Rhamnogalacturonan-I: A structurally puzzling and functionally versatile polysaccharide from plant cell walls and mucilages

Polymer Reviews

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 391-413

  Yapo, Beda M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ NANGUI ABROGOUA   (Côte d’Ivoire)

^b Regional Unit of Higher Education (URES)   (Côte d’Ivoire)

Author keywords

bio functionalities; block cobiopolymers; cell wall components; pectins; Rhamno galacturonans I; structural characteristics

Indexed keywords

BIO-FUNCTIONALITIES; BLOCK COBIOPOLYMERS; CELL WALL COMPONENTS; PECTINS; RHAMNO- GALACTURONANS-I; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS;

PLANT CELL CULTURE;

WALLS (STRUCTURAL PARTITIONS);

EID: 84857263670     PISSN: 15583724     EISSN: 15583716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2011.615962     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Ridley, B. L., ONeill, M. A., and, Mohnen, D. 2001. Pectins: Structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signalling. Phytochemistry, 57: 929-967.
2. Vincken, J. P., Schols, H. A., Oomen, R. J. F. J., McCann, M. C., Ulvskov, P., Voragen, A. G. J., and, Visser, R. G. F. 2003. If homogalacturonan were a side chain of rhamnogalaturonan I. Implications for cell wall architecture. Plant Physiol., 132: 1781-1789. (Pubitemid 37024141)
3. Yapo, B. M. 2009. Pineapple and banana pectins comprise fewer homogalacturonan building blocks with a smaller degree of polymerization as compared with yellow passion fruit and lemon pectins: Implication for gelling properties. Biomacromolecules, 10 (4): 717-721.
4. Schols, H. A., and, Voragen, A. G. J. 1996. Complex pectins: Structure elucidation using enzymes. In Pectins and Pectinases, Edited by: Visser, J. and Voragen, A. G. J. 3-19. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
5. Yapo, B. M. 2011. Pectic substances: From simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectinsA new hypothetical model. Carbohydr. Polym., 86 (2): 373-385.
6. Yapo, B. M. June 2007. Etude de la variabilité structurale des pectines (Study of the structural variability of pectins). Ph.D. Thesis. Nantes, France: University of Nantes.
7. Ralet, M.-C., Crépeau, M.-J., Lefèbvre, J., Mouille, G., Hfte, H., and, Thibault, J.-F. 2008. Reduced number of homogalacturonan domains in pectins of an Arabidopsis mutant enhances the flexibility of the polymer. Biomacromolecules, 9: 1454-1460. (Pubitemid 351757124)
8. Moore, J. P., Farrant, J. M., and, Driouich, A. 2008. A role for pectin-associated arabinans in maintaining the flexibility of the plant cell wall during water deficit stress. Plant Signaling Behavior, 3: 102-104. (Pubitemid 351548241)
9. Somerville, C., Bauer, S., Brininstool, G., Facette, M., Hamann, T., Milne, J., Osborne, E., Paredez, A., Persson, S., Raab, T., Vorwerk, S., and, Youngs, H. 2004. Toward a systems approach to understanding plant cell walls. Science, 306: 2206-2211. (Pubitemid 40024448)
10. Yamada, H., and, Kiyohara, H. 1999. Complement-activating polysaccharides from medicinal herbs. In Immunomodulatory Agents from Plants, Edited by: Wagner, H. 161-202. Basel: Birkhuser.
11. Gulfi, M., Arrigoni, E., and, Amad, R. 2007. In vitro fermentability of a pectin fraction rich in hairy regions. Carbohydr. Polym., 67: 410-416. (Pubitemid 44881121)
12. Vayssade, M., Sengkhamparn, N., Verhoef, R., Delaigue, C., Goundiam, O., Vigneron, P., Voragen, A. G., Schols, H. A., and, Nagel, M.-D. 2010. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions of okra pectin on B16F10 melanoma cells. Phytotherapy Res., 24: 982-989.
