Neuropsychological, medical and rehabilitative management of persons with multiple sclerosis

NeuroRehabilitation

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 197-219

  Deluca, John ^a,b   Nocentini, Ugo ^c,d  

^a KESSLER FOUNDATION   (United States)

^b RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^d IRCCS FONDAZIONE SANTA LUCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Multiple sclerosis

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIPYRETIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BACLOFEN; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CLADRIBINE; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACLIZUMAB; DANTROLENE; FINGOLIMOD; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GABAPENTIN; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERFERON; LAQUINIMOD; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MITOXANTRONE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MYELIN; NATALIZUMAB; OCRELIZUMAB; OFATUZUMAB; RITUXIMAB; TERIFLUNOMIDE; TIZANIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ALOPECIA; ARTICLE; ATAXIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS; BUDD CHIARI SYNDROME; CARDIOTOXICITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CYTOKINE RELEASE; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG MEGADOSE; FATIGUE; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; FLUSHING; GOODPASTURE SYNDROME; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART RATE; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOADSORPTION; INFERTILITY; INFLAMMATION; INJECTION SITE REACTION; LEUKEMIA; LUNG FUNCTION; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MEDICAL CARE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NAUSEA; NEOPLASM; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PLASMAPHERESIS; PROGNOSIS; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; RASH; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RETINA MACULA EDEMA; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN CANCER; SPASTICITY; SYMPTOM; TERATOGENESIS; TERATOGENICITY; TREMOR; TUBERCULOSIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANXIETY; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEPRESSION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FATIGUE; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; SENSATION DISORDERS;

EID: 84856910444     PISSN: 10538135     EISSN: 18786448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-2011-0695     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. M.P. Amato, V. Zipoli, B. Goretti, E. Portaccio, M.F. De Caro, L. Ricchiuti, G. Siracusa, M. Masini, S. Sorbi and M. Trojano, Benign multiple sclerosis: Cognitive, psychological and social aspects in a clinical cohort, Journal of Neurology 253 (2006), 1054-1059. (Pubitemid 44441131)
2. M.P. Amato, G. Ponziani, G. Siracusa and S. Sorbi, Cognitive dysfunction in early-onset multiple sclerosis, Archives of Neurology 58 (2001), 1602-1606.
3. M.P. Amato, E. Portaccio, B. Goretti, V. Zipoli, A. Ludice, D. Della Pina, G. Malentacchi, S. Sabatini, P. Annunziata, M. Falcini, M. Mazzoni, M. Mortilla, C. Fonda and N. De Ste-fano, Relevance of cognitive deterioration in early relapsing-remitting MS: A 3-year follow-up study, Multiple Sclerosis 16 (2010), 1474-1483.
4. P.A. Arnett, F.H. Barwick and J.E. Beeney, Depression in multiple sclerosis: Review and theoretical proposal, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14 (2008), 691-724.
5. A. Ascherio and K.L. Munger, Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Non-infectious factors, Annals of Neurology 61 (2007), 504-513. (Pubitemid 47068132)
6. A. Ascherio and A. Bar-Or, EBV and brain matter(s)? Neurology 74 (2010), 1092-1095.
7. R.L. Aupperle, W.W. Beatty, Fde N. Shelton and S.T. Gontkovsky, Three screening batteries to detect cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 8 (2002), 382-389.
8. F. Barkhof, M. Filippi, D.H. Miller, P. Schetens, A. Campi, C.H. Polman, G. Comi, H.J. Adèr, N. Losseff and J. Valk, Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis, Brain 120 (1997), 2059-2069. (Pubitemid 27493740)
9. S.A. Bahreini, M.R. Jabalameli, M. Saadatnia and H. Zahednasab, The role of non-HLA single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis susceptibility, Journal of Neu-roimmunology 229 (2010), 5-15.
10. R. Bakshi, D., Czarnecki, Z.A. Shaikh, R.L. Priore, V. Janardhan, Z. Kaliszky and P.R. Kinkel, Brain MRI lesions and atrophy are related to depression in multiple sclerosis, Neuroreport 11 (2000), 1153-1158. (Pubitemid 30262949)
11. C.L. Barrett, G.E. Mann, P.N. Taylor and P. Strike, A randomized trial to investigate the effects of functional electrical stimulation and therapeutic exercise on walking performance for people with multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 15 (2009), 493-504.
