretic peptide promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:11439-11445.
4. Bisping E., Ikeda S., Kong S.W., Tarnavski O., Bodyak N., McMullen J.R., Rajagopal S., Son J.K., Ma Q., Springer Z., Kang P.M., Izumo S., Pu W.T. Gata4 is required for maintenance of postnatal cardiac function and protection from pressure overload-induced heart failure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:14471-14476.
5. Brewer A., Gove C., Davies A., McNulty C., Barrow D., Koutsourakis M., Farzaneh F., Pizzey J., Bomford A., Patient R. The human and mouse GATA-6 genes utilize two promoters and two initiation codons. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:38004-38016.
6. Brewer A., Nemer G., Gove C., Rawlins F., Nemer M., Patient R., Pizzey J. Widespread expression of an extended peptide sequence of GATA-6 during murine embryogenesis and non-equivalence of RNA and protein expression domains. Mech. Dev. 2002, 119(Suppl. 1):S121-S129.
7. Broitman-Maduro G., Maduro M.F., Rothman J.H. The noncanonical binding site of the MED-1 GATA factor defines differentially regulated target genes in the C. elegans mesendoderm. Dev. Cell 2005, 8:427-433.
8. Brown C.O., Chi X., Garcia-Gras E., Shirai M., Feng X.H., Schwartz R.J. The cardiac determination factor, Nkx2-5, is activated by mutual cofactors GATA-4 and Smad1/4 via a novel upstream enhancer. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:10659-10669.
9. Chang D.F., Belaguli N.S., Iyer D., Roberts W.B., Wu S.P., Dong X.R., Marx J.G., Moore M.S., Beckerle M.C., Majesky M.W., Schwartz R.J. Cysteine-rich LIM-only proteins CRP1 and CRP2 are potent smooth muscle differentiation cofactors. Dev. Cell 2003, 4:107-118.
10. Charron F., Paradis P., Bronchain O., Nemer G., Nemer M. Cooperative interaction between GATA-4 and GATA-6 regulates myocardial gene expression. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19:4355-4365.
11. Charron F., Tsimiklis G., Arcand M., Robitaille L., Liang Q., Molkentin J.D., Meloche S., Nemer M. Tissue-specific GATA factors are transcriptional effectors of the small GTPase RhoA. Genes Dev. 2001, 15:2702-2719.
12. Crispino J.D., Lodish M.B., Thurberg B.L., Litovsky S.H., Collins T., Molkentin J.D., Orkin S.H. Proper coronary vascular development and heart morphogenesis depend on interaction of GATA-4 with FOG cofactors. Genes Dev. 2001, 15:839-844.
13. Dai Y.S., Markham B.E. p300 Functions as a coactivator of transcription factor gata-4. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:37178-37185.
14. Dodou E., Verzi M.P., Anderson J.P., Xu S.M., Black B.L. Mef2c is a direct transcriptional target of ISL1 and GATA factors in the anterior heart field during mouse embryonic development. Development 2004, 131:3931-3942.
15. Drevet J.R., Swevers L., Iatrou K. Developmental regulation of a silkworm gene encoding multiple GATA-type transcription factors by alternative splicing. J. Mol. Biol. 1995, 246:43-53.
16. Durocher D., Charron F., Warren R., Schwartz R.J., Nemer M. The cardiac transcription factors Nkx2-5 and GATA-4 are mutual cofactors. EMBO J. 1997, 16:5687-5696.
17. Durocher D., Nemer M. Combinatorial interactions regulating cardiac transcription. Dev. Genet. 1998, 22:250-262.
18. Fischer A., Klattig J., Kneitz B., Diez H., Maier M., Holtmann B., Englert C., Gessler M. Hey basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are repressors of GATA4 and GATA6 and restrict expression of the GATA target gene ANF in fetal hearts. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 25:8960-8970.