13. McNeil, M., Darvill, A. G., and, Albersheim, P. 1980. Structure of plant cell walls: X. Rhamnogalacturonan-I, a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide in the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Plant Physiol., 66: 1128-1134.
14. Tipson, R. S., Christman, C. C., and, Levene, P. A. 1939. The structure of the aldobionic acid from flaxseed mucilage. J. Biol. Chem., 128: 609-662.
15. Muralikrishna, G., Salimath, P. V., and, Tharanathan, R. N. 1987. Structural features of an arabinoxylan and a rhamnogalacturonan derived from linseed mucilage. Carbohydr. Res., 161: 265-271.
16. Naran, R., Chen, G., and, Carpita, N. C. 2008. Novel rhamnogalacturonan-I and arabinoxylan polysaccharides of flax seed mucilage. Plant Physiol., 148: 132-141. (Pubitemid 352847582)
17. Penfield, S., Meissner, R. C., Shoue, D. A., Carpita, N. C., and, Bevan, M. W. 2001. MYB61 is required for mucilage deposition and extrusion in the Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant Cell, 13: 2777-2791. (Pubitemid 34088640)
18. Deng, C., ONeill, M. A., and, York, W. S. 2006. Selective chemical depolymerization of rhamnogalacturonans. Carbohydr. Res., 341: 474-484. (Pubitemid 43202148)
19. Lau, M. J., McNeil, M., Darvill, A. G., and, Albersheim, P. 1985. Structure of the backbone of rhamnogalacturonan I, a pectic polysaccharide in the primary cell walls of plants. Carbohydr. Res., 137: 111-125.
20. Voragen, A. G. J., Pilnik, W., Thibault, J.-F., Axelos, M. A. V., and, Renard, C. M. G. C. 1995. Pectins. In Food Polysaccharides and their Applications, Edited by: Stephen, A. M. 287-339. New York: Marcel Dekker.
21. Ramadas-Bhat, U., and, Tharanathan, R. N. 1986. Fractionation of okra mucilage and structural investigation of acidic polysaccharide. Carbohydr. Res., 148: 143-147.
22. Tharanathan, R. N., Reddy, G. C., Muralikrishna, G., and, Susheelamma, N. S. 1994. Structure of a galactoarabinan-rich pectic polysaccharide of native and fermented blackgram (Phaseolus mungo). Carbohydr. Polym., 23: 121-127.
23. Rihouey, C., Morvan, C., Borissova, I., Jauneau, A., Demarty, M., and, Jarvis, M. 1995. Structural features of CDTA-soluble pectins from flax hypocotyls. Carbohydr. Polym., 28: 159-166.
24. Perrone, P., Hewage, C. M., Thomson, A. R., Bailey, K., Sadler, I. H., and, Fry, S. C. 2002. Patterns of methyl and O -acetyl esterification in spinach pectins: New complexity. Phytochemistry, 60: 67-77. (Pubitemid 34516842)
25. Sengkhamparn, N., Bakx, E. J., Verhoef, R., Schols, H. A., Sajjaanantakul, T., and, Voragen, A. G. J. 2009. Okra pectin contains an unusual substitution of its rhamnosyl residues with acetyl and alpha-linked galactosyl groups. Carbohydr. Res., 344: 1842-1851.
26. ONeill, M. A., and, York, W. S. 2003. The composition and structure of plant primary cell walls. In The Plant Cell Wall, Edited by: Rose, J. K. C. 1-54. Boca Raton, Finland: Blackwell/CRC.
27. Voragen, A. G. J., Coenen, G.-J., Verhoef, R. P., and, Schols, H. A. 2009. Pectin, a versatile polysaccharide present in plant cell walls. Struct. Chem., 20: 263-275.
28. Sun, H. H., Wooten, J. B., Ryan, W. S., and, Bokelman, Jr. G. H. 1987. Structural characterization of a tobacco rhamnogalacturonan. Carbohydr. Polym., 7: 143-158.