12. M.H. Barnett and J.W. Prineas, Relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: Pathology of the newly forming lesion, Annals of Neurology 55 (2004), 458-468. (Pubitemid 38391962)
13. M.R. Basso, C. Ghormley, N. Lowery, D. Combs and R.A. Bornstein, Self-generated learning in people with multiple sclerosis: An extension of Chiaravalloti and DeLuca (2002), Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 30 (2008), 1-7.
14. W.W. Beatty, B. Goretti, G. Siracusa, V. Zipoli, E. Portaccio and M.P. Amato, Changes in neuropsychological test per-formance over the workday in multiple sclerosis, Clinical Neuropsychology 17 (2003), 551-560. (Pubitemid 38221777)
15. A.T. Beck, R.A. Steer and G.K. Brown, BDI-Fast screen for medical patients manual, The Psychological Corporation, (2000). San Antonio, Tx.
16. P.O. Behan and A. Chaudhuri, The sad plight of multiple sclerosis research (low on fact, high on fiction): critical data to support it being a neurocristopathy, Inflammopharmacology 18 (2010), 265-290.
17. R.H. Benedict and R. Zivadinov, Risk factors for and management of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, Nature Review Neurology 7 (2011), 333-342.
18. R.H. Benedict, J.S. Fischer, C.J. Archibald, P.A. Arnett, W.W. Beatty, J. Bobholz, G.J. Chelune, J.D. Fisk, D.W. Lang-don, L. Caruso, F. Foley, N.G. LaRocca, L. Vowels, A. We-instein, J. DeLuca, S.M. Rao and F. Munschauer, Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: a consensus approach, Clinical Neuropsychologist 16 (2002), 381-397. (Pubitemid 36390381)
19. R.H. Benedict, D. Cookfair, R. Gavett, M. Gunther, F. Mun-schauer, N. Garg and B. Weinstock-Guttman, Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 12 (2006), 549-558. (Pubitemid 44070305)
20. R.H. Benedict, F. Munschauer, P. Zarevics, D. Erlanger, V. Rowe, T. Feaster and R.L. Carpenter, Effects of l-amphetamine sulfate on cognitive function in multiple sclerosis patients, Journal of Neurology 255 (2008), 848-852.
21. D. Berg, T. Supprian, J. Thomae, M. Warmuth-Metz, A. Horowski, B. Zeiler, T. Magnus, P. Rieckmann and G. Becker, Lesion pattern in patients with multiple sclerosis and depression, Multiple Sclerosis 6 (2000), 156-162. (Pubitemid 30392112)
22. L. Bergamaschi, M.A. Leone, M.E. Fasano, F.R. Guerini, D. Ferrante, E. Bolognesi, N. Barizzone, L. Corrado, P. Naldi, C. Agliardi, E. Dametto, M. Salvetti, A. Visconti, D. Galimberti, E. Scarpini, M. Vercellino, R. Bergamaschi, F. Monaco, D. Caputo, P. Momigliano-Richiardi and S. D'Alfonso, HLA-class I markers and multiple sclerosis susceptibility in the Italian population, Gene and Immunity 11 (2010), 173-180.
23. L. Bergamaschi, M. Ban, N. Barizzone, M. Leone, D. Fer-rante, M.E. Fasano, F.R. Guerini, L. Corrado, P. Naldi, E. Dametto, C. Agliardi, M. Salvetti, R. Mechelli, D. Gal-imberti, E. Scarpini, P. Cavalla, V. Bargiggia, D. Caputo, S. Cordera, F. Monaco, P. Momigliano-Richiardi and S. D'Alfonso, Association of HLA class I markers with multiple sclerosis in the Italian and UK population: evidence of two independent protective effects, Journal of Medical Genetic 48 (2011), 485-492.
