Importance of metabolic changes induced by chemotherapy on prognosis of early-stage breast cancer patients: A review of potential mechanisms

Obesity Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 368-380

  Gadea E ^a,b,c   Thivat, E ^a,d   Planchat, E ^a,d   Morio, B ^b   Durando, X ^a,c,d  

^a CENTRE JEAN PERRIN   (France)

^b INRA and University of Auvergne   (France)

^c Centre d'Investigation Clinique   (France)

^d INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Adipokines; Body composition; Breast cancer; Energy balance

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ESTROGEN; FLUOROURACIL; INSULIN; MELPHALAN; METHOTREXATE; SOMATOMEDIN; TAMOXIFEN;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVOR; ENERGY BALANCE; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; MEDICAL LITERATURE; METABOLISM; MOLECULE; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE MASS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEIGHT CHANGE; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADIPOKINES; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST NEOPLASMS; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 84858613794     PISSN: 14677881     EISSN: 1467789X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00957.x     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Majed B, Moreau T, Asselain B. Overweight, obesity and breast cancer prognosis: optimal body size indicator cut-points. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 115: 193-203.
2. Majed B, Moreau T, Senouci K, Salmon RJ, Fourquet A, Asselain B. Is obesity an independent prognosis factor in woman breast cancer? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 111: 329-342.
3. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI etal. Adjuvant treatment and onset of menopause predict weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 120-129.
4. Nichols HB, Trentham-Dietz A, Egan KM etal. Body mass index before and after breast cancer diagnosis: associations with all-cause, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1403-1409.
5. Thivat E, Therondel S, Lapirot O etal. Weight change during chemotherapy changes the prognosis in non metastatic breast cancer for the worse. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 648.
6. Levine EG, Raczynski JM, Carpenter JT. Weight gain with breast cancer adjuvant treatment. Cancer 1991; 67: 1954-1959.
7. Tredan O, Bajard A, Meunier A etal. Body weight change in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a French prospective study. Clin Nutr 2010; 29: 187-191.
8. Heideman WH, Russell NS, Gundy C, Rookus MA, Voskuil DW. The frequency, magnitude and timing of post-diagnosis body weight gain in Dutch breast cancer survivors. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 119-126.
9. Demark-Wahnefried W, Peterson BL, Winer EP etal. Changes in weight, body composition, and factors influencing energy balance among premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2381-2389.
10. Irwin ML, McTiernan A, Baumgartner RN etal. Changes in body fat and weight after a breast cancer diagnosis: influence of demographic, prognostic, and lifestyle factors. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 774-782.
11. Saquib N, Flatt SW, Natarajan L etal. Weight gain and recovery of pre-cancer weight after breast cancer treatments: evidence from the women's healthy eating and living (WHEL) study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 105: 177-186.
12. Harvie MN, Campbell IT, Baildam A, Howell A. Energy balance in early breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 83: 201-210.
13. Ingram C, Brown JK. Patterns of weight and body composition change in premenopausal women with early stage breast cancer: has weight gain been overestimated? Cancer Nurs 2004; 27: 483-490.
14. Lankester KJ, Phillips JE, Lawton PA. Weight gain during adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: an audit of 100 women receiving FEC or CMF chemotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 14: 64-67.
15. Aslani A, Smith RC, Allen BJ, Pavlakis N, Levi JA. Changes in body composition during breast cancer chemotherapy with the CMF-regimen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 57: 285-290.
16. Del Rio G, Zironi S, Valeriani L etal. Weight gain in women with breast cancer treated with adjuvant cyclophosphomide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. Analysis of resting energy expenditure and body composition. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 73: 267-273.
17. Demark-Wahnefried W, Rimer BK, Winer EP. Weight gain in women diagnosed with breast cancer. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97: 519-526, 529; quiz 527-8.
18. Freedman RJ, Aziz N, Albanes D etal. Weight and body composition changes during and after adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2248-2253.
19. Kutynec CL, McCargar L, Barr SI, Hislop TG. Energy balance in women with breast cancer during adjuvant treatment. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 1222-1227.