19. Fossett N., Tevosian S.G., Gajewski K., Zhang Q., Orkin S.H., Schulz R.A. The Friend of GATA proteins U-shaped. FOG-1, and FOG-2 function as negative regulators of blood, heart, and eye development in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:7342-7347.
20. Fujiwara Y., Browne C.P., Cunniff K., Goff S.C., Orkin S.H. Arrested development of embryonic red cell precursors in mouse embryos lacking transcription factor GATA-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:12355-12358.
21. Gajewski K., Fossett N., Molkentin J.D., Schulz R.A. The zinc finger proteins Pannier and GATA4 function as cardiogenic factors in Drosophila. Development 1999, 126:5679-5688.
22. Gajewski K., Zhang Q., Choi C.Y., Fossett N., Dang A., Kim Y.H., Kim Y., Schulz R.A. Pannier is a transcriptional target and partner of Tinman during Drosophila cardiogenesis. Dev. Biol. 2001, 233:425-436.
23. Garg V., Kathiriya I.S., Barnes R., Schluterman M.K., King I.N., Butler C.A., Rothrock C.R., Eapen R.S., Hirayama-Yamada K., Joo K., Matsuoka R., Cohen J.C., Srivastava D. GATA4 mutations cause human congenital heart defects and reveal an interaction with TBX5. Nature 2003, 424:443-447.
24. Grépin C., Dagnino L., Robitaille L., Haberstroh L., Antakly T., Nemer M. A hormone-encoding gene identifies a pathway for cardiac but not skeletal muscle gene transcription. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994, 14:3115-3129.
25. Grépin C., Robitaille L., Antakly T., Nemer M. Inhibition of transcription factor GATA-4 expression blocks in vitro cardiac muscle differentiation. Mol. Cell Biol. 1995, 15:4095-4102.
26. Grépin C., Nemer G., Nemer M. Enhanced cardiogenesis in embryonic stem cells overexpressing the GATA-4 transcription factor. Development 1997, 124:2387-2395.
27. Han Z., Olson E.N. Hand is a direct target of Tinman and GATA factors during Drosophila cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis. Development 2005, 132:3525-3536.
28. Harigae H., Takahashi S., Suwabe N., Ohtsu H., Gu L., Yang Z., Tsai F.Y., Kitamura Y., Engel J.D., Yamamoto M. Differential roles of GATA-1 and GATA-2 in growth and differentiation of mast cells. Genes Cells 1998, 3:39-50.
29. Hasegawa K., Lee S.J., Jobe S.M., Markham B.E., Kitsis R.N. Cis-acting sequences that mediate induction of beta-myosin heavy chain gene expression during left ventricular hypertrophy due to aortic constriction. Circulation 1997, 96:3943-3953.
30. Hautala N., Tokola H., Luodonpaa M., Puhakka J., Romppanen H., Vuolteenaho O., Ruskoaho H. Pressure overload increases GATA4 binding activity via endothelin-1. Circulation 2001, 103:730-735.
31. Herzig T.C., Jobe S.M., Aoki H., Molkentin J.D., Cowley A.W., Izumo S., Markham B.E. Angiotensin II type1a receptor gene expression in the heart: AP-1 and GATA-4 participate in the response to pressure overload. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:7543-7548.
32. Jiang Y., Evans T. The Xenopus GATA-4/5/6 genes are associated with cardiac specification and can regulate cardiac-specific transcription during embryogenesis. Dev. Biol. 1996, 174:258-270.
33. Jiang Y., Drysdale T.A., Evans T. A role for GATA-4/5/6 in the regulation of Nkx2.5 expression with implications for patterning of the precardiac field. Dev. Biol. 1999, 216:57-71.
34. Kawamura T., Ono K., Morimoto T., Wada H., Hirai M., Hidaka K., Morisaki T., Heike T., Nakahata T., Kita T., Hasegawa K. Acetylation of GATA-4 is involved in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:19682-19688.