24. M. Bergner, R.A. Bobbitt, W.B. Carter and B.S. Gilson, The Sickness Impact Profile: Development and final revision of a health status measure, Medical Care 19 (1981), 787-805. (Pubitemid 11021288)
25. R.W. Bohannon and M.B. Smith, Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity, Physical Therapy 67 (1987), 206-207. (Pubitemid 17026064)
26. D.N. Bourdette, A.V. Prochazka, W. Mitchell, P. Licari, J. Burks and V.A. Multiple, Sclerosis Rehabilitation Study Group, Health costs of veterans with multiple sclerosis: Implications for the rehabilitation of MS, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 74 (1993), 26-31. (Pubitemid 23033294)
27. A.C. Bowling, Complementary and alternative medicine and multiple sclerosis, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 465-480.
28. A. Brenk, K. Laun and C.G. Haase, Short-term cognitive training improves mental efficacy and mood in patients with multiple sclerosis, Journal of European Neurolology 60 (2008), 304-309.
29. J.M. Bruce and P.A. Arnett, Clinical correlates of generalized worry in multiple sclerosis, Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology 31 (2009), 698-705.
30. M.N. Burns, J. Siddique, J.K. Fokuo and D.C. Mohr, Comor-bid anxiety disorders and treatment of depression in people with multiple sclerosis, Rehabilitation Psychology 55 (2010), 255-262.
31. I. Casetta, G. Iuliano and G. Filippini, Azathioprine for multiple sclerosis, Cochrane Database System Rev (2007) CD003982, DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD003982.pub2.
32. Y.J. Chang, M.J. Hsu, S.M. Chen, C.H. Lin and A.M.K. Wong, Decreased central fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients after 8 weeks of surface functional electrical stimulation, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 48(5) (2011), 555-564.
33. N.D. Chiaravalloti and J. DeLuca, Self-generation as a means of maximizing learning in multiple sclerosis: An application of the generation effect, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83 (2002), 1070-1079. (Pubitemid 34832933)
34. N.D. Chiaravalloti and J. DeLuca, Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurology 7 (2008), 1139-1151.
35. N.D. Chiaravalloti, J. DeLuca, N.B. Moore and J.H. Rick-er, Treating learning impairments improves memory performance in multiple sclerosis: A randomized clinical trial, Multiple Sclerosis 11 (2005), 58-68. (Pubitemid 40259976)
36. T. Christensen, T. Petersen, S. Thiel, T. Brudeck, S. Ellerman-Eriksen and A. Møller-Larsen, Gene-environment interactions in multiple sclerosis: Innate and adaptive immune responses to human endogenous retroviruses and herpes virus antigens and the lectin complement activation pathway, Journal of Neuroimmunology 183 (2007), 175-188. (Pubitemid 46204899)
37. C. Christodoulou, The assessment and measurement of fatigue, in: Fatigue as a Window to the Brain, J. DeLuca, ed., Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005, pp. 19-36.
38. K.D. Cicerone, C. Dahlberg, J.F. Malec, D.M. Langenbahn, T. Felicetti, S. Kneipp, W. Ellmo, K. Kalmar, J.T. Giaci-no, J.P. Harley, L. Laatsch, P.A. Morse and J. Catanese, Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86 (2005), 1681-1692. (Pubitemid 41115836)
39. F.M. Collen, D.T. Wade, G.F. Robb and C.M. Bradshaw, The Rivermead Mobility Index: A further development of the Rivermead Motor Assessment, Intern Disabilities Studies 13 (1991), 50-54.
40. D. Conway and J.A. Cohen, Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurology 9 (2010), 299-308.
41. J.C. Correja de Sa, L. Airas, E. Bartholome, N. Grigoriadis, H. Mattle, C. Oreja-Guevara, J. O'Riordan, F. Sellebjerg, B. Stankoff, K. Vass, A. Walczak, H. Wiendl and B.C. Kie-seier, Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: a review for a multimodal approach in clinical practice, Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 4(3) (2011), 139-168.
42. A.M. Courtney, W. Castro-Borrero, S.L. Davis, T.C. Frohman and E.M. Frohman, Functional treatments in multiple sclerosis, Current Opinion in Neurology 24 (2011), 250-254.