29. Renard, C. M. G. C., Crépeau, M.-J., and, Thibault, J.-F. 1999. Glucuronic acid directly linked to galacturonic acid in the rhamnogalacturonan backbone of beet pectins. Eur. J. Biochem., 266: 566-574.
30. Oosterveld, A., Beldman, G., Schols, H. A., and, Voragen, A. G. J. 2000. Characterization of arabinose and ferulic acid rich pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses from sugar beet pulp. Carbohydr. Res., 328: 185-197. (Pubitemid 30665699)
31. Ralet, M.-C., André-Leroux, G., Quéméner, B., and, Thibault, J-F. 2005. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectins are covalently cross-linked through diferulic bridges in the cell wall. Phytochemistry, 66: 2800-2814. (Pubitemid 41719188)
32. Carpita, N. C., and, Gibeaut, D. M. 1993. Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growing. Plant J., 3: 1-30.
33. Nakamura, A., Furuta, H., Maeda, H., Nagamatsu, Y., and, Yoshimoto, A. 2001. Analysis of structural components and molecular construction of soybean soluble polysaccharides by stepwise enzymatic degradation. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 65: 2249-2258. (Pubitemid 33617197)
34. Salimath, P. V., and, Tharanathan, R. N. 1982. Primary structure of two arabinogalactans from the water-soluble polysaccharides of field-bean (Dolichos lablab) hulls. Carbohydr. Res., 104: 341-347.
35. Oosterveld, A., Voragen, A. G. J., and, Schols, H. A. 2002. Characterization of hop pectins shows the presence of an arabinogalactan- protein. Carbohydr. Polym., 49: 407-413. (Pubitemid 34782024)
36. Immerzeel, P., Eppink, M. M., De Vries, S. C., Schols, H. A., and, Voragen, A. G. J. 2006. Carrot arabinogalactan proteins are interlinked with pectins. Physiol. Plant., 128: 18-28. (Pubitemid 44222106)
37. Sakamoto, T., and, Sakai, T. 1995. Analysis of structure of sugar-beet pectin by enzymatic methods. Phytochemistry, 39: 821-823.
38. bro, J., Harholt, J., Scheller, H. V., and, Orfila, C. 2004. Rhamnogalacturonan-I in Solanum tuberosum tubers contains complex arabinogalactan structures. Phytochemistry, 65: 1429-1438. (Pubitemid 38844728)
39. Talmadge, K. W., Keegstra, K., Bauer, W. D., and, Albersheim, P. 1973. Structure of plant cell walls. I. The macromolecular components of the walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells with a detailed analysis of the pectic polysaccharides. Plant Physiol., 51: 158-173.
40. Samuelsen, A. B., Paulsen, B. S., Wold, J. K., Otsuka, H., Kiyohara, H., Yamada, H., and, Knutsen, S. H. 1996. Characterization of a biologically active pectin from Plantago major L. Carbohyr. Polym., 30: 37-44. (Pubitemid 126358360)
41. Xia, W., Liu, S.-Q., Zhang, W.-Q., and, Luo, G.-A. 2008. Structural features of a pectic polysaccharide from mulberry leaves. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 10: 857-865.
42. Aspinall, G. O. 1970. Gums and mucilages. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 24: 333-379.
43. Albersheim, P., Darvill, A. G., ONeill, M. A., Schols, H. A., and, Voragen, A. G. J. 1996. An hypothesis: The same six polysaccharides are components of the primary cell walls of all higher plants. In Pectins and Pectinases, Edited by: Visser, J. and Voragen, A. G. J. 47-55. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
44. Prade, R. A., Zhan, D., Ayoubi, P., and, Mort, A. J. 1999. Pectins, pectinases and plant-microbe interactions. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev., 16: 361-391. (Pubitemid 29386811)
45. Renard, C. M. G. C., Crépeau, M. J., and, Thibault, J. F. 1995. Structure of the repeating units in the rhamnogalacturonic backbone of apple, beet and citrus pectins. Carbohydr. Res., 275: 155-165.