35. Keijzer R., van Tuyl M., Meijers C., Post M., Tibboel D., Grosveld F., Koutsourakis M. The transcription factor GATA6 is essential for branching morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation during fetal pulmonary development. Development 2001, 128:503-511.
36. Kim Y., Ma A.G., Kitta K., Fitch S.N., Ikeda T., Ihara Y., Simon A.R., Evans T., Suzuki Y.J. Anthracycline-induced suppression of GATA-4 transcription factor: implication in the regulation of cardiac myocyte apoptosis. Mol. Pharmacol. 2003, 63:368-377.
37. Kitta K., Day R.M., Kim Y., Torregroza I., Evans T., Suzuki Y.J. Hepatocyte growth factor induces GATA-4 phosphorylation and cell survival in cardiac muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:4705-4712.
38. Klinedinst S.L., Bodmer R. Gata factor Pannier is required to establish competence for heart progenitor formation. Development 2003, 130:3027-3038.
39. Kobayashi S., Lackey T., Huang Y., Bisping E., Pu W.T., Boxer L.M., Liang Q. Transcription factor gata4 regulates cardiac BCL2 gene expression in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J. 2006, 20:800-802.
40. Kostetskii I., Jiang Y., Kostetskaia E., Yuan S., Evans T., Zile M. Retinoid signaling required for normal heart development regulates GATA4 in a pathway distinct from cardiomyocyte differentiation. Dev. Biol. 1999, 206:206-218.
41. Koutsourakis M., Langeveld A., Patient R., Beddington R., Grosveld F. The transcription factor GATA6 is essential for early extraembryonic development. Development 1999, 126:723-732.
42. Kuo C.T., Morrisey E.E., Anandappa R., Sigrist K., Lu M.M., Parmacek M.S., Soudais C., Leiden J.M. GATA4 transcription factor is required for ventral morphogenesis and heart tube formation. Genes Dev. 1997, 11:1048-1060.
43. Kuo H.C., Chen J., Ruiz-Lozano P., Zou H., Nemer M., Chien K.R. Control of segmental expression of the cardiac-restricted ankyrin repeat protein gene by distinct regulatory pathways in murine cardiogenesis. Development 1999, 126:4223-4234.
44. Kuruvilla F.G., Shamji A.F., Schreiber S.L. Carbon- and nitrogen-quality signaling to translation are mediated by distinct GATA-type transcription factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:7283-7288.
45. Lakshmanan G., Lieuw K.H., Lim K.C., Gu Y., Grosveld F., Engel J.D., Karis A. Localization of distant urogenital system-, central nervous system-, and endocardium-specific transcriptional regulatory elements in the GATA-3 locus. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19:1558-1568.
46. Latinkic B.V., Kotecha S., Mohun T.J. Induction of cardiomyocytes by GATA4 in Xenopus ectodermal explants. Development 2003, 130:3865-3876.
47. Lavallée G., Andelfinger G., Nadeau M., Lefebvre C., Nemer G., Horb M., Nemer M. The Kruppel-like transcription factor KLF13 is a GATA-4 collaborator for heart development. EMBO J. 2006, 25:5201-5213.
48. Lepore J.J., Mericko P.A., Cheng L., Lu M.M., Morrisey E.E., Parmacek M.S. GATA-6 regulates semaphorin 3C and is required in cardiac neural crest for cardiovascular morphogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116:929-939.
49. Liang Q., De Windt L.J., Witt S.A., Kimball T.R., Markham B.E., Molkentin J.D. The transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:30245-30253.
50. Lin A.C., Roche A.E., Wilk J., Svensson E.C. The N termini of Friend of GATA (FOG) proteins define a novel transcriptional repression motif and a superfamily of transcriptional repressors. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:55017-55023.
51. Lowry J.A., Atchley W.R. Molecular evolution of the GATA family of transcription factors: conservation within the DNA-binding domain. J. Mol. Evol. 2000, 50:103-115.