20. Makari-Judson G, Judson CH, Mertens WC. Longitudinal patterns of weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis: observations beyond the first year. Breast J 2007; 13: 258-265.
21. Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Rossi A etal. Ten-year experience with CMF-based adjuvant chemotherapy in resectable breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1985; 5: 95-115.
22. Caan BJ, Kwan ML, Hartzell G etal. Pre-diagnosis body mass index, post-diagnosis weight change, and prognosis among women with early stage breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19: 1319-1328.
23. Demark-Wahnefried W, Winer EP, Rimer BK. Why women gain weight with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1418-1429.
24. Rock CL, Flatt SW, Newman V etal. Factors associated with weight gain in women after diagnosis of breast cancer. Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study Group. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 1212-1221.
25. Han HS, Lee KW, Kim JH etal. Weight changes after adjuvant treatment in Korean women with early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 114: 147-153.
26. Irwin ML, Crumley D, McTiernan A etal. Physical activity levels before and after a diagnosis of breast carcinoma: the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle (HEAL) study. Cancer 2003; 97: 1746-1757.
27. Camoriano JK, Loprinzi CL, Ingle JN, Therneau TM, Krook JE, Veeder MH. Weight change in women treated with adjuvant therapy or observed following mastectomy for node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1327-1334.
28. Kroenke CH, Chen WY, Rosner B, Holmes MD. Weight, weight gain, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 1370-1378.
29. Caan BJ, Emond JA, Natarajan L etal. Post-diagnosis weight gain and breast cancer recurrence in women with early stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 99: 47-57.
30. Costa LJ, Varella PC, del Giglio A. Weight changes during chemotherapy for breast cancer. Sao Paulo Med J 2002; 120: 113-117.
31. Heasman KZ, Sutherland HJ, Campbell JA, Elhakim T, Boyd NF. Weight gain during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1985; 5: 195-200.
32. Campbell KL, Lane K, Martin AD, Gelmon KA, McKenzie DC. Resting energy expenditure and body mass changes in women during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Cancer Nurs 2007; 30: 95-100.
33. Nissen MJ, Shapiro A, Swenson KK. Changes in weight and body composition in women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2011; 11: 52-60.
34. Beaufrere B, Morio B. Fat and protein redistribution with aging: metabolic considerations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54(Suppl. 3): S48-S53.
35. Folsom AR, Kaye SA, Sellers TA etal. Body fat distribution and 5-year risk of death in older women. JAMA 1993; 269: 483-487.
36. Borugian MJ, Sheps SB, Kim-Sing C etal. Waist-to-hip ratio and breast cancer mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 963-968.
37. Kumar NB, Cantor A, Allen K, Cox CE. Android obesity at diagnosis and breast carcinoma survival: evaluation of the effects of anthropometric variables at diagnosis, including body composition and body fat distribution and weight gain during life span, and survival from breast carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 2751-2757.
38. Cheney CL, Mahloch J, Freeny P. Computerized tomography assessment of women with weight changes associated with adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 141-146.
39. Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ etal. Body composition as an independent determinant of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy toxicity. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 3264-3268.
40. Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ etal. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 629-635.
41. Hiona A, Lee AS, Nagendran J etal. Pretreatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor improves doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy via preservation of mitochondrial function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142: 396-403.
42. Parkinson JR, Dhillo WS, Small CJ etal. PYY3-36 injection in mice produces an acute anorexigenic effect followed by a delayed orexigenic effect not observed with other anorexigenic gut hormones. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294: E698-E708.
43. Keun HC, Sidhu J, Pchejetski D etal. Serum molecular signatures of weight change during early breast cancer chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 6716-6723.
44. Alfano CM, Lichstein KL, Vander Wal GS etal. Sleep duration change across breast cancer survivorship: associations with symptoms and health-related quality of life. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130: 243-254.
45. Hanlon EC, Van Cauter E. Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108(Suppl. 3): 15609-15616.
46. Campbell MJ, Woodside JV, Secker-Walker J, Titcomb A, Leathem AJ. IGF status is altered by tamoxifen in patients with breast cancer. Mol Pathol 2001; 54: 307-310.