46. Yapo, B. M., Lerouge, P., Thibault, J.-F., and, Ralet, M.-C. 2007. Pectins from citrus peel cell walls contain homogalacturonans homogenous with respect to molar mass, rhamnogalacturonan-I and rhamnogalacturonan-II. Carbohydr. Polym., 69 (3): 426-435. (Pubitemid 46722584)
47. Schols, H. A., Voragen, A. G. J., and, Colquhoun, I. J. 1994. Isolation and characterization of rhamnogalacturonan oligomers, liberated during degradation of pectic hairy regions by rhamnogalacturonase. Carbohydr. Res., 256: 97-111. (Pubitemid 24103140)
48. Lerouge, P., ONeill, M. A., Darvill, A. G., and, Albersheim, P. 1993. Structural characterization of endo-glycanase-generated oligoglycosyl side chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Carbohydr. Res., 243: 359-371. (Pubitemid 23161794)
49. Eda, S., and, Kat, K. 1980. Pectin isolated from the midrib of leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Agric. Biol. Chem., 44: 2793-2801.
50. De Vries, J. A., Den Uijl, C. H., Voragen, A. G. J., Rombouts, F. M., and, Pilnik, W. 1983. Structural features of the neutral sugar side chains of apple pectic substances. Carbohydr. Polym., 3: 193-205.
51. Macquet, A., Ralet, M-C., Loudet, O., Kronenberger, J., Mouille, G., Marion-Poll, A., and, North, H. M. 2007. In-situ, chemical and macromolecular study of the composition of Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat mucilage. Plant Cell, 19: 3990-4006.
52. Morris, G. A., Ralet, M.-C., Bonnin, E., Thibault, J.-F., and, Harding, S. E. 2010. Physical characterisation of the rhamnogalacturonan and homogalacturonan fractions of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectin. Carbohydr. Polym., 82: 1161-1167.
53. Hwang, J., and, Kokini, J. L. 1992. Contribution of the side branches to rheological properties of pectins. Carbohydr. Polym., 19: 41-50.
54. Zhan, D., Janssen, P., and, Mort, A. J. 1998. Scarcity or complete lack of single rhamnose residues interspersed within the homogalacturonan regions of citrus pectin. Carbohydr Res., 308: 373-380. (Pubitemid 28349980)
55. Gurjanov, O. P., Gorshkova, T. A., Kabel, M., Schols, H. A., and, van Dam, J. E. G. 2007. MALDI-TOF MS evidence for the linking of flax bast fibre galactan to rhamnogalacturonan backbone. Carbohydr. Polym., 67: 86-96. (Pubitemid 44738030)
56. Yu, L., Zhang, X., Li, S., Liu, X., Sun, L., Liu, H., Iteku, J., Zhou, Y., and, Tai, G. 2010. Rhamnogalacturonan I domains from ginseng pectin. Carbohydr. Polym., 79: 811-817.
57. Talbott, L., and, Ray, P. 1992. Changes in molecular size of previously deposited and newly synthesized pea cell wall matrix polysaccharides. Effects of auxin and tugor. Plant Physiol., 98: 369-379.
58. Yapo, B. M., and, Koffi, K. L. 2008. The polysaccharide composition of yellow passion fruit rind cell wall: chemical and macromolecular features of extracted pectins and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. J. Sci. Food Agric., 88 (12): 2125-2133.
59. Zheng, Y., and, Mort, A. 2008. Isolation and structural characterization of a novel oligosaccharide from the rhamnogalacturonan of Gossypium hirsutum L. Carbohydr. Res., 343: 1041-1049.
60. Westphal, Y., Khnel, S., de Waard, P., Hinz, S. W. A., Schols, H. A., Voragen, A. G. J., and, Gruppen, H. 2010. Branched arabino-oligosaccharides isolated from sugar beet arabinan. Carbohydr. Res., 345: 1180-1189.