52. Lu J.R., McKinsey T.A., Xu H.T., Wang D.Z., Richardson J.A., Olson E.N. FOG-2, a heart- and brain-enriched cofactor for GATA transcription factors. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19:4495-4502.
53. MacNeill C., Ayres B., Laverriere A.C., Burch J.B. Transcripts for functionally distinct isoforms of chicken GATA-5 are differentially expressed from alternative first exons. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272(13):8396-8401.
54. Maduro M.F., Hill R.J., Heid P.J., Newman-Smith E.D., Zhu J., Priess J.R., Rothman J.H. Genetic redundancy in endoderm specification within the genus Caenorhabditis. Dev. Biol. 2005, 284:509-522.
55. Maeda M., Ohashi K., Ohashi-Kobayashi A. Further extension of mammalian GATA-6. Dev. Growth Differ. 2005, 47:591-600.
56. Manfield I.W., Devlin P.F., Jen C.H., Westhead D.R., Gilmartin P.M. Conservation, convergence, and divergence of light-responsive, circadian-regulated, and tissue-specific expression patterns during evolution of the Arabidopsis GATA gene family. Plant Physiol. 2007, 143:941-958.
57. Mano T., Luo Z., Malendowicz S.L., Evans T., Walsh K. Reversal of GATA-6 downregulation promotes smooth muscle differentiation and inhibits intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery. Circ. Res. 1999, 84:647-654.
58. Mao C., Tai W.C., Bai Y., Poizat C., Lee A.S. In vivo regulation of Grp78/BiP transcription in the embryonic heart: role of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response element and GATA-4. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:8877-8887.
59. Marttila M., Hautala N., Paradis P., Toth M., Vuolteenaho O., Nemer M., Ruskoaho H. GATA4 mediates transcriptional activation of the B-type natriuretic peptide gene expression in response to hemodynamic stress. Endocrinology 2001, 142:4693-4700.
60. McBride K., Charron F., Lefebvre C., Nemer M. Interaction with GATA transcription factors provides a mechanism for cell-specific effects of c-Fos. Oncogene 2003, 22:8403-8412.
61. McFadden D.G., Charité J., Richardson J.A., Srivastava D., Firulli A.B., Olson E.N. A GATA-dependent right ventricular enhancer controls dHAND transcription in the developing heart. Development 2000, 127:5331-5341.
62. Molkentin J.D., Lin Q., Duncan S.A., Olson E.N. Requirement of the transcription factor GATA4 for heart tube formation and ventral morphogenesis. Genes Dev. 1997, 11:1061-1072.
63. Molkentin J.D., Lu J.R., Antos C.L., Markham B., Richardson J., Robbins J., Grant S.R., Olson E.N. A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway for cardiac hypertrophy. Cell 1998, 93:215-228.
64. Molkentin J.D., Tymitz K.M., Richardson J.A., Olson E.N. Abnormalities of the genitourinary tract in female mice lacking GATA5. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000, 20:5256-5260.
65. Monzen K., Shiojima I., Hiroi Y., Kudoh S., Oka T., Takimoto E., Hayashi D., Hosoda T., Habara-Ohkubo A., Nakaoka T., Fujita T., Yazaki Y., Komuro I. Bone morphogenetic proteins induce cardiomyocyte differentiation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase TAK1 and cardiac transcription factors Csx/Nkx-2.5 and GATA-4. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999, 19:7096-7105.
66. Morin S., Charron F., Robitaille L., Nemer M. GATA-dependent recruitment of MEF2 proteins to target promoters. EMBO J. 2000, 19:2046-2055.
67. Morin S., Paradis P., Aries A., Nemer M. Serum response factor-GATA ternary complex required for nuclear signaling by a G-protein-coupled receptor. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 21:1036-1044.
68. Morin S., Pozzulo G., Robitaille L., Cross J.C., Nemer M. MEF2-dependent recruitment of the HAND1 transcription factor results in synergistic activation of target promoters. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:32272-32278.