43. G.R. Cutter, M.L. Baier, R.A. Rudick, D.L. Cookfair, J.S. Fischer, J. Petkau, K. Syndulko, B.G. Weinshenker, J.P. An-tel, C. Confavreux, G.W. Ellison, F. Lublin, A.E. Miller, S.M. Rao, S. Reingold, A. Thompson and E. Willoughby, Development of a multiple sclerosis functional composite as a clinical trial outcome measure, Brain 122 (1999), 871-882. (Pubitemid 29219261)
44. U. Dalgas, E. Stenager, J. Jakobsen, T. Petersen, K. Over-gaard and T. Ingemann-Hansen, Muscle fiber size increases following resistance training in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 16 (2010), 1367-1376.
45. U. Dalgas, E. Stenager, J. Jakobsen, T. Petersen, H.J. Hansen, C. Knudsen, K. Overgaard, T. Ingemann-Hansen and T. Fatigue, mood and quality of life improve in MS patients after progressive resistance training, Multiple Sclerosis 16 (2010), 480-490.
46. J. DeLuca, G.J. Chelune, D.S. Tulsky, J. Lengenfelder and N.D. Chiaravalloti, Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsy-chology 26 (2004), 550-562. (Pubitemid 39318348)
47. J. DeLuca, Fatigue As a Window to the Brain, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2005.
48. J. DeLuca, H. Genova, F. Hillary and G. Wylie, Neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis using functional MRI, Journal of Neurological Sciences 270 (2008), 28-39.
49. O. Deryck, P. Ketelaer and B. Dubois, Clinical characteristics and long term prognosis on early onset multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology 253 (2006), 720-723. (Pubitemid 43980141)
50. F. de Souza-Teixeira, S. Costilla, C. Ayan, D. Garcia-Lopez, J. Gonzalez-Gallego and J.A. de Paz, Effects of resistance training in multiple sclerosis, International Journal of Sports Medicine 30 (2009), 245-250.
51. F. Doepp, F. Paul, J.M. Valdueza, K. Schmierer and S.J. Schreiber, No cerebrocervical venous congestion in patients with multiple sclerosis, Annals of Neurology 68 (2010), 173-183.
52. C. Donzè, P. Hautecoeur, Urinary, sexual and bowel disorders in early stage multiple sclerosis, Revue Neurologique 165(Suppl 4) (2009), S148-S155.
53. S.P. Duntley. Fatigue and sleep, in: Fatigue as a Window to the Brain, J. DeLuca, ed., Cambridge, MA, 2005, MIT Press, pp. 209-227.
54. I. Dyck and L. Jongbloed, Women with multiple sclerosis and employment issues: A focus on social and institutional environments, Occupational Therapy 67 (2000), 333-346.
55. G.C. Ebers, Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurology 7 (2008), 268-277. (Pubitemid 351222732)
56. D.G. Everaert, A.K. Thompson, S.L. Chong and R.B. Stein, Does functional electrical stimulation for foot drop strengthen corticospinal connections? Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 24(2) (2010), 168-177.
57. K. Edgley, M.J. Sullivan and E. Dehoux, A survey of multiple sclerosis, part 2: Determinants of employment status, Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation 4 (1991), 127-132.
58. J.E. Esnouf, P.N. Taylor, G.E. Mann and C.L. Barrett, Impact on activities of daily living using a functional electrical stimulation device to improve dropped foot in people with multiple sclerosis, measured by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Multiple Sclerosis 16(9) (2010), 1141-1147.
59. A. Feinstein and O. Ghaffar, Disorders of mood and affect in multiple sclerosis, in: Multiple Sclerosis: Recovery of Function and Neurorehabilitation, J. Kesserling, G. Comi and A.J. Thompson, eds, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K., 2010, pp. 183-189.