61. Li, J., Fan, L., and, Ding, S. 2011. Isolation, purification and structure of a new watersoluble polysaccharide from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao. In Carbohydr. Polym. Vol. 83, 477-482.
62. Edashige, Y., and, Ishii, T. 1998. Rhamnogalacturonan-II from cell walls of Cryptomeria japonica. Phytochemistry, 49: 681-690. (Pubitemid 28445149)
63. Yu, K-W., Kiyohara, H., Matsumoto, T., Yang, H.-C., and, Yamada, H. 2001. Characterization of pectic polysaccharides having intestinal immune system modulating activity from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. Carbohydr. Polym., 46: 125-134. (Pubitemid 32605615)
64. Aboughe-Angone, S., Bardor, M., Nguema-Ona, E., Rihouey, C., Ishii, T., Lerouge, P., and, Driouich, A. 2009. Structural characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from two plant species endemic to central Africa, Fleurya aestuans and Phragmenthera capitata. Carbohydr. Polym., 75: 104-109.
65. M'sakni, N. H., Majdoub, H., Roudesli, S., Picton, L., Le Cerf, D., Rihouey, C., and, Morvan, C. 2006. Composition, structure and solution properties of polysaccharides extracted from leaves of Mesembryanthenum crystallinum. Eur. Polym. J., 42: 786-795. (Pubitemid 43344420)
66. Turecek, P. L., Buxbaum, E., and, Pittner, F. 1989. Quantitative determination of pectic substances as an example of a rhamnopolysaccharide assay. J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth., 19: 215-222. (Pubitemid 19220060)
67. Zablackis, E., Huang, J., Mller, B., Darvill, A. G., and, Albersheim, P. 1995. Characterization of the cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Physiol., 107: 1129-1138.
68. Inngjerdingen, K. T., Patel, T. R., Chen, X., Kenne, L., Allen, S., Morris, G. A., Harding, S. E., Matsumoto, T., Diallo, D., Yamada, H., Michaelsen, T. E., Inngjerdingen, M., and, Paulsen, B. S. 2007. Immunological and structural properties of a pectic polymer from Glinus oppositifolius. Glycobiology, 17: 1299-1310. (Pubitemid 350131308)
69. Jackson, C. L., Dreaden, T. M., Theobald, L. K., Tran, N. M., Beal, T. L., Eid, M., Gao, M. Y., Shirley, R. B., Stoffel, M. T., Kumar, M. V., and, Mohnen, D. 2007. Pectin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: correlation of apoptotic function with pectin structure. Glycobiology, 17: 805-819. (Pubitemid 47241818)
70. Ele-Ekouna, J.-P., Pau-Roblot, C., Courtois, C., and, Courtois, J. 2011. Chemical characterization of pectin from green tea (Camellia sinensis). Carbohydr. Polym., 83: 1232-1239.
71. Rees, D. A., and, Wight, A. W. 1971. Polysaccharide conformation for -1,4-galacturonan and the kinking function of L-rhamnose residues in pectic substances. J. Chem. Soc B,: 1366-1372. 1971
72. Hourdet, D., and, Muller, G. 1991. Solution properties of pectin polysaccharides-III: Molecular size of heterogeneous pectin chains. Calibration and application of SEC to pectin analysis. Carbohydr. Polym., 16: 409-432. (Pubitemid 21698531)
73. Ruggiero, J. R., Urbani, R., and, Cesro, A. 1995. Conformational features of galacturonans. II. Configurational statistics of pectic polymers. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 17 (3-4): 213-218.
74. Pérez, S., Rodrguez-Carvajal, M. A., and, Doco, T. 2003. A complex plant cell wall polysaccharide: rhamnogalacturonan-II. A structure in quest of a function. Biochimie, 85: 109-121. (Pubitemid 36625986)
75. Kouwijzer, M., Schols, H., and, Pérez, S. 1996. Acetylation of rhamnogalacturonan-I and homogalacturonan: Theoretical calculations. In Pectins and Pectinases, Edited by: Visser, J. and Voragen, A. G. J. 57-65. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
76. Caffall, K. H., and, Mohnen, D. 2009. The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Res., 344: 1879-1900.
77. Willats, W. G. T., Steele-King, C. G., Marcus, S. E., and, Knox, J. P. 1999. Side chains of pectic polysaccharides are regulated in relation to cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Plant J., 20: 619-628.