69. Morisco C., Seta K., Hardt S.E., Lee Y., Vatner S.F., Sadoshima J. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta regulates GATA4 in cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:28586-28597.
70. Morrisey E.E., Ip H.S., Lu M.M., Parmacek M.S. GATA-6 - a zinc finger transcription factor that is expressed in multiple cell lineages derived from lateral mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 1996, 177:309-322.
71. Morrisey E.E., Ip H.S., Tang Z.H., Lu M.M., Parmacek M.S. GATA-5 - a transcriptional activator expressed in a novel temporally and spatially-restricted pattern during embryonic development. Dev. Biol. 1997, 183:21-36.
72. Morrisey E.E., Tang Z., Sigrist K., Lu M.M., Jiang F., Ip H.S., Parmacek M.S. GATA6 regulates HNF4 and is required for differentiation of visceral endoderm in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 1998, 12:3579-3590.
73. Nemer G., Qureshi S.A., Malo D., Nemer M. Functional analysis and chromosomal mapping of GATA5, a gene encoding a zinc finger DNA-binding protein. Mamm. Genome. 1999, 10:993-999.
74. Nemer G., Nemer M. Cooperative interaction between GATA-5 and NF-ATc regulates endothelial-endocardial differentiation of cardiogenic cells. Development 2002, 129:4045-4055.
75. Nemer G., Nemer M. Transcriptional activation of BMP-4 and regulation of mammalian organogenesis by GATA-4 and -6. Dev. Biol. 2003, 254:131-148.
76. Nemer G., Fadlalah F., Usta J., Nemer M., Dbaibo G., Obeid M., Bitar F. A novel mutation in the GATA4 gene in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Hum. Mutat. 2006, 27:293-294.
77. Oka T., Maillet M., Watt A.J., Schwartz R.J., Aronow B.J., Duncan S.A., Molkentin J.D. Cardiac-specific deletion of Gata4 reveals its requirement for hypertrophy, compensation, and myocyte viability. Circ. Res. 2006, 98:837-845.
78. Pandolfi P.P., Roth M.E., Karis A., Leonard M.W., Dzierzak E., Grosveld F.G., Engel J.D., Lindenbaum M.H. Targeted disruption of the GATA3 gene causes severe abnormalities in the nervous system and in fetal liver haematopoiesis. Nat. Genet. 1995, 11:40-44.
79. Patient R.K., McGhee J.D. The GATA family (vertebrates and invertebrates). Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2002, 12:416-422.
80. Pehlivan T., Pober B.R., Brueckner M., Garrett S., Slaugh R., Van Rheeden R., Wilson D.B., Watson M.S., Hing A.V. GATA4 haploinsufficiency in patients with interstitial deletion of chromosome region 8p23.1 and congenital heart disease. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1999, 83:201-206.
81. Perlman H., Suzuki E., Simonson M., Smith R.C., Walsh K. GATA-6 induces P21(C1P1) expression and G(1) cell cycle arrest. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:13713-13718.
82. Peterkin T., Gibson A., Patient R. GATA-6 maintains BMP-4 and Nkx2 expression during cardiomyocyte precursor maturation. EMBO J. 2003, 22:4260-4273.
83. Philips A.S., Kwok J.C., Chong B.H. Analysis of the signals and mechanisms mediating nuclear trafficking of GATA-4. Loss of DNA binding is associated with localization in intranuclear speckles. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:24915-24927.
84. Pikkarainen S., Tokola H., Majalahti-Palviainen T., Kerkela R., Hautala N., Bhalla S.S., Charron F., Nemer M., Vuolteenaho O., Ruskoaho H. GATA-4 is a nuclear mediator of mechanical stretch-activated hypertrophic program. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:23807-23816.
85. Pu W.T., Ishiwata T., Juraszek A.L., Ma Q., Izumo S. GATA4 is a dosage-sensitive regulator of cardiac morphogenesis. Dev. Biol. 2004, 275:235-244.