60. A. Feinstein, Neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology 254(S2) (2007), II/73-II/76. (Pubitemid 46763916)
61. A. Feinstein, P. Roy, N. Lobaugh, K.J. Feinstein and P. O'Connor, Structural brain abnormalities in multiple scle-rosis patients with major depression, Neurology 62 (2004), 586-590. (Pubitemid 38252800)
62. L. Feuillet, F. Reuter, B. Audoin, I. Malikova, K. Barrau, A.A. Cherif, and J. Pelletier, Early cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 13 (2007), 124-127. (Pubitemid 46152771)
63. M. Filippi, M.A. Rocca, B. Colombo, A. Falini, G. Scotti and G. Comi, Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of fatigue in multiple sclerosis, Neuroimage 15 (2002), 559-567. (Pubitemid 34852523)
64. F. Fink, E. Rischkau, M. Butt, J. Klein, P. Eling and H. Hildebrandt, Efficacy of an executive function intervention programme in MS: A placebo-controlled and pseudo-randomized trial, Multiple Sclerosis 16 (2010), 1148-1151.
65. P. Flachenecker, Autoimmune diseases and rehabilitation, Autoimmunity Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.016, (2011).
66. M. Flavia, C. Stampatori, D. Zanotti, G. Parrinello and R. Capra, Efficacy and specificity of intensive cognitive rehabilitation of attention and executive functions in multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurological Science 288 (2010), 101-105.
67. F.W. Foley, A.H. Miller, U. Traugott, N.G. LaRocca, L.C. Scheinberg, J.R. Bredell and S.S. Lennox, Psychoimmuno-logical dysregulation in multiple sclerosis, Psychosomatics 29 (1988), 398-404.
68. A. Forbes, A. While, L. Mathes and P. Griffiths, Evaluation of a MS Specialist Nurse Programme, International Journal of Nursing Studies 43 (2006), 985-1000. (Pubitemid 44515173)
69. Y.D. Fragoso, The internet racing ahead of the scientific evidence, Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria 69(3) (2011), 525-527.
70. D. Franciotta, M. Salvetti, F. Lolli, B. Serafini and F. Aloisi, B cells and multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurolology 7 (2008), 852-858.
71. R. Fraser, D. Clemmons and F. Bennett, Multiple Sclerosis: Psychosocial and Vocational Interventions, New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2002.
72. T.C. Frohman, W. Castro, A. Shah, A. Courtney, J. Ortstadt, S.L. Davis, D. Logan, T. Abraham, J. Abraham, G. Remington, K. Treadway, D. Graves, J. Hart, O. Stuve, G. Lemack, B. Greenberg and E.M. Frohman, Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis, Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 4 (2011), 83-98.
73. A. Ghezzi, C. Pozzilli, M. Liguori, M.G. Marrosu, N. Milani, C. Milanese, I. Simone and M. Zaffaroni, Prospective study of multiple sclerosis with early onset, Multiple Sclerosis 8 (2002), 115-118. (Pubitemid 34256747)
74. B.S. Giesser, Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 381-388.
75. G. Giovannoni, Promising emerging therapies for multiple sclerosis, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 435-448.
76. J.L. Goeb, C. Even, G. Nicolas, B. Gohier, F. Dubas and J.B. Garré, Psychiatric side effects of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis, European Psychiatry 21 (2006), 186-193.
77. R. Gold, Oral therapies for Multiple Sclerosis. A review of agents in phase III development or recently approved, CNS Drugs 25 (2011), 37-52.
78. Goldman Consensus Group: The Goldman consensus statement on depression in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 11 (2005), 328-337.
79. Z. Golzari, F. Shabkhiz, S. Soudi, M.R. Kordi and S.M. Hashemi, Combined exercise training reduces IFN-γ and IL-17 levels in the plasma and supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in women with multiple sclerosis, International Immunopharmacology 10 (2010), 1415-1419.
80. Y. Goverover, M. Basso, H. Wood, N. Chiaravalloti and J. DeLuca, Examining the benefits of combining two learning strategies on recall of functional information in persons with multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, published online 17 May 2011. doi: 10.1177/1352458511406310.
81. Y. Goverover, F.G. Hillary, N. Chiaravalloti, J.C. Arango-Lasprilla and J. DeLuca, A functional application of the spacing effect to improve learning and memory in persons with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 31 (2009), 513-522.