47. Kumar N, Allen KA, Riccardi D etal. Fatigue, weight gain, lethargy and amenorrhea in breast cancer patients on chemotherapy: is subclinical hypothyroidism the culprit? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 83: 149-159.
48. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E etal. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 3338-3342.
49. Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvado J. Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes Res 2003; 11: 525-531.
50. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 972-978.
51. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993; 259: 87-91.
52. Prado CM, Lima IS, Baracos VE etal. An exploratory study of body composition as a determinant of epirubicin pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 67: 93-101.
53. Fearon KC. Cancer cachexia and fat-muscle physiology. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 565-567.
54. Lorincz AM, Sukumar S. Molecular links between obesity and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006; 13: 279-292.
55. Yager JD, Davidson NE. Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 270-282.
56. Perel E, Killinger DW. The interconversion and aromatization of androgens by human adipose tissue. J Steroid Biochem 1979; 10: 623-627.
57. McTiernan A, Rajan KB, Tworoger SS etal. Adiposity and sex hormones in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1961-1966.
58. Stephenson GD, Rose DP. Breast cancer and obesity: an update. Nutr Cancer 2003; 45: 1-16.
59. Sasano H, Suzuki T, Nakata T, Moriya T. New development in intracrinology of breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer 2006; 13: 129-136.
60. van Landeghem AA, Poortman J, Nabuurs M, Thijssen JH. Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of androgens in normal and malignant human breast tissue. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 2907-2912.
61. Maehle BO, Tretli S, Skjaerven R, Thorsen T. Premorbid body weight and its relations to primary tumour diameter in breast cancer patients; its dependence on estrogen and progesteron receptor status. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001; 68: 159-169.
62. Oh SW, Park CY, Lee ES etal. Adipokines, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer recurrence: a cohort study. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13: R34.
63. MacDougald OA, Hwang CS, Fan H, Lane MD. Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 9034-9037.
64. Klein S, Coppack SW, Mohamed-Ali V, Landt M. Adipose tissue leptin production and plasma leptin kinetics in humans. Diabetes 1996; 45: 984-987.
65. Sierra-Honigmann MR, Nath AK, Murakami C etal. Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor. Science 1998; 281: 1683-1686.
66. Catalano S, Marsico S, Giordano C etal. Leptin enhances, via AP-1, expression of aromatase in the MCF-7 cell line. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 28668-28676.
67. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Mykkanen L, Stern MP. Leptin concentrations are associated with higher proinsulin and insulin concentrations but a lower proinsulin/insulin ratio in non-diabetic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 899-905.
68. Santos-Alvarez J, Goberna R, Sanchez-Margalet V. Human leptin stimulates proliferation and activation of human circulating monocytes. Cell Immunol 1999; 194: 6-11.
69. Feve B, Bastard JP. The role of interleukins in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5: 305-311.
70. Kim TH, Choi SE, Ha ES etal. IL-6 induction of TLR-4 gene expression via STAT3 has an effect on insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle. Acta Diabetol 2011; 1-12.
71. Schaffler A, Scholmerich J, Buechler C. Mechanisms of disease: adipokines and breast cancer - endocrine and paracrine mechanisms that connect adiposity and breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 345-354.
72. Okumura M, Yamamoto M, Sakuma H etal. Leptin and high glucose stimulate cell proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: reciprocal involvement of PKC-alpha and PPAR expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1592: 107-116.
73. Perera CN, Chin HG, Duru N, Camarillo IG. Leptin-regulated gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: mechanistic insights into leptin-regulated mammary tumor growth and progression. J Endocrinol 2008; 199: 221-233.
74. Catalano S, Mauro L, Marsico S etal. Leptin induces, via ERK1/ERK2 signal, functional activation of estrogen receptor alpha in MCF-7 cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 19908-19915.
75. Magoffin DA, Weitsman SR, Aagarwal SK, Jakimiuk AJ. Leptin regulation of aromatase activity in adipose stromal cells from regularly cycling women. Ginekol Pol 1999; 70: 1-7.