86. Reamon-Buettner S.M., Borlak J. GATA4 zinc finger mutations as a molecular rationale for septation defects of the human heart. J. Med. Genet. 2005, 42(5):e32.
87. Reiter J.F., Alexander J., Rodaway A., Yelon D., Patient R., Holder N., Stainier D.Y. Gata5 is required for the development of the heart and endoderm in zebrafish. Genes Dev. 1999, 13:2983-2995.
88. Reiter J.F., Kikuchi Y., Stainier D.Y. Multiple roles for Gata5 in zebrafish endoderm formation. Development 2001, 128:125-135.
89. Reyes J.C., Muro-Pastor M.I., Florencio F.J. The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol. 2004, 134:1718-1732.
90. Rivera-Feliciano J., Lee K.H., Kong S.W., Rajagopal S., Ma Q., Springer Z., Izumo S., Tabin C.J., Pu W.T. Development of heart valves requires Gata4 expression in endothelial-derived cells. Development 2006, 133:3607-3618.
91. Scazzocchio C. The fungal GATA factors. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2000, 3(2):126-131.
92. Schluterman M.K., Krysiak A.E., Kathiriya I.S., Abate N., Chandalia M., Srivastava D., Garg V. Screening and biochemical analysis of GATA4 sequence variations identified in patients with congenital heart disease. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 2007, 143:817-823.
93. Sepulveda J.L., Belaguli N., Nigam V., Chen C.Y., Nemer M., Schwartz R.J. GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 coactivate Nkx-2 DNA binding targets: role for regulating early cardiac gene expression. Mol. Cell Biol. 1998, 18:3405-3415.
94. Serbedzija G.N., Chen J.N., Fishman M.C. Regulation in the heart field of zebrafish. Development 1998, 125:1095-1101.
95. Small E.M., Krieg P.A. Transgenic analysis of the atrialnatriuretic factor (ANF) promoter: Nkx2-5 and GATA-4 binding sites are required for atrial specific expression of ANF. Dev. Biol. 2003, 261:116-131.
96. Stennard F.A., Costa M.W., Elliott D.A., Rankin S., Haast S.J., Lai D., McDonald L.P., Niederreither K., Dolle P., Bruneau B.G., Zorn A.M., Harvey R.P. Cardiac T-box factor Tbx20 directly interacts with Nkx2-5, GATA4, and GATA5 in regulation of gene expression in the developing heart. Dev. Biol. 2003, 262:206-224.
97. Suzuki T., Kim H.S., Kurabayashi M., Hamada H., Fujii H., Aikawa M., Watanabe M., Watanabe N., Sakomura Y., Yazaki Y., Nagai R. Preferential differentiation of P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells into smooth muscle cells. Use of retinoic acid and antisense against the central nervous system-specific POU transcription factor Brn-2. Circ. Res. 1996, 78:395-404.
98. Svensson E.C., Tufts R.L., Polk C.E., Leiden J.M. Molecular cloning of FOG-2: a modulator of transcription factor GATA-4 in cardiomyocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:956-961.
99. Tenhunen O., Sarman B., Kerkela R., Szokodi I., Papp L., Toth M., Ruskoaho H. Mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and ERK 1/2 mediate the wall stress-induced activation of GATA-4 binding in adult heart. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:24852-24860.
100. Tevosian S.G., Deconinck A.E., Cantor A.B., Rieff H.I., Fujiwara Y., Corfas G., Orkin S.H. FOG-2: A novel GATA-family cofactor related to multitype zinc-finger proteins Friend of GATA-1 and U-shaped. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:950-955.
101. Tevosian S.G., Deconinck A.E., Tanaka M., Schinke M., Litovsky S.H., Izumo S., Fujiwara Y., Orkin S.H. FOG-2, a cofactor for GATA transcription factors, is essential for heart morphogenesis and development of coronary vessels from epicardium. Cell 2000, 101:729-739.