82. S.C.L. Gough and M.J. Simmonds, The HLA region and autoimmune disease: associations and mechanisms of action, Current Genomics 8 (2007), 453-465. (Pubitemid 351486276)
83. Y. Goverover, J. Kalmar, E. Gaudino-Goering, M. Shawaryn, N.B. Moore, J. Halper and J. DeLuca, The relationship between subjective and objective measures of everyday life activities in persons with multiple sclerosis, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86 (2005), 2303-2308. (Pubitemid 41774605)
84. O.M. Gray, G.V. McDonnell and R.B. Forbes, A systematic review of oral methotrexate for multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 12 (2006), 507-510. (Pubitemid 44132593)
85. R.H. Harwood and S. Ebrahim, The London handicap scale, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 69 (2000), 406.
86. B.C. Healy, M. Liguori, D. Tran, T. Chitnis, B. Glanz, C. Wo l fish, S. Gauthier, G. Buckle, M. Houtchens, L. Stazzone, S. Khoury, R. Hartzmann, M. Fernandez-Vina, D.A. Hafler, H.L. Weiner, C.R.G. Guttmann and P.L. De Jager, HLA B*44 Protective effects in MS susceptibility and MRI outcome measures, Neurology 75 (2010), 634-640.
87. A.P. Henderson, M.H. Barnett, J.D. Parratt and J.W. Prineas, Multiple sclerosis: Distribution of inflammatory cells in newly forming lesions, Annals of Neurology 66 (2009), 739-753.
88. H. Hildebrandt, M. Lanz, H.K. Hahn, E. Hoffmann, B. Schwarze, G. Schwendemann and J.A. Kraus, Cognitive training in MS: Effects and relation to brain atrophy, Restorative Neurology & Neuroscience 25 (2007), 33-43. (Pubitemid 46631012)
89. J. Hobart, D. Lamping, R. Fitzpatrick, A. Riazi and A. Thompson, The Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) A new patient-based outcome measure, Brain: A Journal of Neurology 124 (2001), 962-973. (Pubitemid 32458508)
90. K. Honarman, N. Akbar, N. Kou and A. Feinstein, Predicting employment status in multiple sclerosis patients: The utility of the MS functional composite, Journal of Neurology 258 (2011), 244-249.
91. I.A. Hoppenbrouwers and R.Q. Hintzen, Genetics of multiple sclerosis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1812 (2011), 194-201.
92. G. Hosker, C. Norton and M. Brazzelli, Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews (2000) (2): CD001310.
93. International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis, Nature 476(7359) (2011), 214-219.
94. International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Genome-wide association of severity in multiple sclerosis, Genes and Immunity (2011), 1-11.
95. K.L. Johnson and R.T. Fraser, Mitigating the impact of multiple sclerosis on employment, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 16 (2005), 571-582. (Pubitemid 40704684)
96. L.J. Julian, Cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 507-525.
97. J. Kesselring and S. Beer, Symptomatic therapy and neurore-habilitation in multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurology 4 (2005), 643-652. (Pubitemid 41317299)
98. F. Khan, J.F. Pallant, J.I. Pallant, C. Brand and T.J. Kilpatrick, A randomized controlled trial: outcomes of bladder rehabilitation in persons with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 81 (2010), 1033-1038.
99. O. Khan, Cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: investigating the truth, Multiple Sclerosis 17 (2011), 511-512.
100. B.C. Kieseier and D.R. Jeffery, Chemotherapeutics in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 3 (2010), 277-291.
101. R.A. Keith, C.V. Granger, B.B. Hamilton and F.S. Sherwin, The Functional Independence measure: A new tool for rehabilitation, Advanced Clinical Rehabilitation 1 (1987), 6-18.
102. B. Kis, B. Rumberg and P. Berlit, Clinical characteristics of patients with late-onset multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology 255 (2008), 697-702.
103. M. Kita, FDA-approved preventative therapies for MS: First-line agents, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 401-409.
104. P. Klarskov, E. Heely, I. Nyholdt, K. Rottenstein and A. Nordenbo, Biofeedback treatment of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. A randomized trial, Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology Suppl 157 (1994), 61-65. (Pubitemid 24205649)
105. N. Koch-Henriksen and Soelberg-Sørensen, The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology, Lancet Neurology 9 (2010), 520-532.