78. McCartney, L., Ormerod, A. P., Gidley, M. J., and, Knox, J. P. 2000. Temporal and spatial regulation of pectic (14) - D-galactan in cell walls of developing pea cotyledons: implications for mechanical properties. Plant J., 22: 105-113. (Pubitemid 30308403)
79. Zabotina, O., Ibragimova, N., Ayupova, D., Gurjanov, O., Lozovaya, V., Beldman, G., and, Voragen, A. 1996. Bioactive fragments from pea pectin. In Pectins and Pectinases, Edited by: Visser, J. and Voragen, A. G. J. 693-701. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
80. Wydra, K., and, Beri, H. 2007. Immunohistochemical changes in methyl-ester distribution of homogalacturonan and side chain composition of rhamnogalacturonan I as possible components of basal resistance in tomato inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 70: 13-24. (Pubitemid 47418596)
81. Brummell, D. A. 2006. Cell wall disassembly in ripening fruit. Funct. Plant Biol., 33: 103-119. (Pubitemid 43190461)
82. Umar, S., Morris, A. P., Kourouma, F., and, Sellin, J. H. 2003. Dietary pectin and calcium inhibitcolonic proliferation in vivo by differing mechanisms. Cell Prolif., 36: 361-375. (Pubitemid 37500136)
83. Yapo, B. M., and, Koffi, K. L. 2008. Dietary fiber components in yellow passion fruit rindsA potential fiber source. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56 (14): 5880-5883.
84. Yamada, H. 1994. Pectic polysaccharides from Chinese herbs: structure and biological activity. Carbohydr. Polym., 25: 269-276.
85. Nergard, C. S., Matsumoto, T., Inngjerdingen, M., Inngjerdingen, K., Hokputsa, S., and, Harding, S. E. 2005. Structural and immunological studies of a pectin and a pectic arabinogalactan from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae). Carbohydr. Res., 340: 115-130. (Pubitemid 40028304)
86. Zhang, X., Yu, L., Bi, H., Li, X., Ni, W., Han, H., Li, N., Wang, B., Zhou, Y., and, Tai, G. 2009. Total fractionation and characterization of the water-soluble polysaccharidesisolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Carbohydr. Polym., 77: 544-552.
87. Hokputsa, S., Gerddit, W., Pongsamart, S., Inngjerdingen, K., Heinze, T., Koschella, A., Harding, S. E., and, Paulsen, B. S. 2004. Water-soluble polysaccharides with pharmaceutical importance from Durian rinds (Durio zibethinus Murr.): isolation, fractionation, characterisation and bioactivity. Carbohydr. Polym., 56: 471-481.
88. Chattopadhyay, N., Nosálová, G., Saha, S., Bandyopadhyay, S. S., Fleskova, D., and, Ray, B. 2011. Structural features and antitussive activity of water extracted polysaccharide from Adhatoda vasica,. Carbohydr. Polym., 83: 1970-1974.
89. Nagel, M-D., Verhoef, R., Schols, H., Morra, M., Knox, J.-P., Ceccone, G. 2008. Enzymatically-tailored pectins differentially influence the morphology, adhesion, cell cycle progression and survival of fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1780: 995-1003.
90. Gallet, M., Vayssade, M., Morra, M., Verhoef, R., Perrone, S., Cascardo, G., Vigneron, P., Schols, H. A., and, Nagel, M.-D. 2009. Inhibition of LPS-induced proinflammatory responses of J774.2 macrophages by immobilized enzymatically tailored pectins. Acta Biomaterialia, 5: 2618-2622.