76. Rene Gonzalez R, Watters A, Xu Y etal. Leptin-signaling inhibition results in efficient anti-tumor activity in estrogen receptor positive or negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11: R36.
77. Caldefie-Chezet F, Damez M, de Latour M etal. Leptin: a proliferative factor for breast cancer? Study on human ductal carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334: 737-741.
78. Ishikawa M, Kitayama J, Nagawa H. Enhanced expression of leptin and leptin receptor (OB-R) in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 4325-4331.
79. Revillion F, Charlier M, Lhotellier V etal. Messenger RNA expression of leptin and leptin receptors and their prognostic value in 322 human primary breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 2088-2094.
80. Miyoshi Y, Funahashi T, Tanaka S etal. High expression of leptin receptor mRNA in breast cancer tissue predicts poor prognosis for patients with high, but not low, serum leptin levels. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 1414-1419.
81. Kim HS. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2009; 41: 155-163.
82. Dieudonne MN, Machinal-Quelin F, Serazin-Leroy V, Leneveu MC, Pecquery R, Giudicelli Y. Leptin mediates a proliferative response in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293: 622-628.
83. Jarde T, Caldefie-Chezet F, Goncalves-Mendes N etal. Involvement of adiponectin and leptin in breast cancer: clinical and in vitro studies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16: 1197-1210.
84. Nkhata KJ, Ray A, Schuster TF, Grossmann ME, Cleary MP. Effects of adiponectin and leptin co-treatment on human breast cancer cell growth. Oncol Rep 2009; 21: 1611-1619.
85. Soma D, Kitayama J, Yamashita H, Miyato H, Ishikawa M, Nagawa H. Leptin augments proliferation of breast cancer cells via transactivation of HER2. J Surg Res 2008; 149: 9-14.
86. Gavrila A, Chan JL, Yiannakouris N etal. Serum adiponectin levels are inversely associated with overall and central fat distribution but are not directly regulated by acute fasting or leptin administration in humans: cross-sectional and interventional studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4823-4831.
87. Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2548-2556.
88. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y etal. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1595-1599.
89. Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S. Inverse relationship between plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese women. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 147: 173-180.
90. Kelesidis I, Kelesidis T, Mantzoros CS. Adiponectin and cancer: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 1221-1225.
91. Wang Y, Lam JB, Lam KS etal. Adiponectin modulates the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway and attenuates mammary tumorigenesis of MDA-MB-231 cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 11462-11470.
92. Dos Santos E, Benaitreau D, Dieudonne MN etal. Adiponectin mediates an antiproliferative response in human MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2008; 20: 971-977.
93. Kang JH, Lee YY, Yu BY etal. Adiponectin induces growth arrest and apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28: 1263-1269.
94. Chen DC, Chung YF, Yeh YT etal. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels in Taiwanese breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett 2006; 237: 109-114.
95. Korner A, Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Kelesidis T etal. Total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin in breast cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1041-1048.
96. Mantzoros C, Petridou E, Dessypris N etal. Adiponectin and breast cancer risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 1102-1107.
97. Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Kelesidis T etal. Plasma adiponectin concentrations and risk of incident breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1510-1516.
98. Duggan C, Irwin ML, Xiao L etal. Associations of insulin resistance and adiponectin with mortality in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 32-39.
99. Del Giudice ME, Fantus IG, Ezzat S, McKeown-Eyssen G, Page D, Goodwin PJ. Insulin and related factors in premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998; 47: 111-120.
100. Bruning PF, Bonfrer JM, van Noord PA, Hart AA, de Jong-Bakker M, Nooijen WJ. Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 511-516.
101. Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H etal. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 48-60.
102. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI etal. Fasting insulin and outcome in early-stage breast cancer: results of a prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 42-51.
103. Irwin ML, Duggan C, Wang CY etal. Fasting C-peptide levels and death resulting from all causes and breast cancer: the health, eating, activity, and lifestyle study. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 47-53.
104. Lee AV, Jackson JG, Gooch JL etal. Enhancement of insulin-like growth factor signaling in human breast cancer: estrogen regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 1999; 13: 787-796.