102. Tevosian S.G., Albrecht K.H., Crispino J.D., Fujiwara Y., Eicher E.M., Orkin S.H. Gonadal differentiation, sex determination and normal Sry expression in mice require direct interaction between transcription partners GATA4 and FOG2. Development 2002, 129:4627-4634.
103. Tremblay J.J., Viger R.S. Transcription factor GATA-4 is activated by phosphorylation of serine 261 via the cAMP/protein kinase a signaling pathway in gonadal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:22128-22135.
104. Tsai F.Y., Keller G., Kuo F.C., Weiss M., Chen J., Rosenblatt M., Alt F.W., Orkin S.H. An early haematopoietic defect in mice lacking the transcription factor GATA-2. Nature 1994, 371:221-226.
105. Viger R.S., Mertineit C., Trasler J.M., Nemer M. Transcription factor GATA-4 is expressed in a sexually dimorphic pattern during mouse gonadal development and is a potent activator of the Müllerian inhibiting substance promoter. Development 1998, 125:2665-2675.
106. Wada H., Hasegawa K., Morimoto T., Kakita T., Yanazume T., Abe M., Sasayama S. Calcineurin-GATA-6 pathway is involved in smooth muscle-specific transcription. J. Cell Biol. 2002, 156:983-991.
107. Wada H., Hasegawa K., Morimoto T., Kakita T., Yanazume T., Sasayama S. A p300 protein as a coactivator of GATA-6 in the transcription of the smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain gene. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:25330-25335.
108. Waldo K.L., Kumiski D.H., Wallis K.T., Stadt H.A., Hutson M.R., Platt D.H., Kirby M.L. Conotruncal myocardium arises from a secondary heart field. Development 2001, 128:3179-3188.
109. Waltzer L., Bataille L., Peyrefitte S., Haenlin M. Two isoforms of Serpent containing either one or two GATA zinc fingers have different roles in Drosophila haematopoiesis. EMBO J. 2002, 21:5477-5486.
110. Wang J., Feng X.H., Schwartz R.J. SUMO-1 modification activated GATA4-dependent cardiogenic gene activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:49091-49098.
111. Wang J., Paradis P., Lefebvre C., Nemer M. Convergence of protein kinase C and JAK-STAT signaling on transcription factor GATA-4. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 25:9829-9844.
112. Watt A.J., Battle M.A., Li J., Duncan S.A. GATA4 is essential for formation of the proepicardium and regulates cardiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:12573-12578.
113. Wilson R.A., Arst H.N. Mutational analysis of AREA, a transcriptional activator mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans and a member of the "streetwise" GATA family of transcription factors. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 1998, 62:586-596.
114. Xin M., Davis C.A., Molkentin J.D., Lien C.L., Duncan S.A., Richardson J.A., Olson E.N. A threshold of GATA4 and GATA6 expression is required for cardiovascular development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:11189-11194.
115. Yang H., Lu M.M., Zhang L., Whitsett J.A., Morrisey E.E. GATA6 regulates differentiation of distal lung epithelium. Development 2002, 129:2233-2246.
116. Zeisberg E.M., Ma Q., Juraszek A.L., Moses K., Schwartz R.J., Izumo S., Pu W.T. Morphogenesis of the right ventricle requires myocardial expression of Gata4. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115:1522-1531.
117. Zhao R., Watt A.J., Li J., Luebke-Wheeler J., Morrisey E.E., Duncan S.A. GATA6 is essential for embryonic development of the liver but dispensable for early heart formation. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 25:2622-2631.
118. Zhao R., Watt A.J., Battle M.A., Li J., Bondow B.J., Duncan S.A. Loss of both GATA4 and GATA6 blocks cardiac myocyte differentiation and results in acardia in mice. Dev. Biol. 2008, 317(2):614-619.