91. Michaelsen, T. E., Gilje, A., Samulsen, A. B., Hgsen, K., and, Paulsen, B. S. 2000. Interaction between human complement and a pectin type polysaccharide fraction, PMII, from the leaves of Plantago major L. Scand. J. Immunol., 52: 483-490.
92. Westereng, B., Michaelsen, T. E., Samuelsen, A. B., and, Knutsen, S. H. 2008. Effects of extraction conditions on the chemical structure and biological activity of white cabbage pectin. Carbohydr. Polym., 72: 32-42.
93. Zhao, Z., Li, J., Wu, X., Dai, H., Gao, X., Liu, M., and, Tu, P. 2006. Structures and immunological activities of two pectic polysaccharides from the fruits of Ziziphus jujube Mill. cv. jinsixiaozao Hort. Food Res. Int., 39: 917-923. (Pubitemid 44163223)
94. Wang, X.-S., Dong, Q., Zuo, J.-P., and, Fang, J.-N. 2003. Structure and potential immunological activity of a pectin from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Carbohydr. Res., 338: 2393-2402. (Pubitemid 37315603)
95. Mueller, E. A., and, Anderer, F. A. 1990. Synergistic action of a plant rhamnogalacturonan enhancing antitumor cytotoxicity of human natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cells: Chemical specificity of target cell recognition. Cancer Res., 50: 3646-3651. (Pubitemid 20194110)
96. Eliaz, I. 2001. The potential role of modified citrus pectin in the prevention of cancer metastasis. Clin. Practice Altern. Med., 2: 177-179.
97. Nangia-Makker, P., Hogan, V., Honjo, Y., Baccarini, S., Tait, L., Bresalier, R., and, Raz, A. 2002. Inhibition of human cancer cell growth and metastasis in nude mice by oral intake of modified citrus pectin,. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94: 1854-1862. (Pubitemid 36104630)
98. Platt, D., and, Raz, A. 1992. Modulation of the lung colonization of B16-F1 melanoma cells by citrus pectin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 84: 438-442.
99. Glinsky, V. V., and, Raz, A. 2009. Modified citrus pectin anti-metastatic properties: one bullet, multiple targets. Carbohydr. Res., 344: 1788-1791.
100. Gunning, A. P., Bongaerts, R. J. M., and, Morris, V. J. 2009. Recognition of galactan components of pectin by galectin-3. FASEB J., 23: 415-424.
101. Yapo, B. M. 2009. Biochemical characteristics and gelling capacity of pectin from yellow passion fruit rind as affected by acid extractant nature. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57 (4): 1572-1578.
102. Johnson, K. D., Glinskii, O. V., Mossine, V. V., Turk, J. R., Mawhinney, T. P., Anthony, D. C., Henry, C. J., Huxley, V. H., Glinsky, G. V., Pienta, K. J., Raz, A., and, Glinsky, V. V. 2007. Galectin-3 as a potential therapeutic target in tumors arisingfrom malignant endothelia. Neoplasia, 9: 662-670. (Pubitemid 47328085)
103. Bergman, M., Djaldetti, M., Salman, H., and, Bessler, H. 2010. Effect of citrus pectin on malignant cell proliferation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 64: 44-47.
104. Beuth, J., Ko, H. L., Schirrmacher, V., Uhlenbruck, G., and, Pulverer, G. 1988. Inhibition of liver-tumor cell colonisation in 2 animal tumor-models by lectin blocking with D-galactose or arabinogalactan. Clin. Exper. Metastasis, 6: 115-120. (Pubitemid 18065798)
105. Morris, V. J., Gromer, A., Kirby, A. R., Bongaerts, R. J. M., and, Gunning, A. P. 2011. Using AFM and force spectroscopy to determine pectin structure and (bio)functionality. Food Hydrocolloids, 25: 230-237.
106. Ishii, T., and, Matsunaga, T. 2001. Pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II is covalently linked to homogalacturonan. Phytochemistry, 57: 969-974. (Pubitemid 32607040)