105. Creighton CJ, Casa A, Lazard Z etal. Insulin-like growth factor-I activates gene transcription programs strongly associated with poor breast cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4078-4085.
106. Yee D, Rosen N, Favoni RE, Cullen KJ. The insulin-like growth factors, their receptors, and their binding proteins in human breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1991; 53: 93-106.
107. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 2004; 363: 1346-1353.
108. Bruning PF, Van Doorn J, Bonfrer JM etal. Insulin-like growth-factor-binding protein 3 is decreased in early-stage operable pre-menopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1995; 62: 266-270.
109. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI etal. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 3 and breast cancer outcomes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 74: 65-76.
110. Yu H, Levesque MA, Khosravi MJ, Papanastasiou-Diamandi A, Clark GM, Diamandis EP. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and breast cancer survival. Int J Cancer 1998; 79: 624-628.
111. Mu L, Katsaros D, Wiley A etal. Peptide concentrations and mRNA expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 in breast cancer and their associations with disease characteristics. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 115: 151-162.
112. Nickerson T, Huynh H, Pollak M. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 induces apoptosis in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237: 690-693.
113. Collett-Solberg PF, Cohen P. The role of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and the IGFBP proteases in modulating IGF action. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996; 25: 591-614.
114. Kelley KM, Oh Y, Gargosky SE etal. Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their regulatory dynamics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 28: 619-637.
115. Ingermann AR, Yang YF, Han J etal. Identification of a novel cell death receptor mediating IGFBP-3-induced anti-tumor effects in breast and prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 30233-30246.
116. Belfiore A. The role of insulin receptor isoforms and hybrid insulin/IGF-I receptors in human cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13: 671-686.
117. Papa V, Russo P, Gliozzo B, Goldfine ID, Vigneri R, Pezzino V. An intact and functional soluble form of the insulin receptor is secreted by cultured cells. Endocrinology 1993; 133: 1369-1376.
118. Yanochko GM, Eckhart W. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor over-expression induces proliferation and anti-apoptotic signaling in a three-dimensional culture model of breast epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R18.
119. Chang Q, Li Y, White MF, Fletcher JA, Xiao S. Constitutive activation of insulin receptor substrate 1 is a frequent event in human tumors: therapeutic implications. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 6035-6038.
120. O'Connor R. Regulation of IGF-I receptor signaling in tumor cells. Horm Metab Res 2003; 35: 771-777.
121. Dupont J, Le Roith D. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and oestradiol promote cell proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells: new insights into their synergistic effects. Mol Pathol 2001; 54: 149-154.
122. Zhang S, Li X, Burghardt R, Smith R 3rd, Safe SH. Role of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I-induced responses in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2005; 35: 433-447.
123. Pollak MN. Endocrine effects of IGF-I on normal and transformed breast epithelial cells: potential relevance to strategies for breast cancer treatment and prevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998; 47: 209-217.
124. Klotz DM, Hewitt SC, Ciana P etal. Requirement of estrogen receptor-alpha in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced uterine responses and in vivo evidence for IGF-1/estrogen receptor cross-talk. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 8531-8537.
125. Vadgama JV, Wu Y, Datta G, Khan H, Chillar R. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and serum IGF-binding protein 3 can be associated with the progression of breast cancer, and predict the risk of recurrence and the probability of survival in African-American and Hispanic women. Oncology 1999; 57: 330-340.
126. Kleinberg DL, Ameri P, Singh B. Pasireotide, an IGF-I action inhibitor, prevents growth hormone and estradiol-induced mammary hyperplasia. Pituitary 2011; 14: 44-52.
127. Berns EM, Klijn JG, van Staveren IL, Portengen H, Foekens JA. Sporadic amplification of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor gene in human breast tumors. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 1036-1039.
128. Bonneterre J, Peyrat JP, Beuscart R, Demaille A. Prognostic significance of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6931-6935.
129. Foekens JA, Portengen H, van Putten WL etal. Prognostic value of receptors for insulin-like growth factor 1, somatostatin, and epidermal growth factor in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 7002-7009.
130. Pollak MN. Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. Novartis Found Symp 2004; 262: 84-98, discussion 98-107, 265-8.