106. M. Korostil and A. Feinstein, Anxiety disorders and their clinical correlates in multiple sclerosis patients, Multiple Sclerosis 13 (2007), 67-72. (Pubitemid 46152763)
107. P. Krause, J. Szecsi and A. Straube, FES cycling reduces spastic muscle tone in a patient with multiple sclerosis, Neu-roRehabilitation 22 (2007), 335-337. (Pubitemid 350076733)
108. B. Krone and J.M. Grange, Paradigms in multiple sclerosis: Time for a change, time for a unifying concept, Inflam-mopharmacology 19 (2011), 187-195, published on line, May, 6 2011, doi: 10.1007/s10787-011-0084-6.
109. L.B. Krupp, C.N.G. LaRocca, J. Muir-Nash and A.D. Steinberg, The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, Archives of Neurology 46 (1989), 1121-1123. (Pubitemid 19246303)
110. L.B. Krupp, C. Christodoulou and H. Schombert, Multiple sclerosis and fatigue, in: Fatigue as a Window to the Brain, J. DeLuca, ed., Cambridge, MA, 2005, MIT Press, pp. 61-71.
111. L.B. Krupp, C. Christodoulou, P. Melville, W.F. Scherl, W.S. MacAllister and L.E. Elkins, Donezepil improved memory in multiple sclerosis in a randomized clinical trial, Neurology 63 (2004), 1579-1585. (Pubitemid 39507572)
112. L.B. Krupp, C. Christodoulou, P. Melville, W.F. Scherl, l-Y. Pai, L.R. Meunz, D. He, R.H.B. Benedict, A. Goodman, S. Rizvi, S.R. Schwid, B. Weinstock-Guttman, H.J. West-ervelt and H. Wishart, Multicenter randomized clinical trial of donepezil for memory impairment in multiple sclerosis, Neurology 76 (2011), 1500-1507.
113. P. Kujala, R. Portin and J. Ruutiainen, The progress of cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis: A controlled 3-year follow-up, Brain 120 (1997), 289-297. (Pubitemid 27107662)
114. J.F. Kurtzke, Multiple sclerosis in time and space-geographic clues to cause, Journal of Neurovirology 6(Suppl 2) (2000), S134-S140. (Pubitemid 30348927)
115. J.F. Kurtzke, Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS), Neurology 33 (1983), 1444-1452. (Pubitemid 14237132)
116. D. Langdon, Cognitive Rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis, in: Multiple Sclerosis: Recovery of Function and Neurore-habilitation, J. Kesselring, G. Comi and A.J. Thompson, eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2011.
117. N. LaRocca, R. Kalb, L. Scheinberg and P. Kendall, Factors associated with unemployment of patients with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Chronic Disease 38 (1985), 203-210. (Pubitemid 15141125)
118. N. LaRocca, R. Kalb, P. Kendall and L. Scheinberg, The role of disease and demographics factors in the employment of patients with multiple sclerosis, Archives of Neurology 39 (1982), 256.
119. N.B. Lincoln, A. Dent, J. Harding, N. Weyman, C. Nicholl, L.D. Blumhardt and E.D. Playford, Evaluation of cognitive assessment and cognitive intervention for people with people with MS, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 72 (2002), 93-98. (Pubitemid 34073103)
120. J. Link, A.R. Lorentzen, I. Kockum, K. Duvefelt, B.A. Lie, E.G. Celius, H.F. Harbo, J. Hillert and B. Brynedal, Two HLA class I genes independently associated with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neuroimmunology 226 (2010), 172-176.
121. F.D. Lublin and S.C. Reingold, Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an International survey, Neurology 46 (1996), 907-911. (Pubitemid 26134623)
122. C.F. Lucchinetti, W. Bruck and H. Lassmann, Evidence for pathogenic heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis, Annals of Neurology 56 (2004), 308.
123. A.C. Lucio, R.M. Campos, M.C. Perissinotto et al., Pelvic floor muscle training in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction in women with multiple sclerosis, Neurourology and Urodynamics 29 (2010), 1410-1413.
124. F.I. Mahoney and D.W. Barthel, Functional Evaluation: The Barthel Index, Maryland St Medic 14 (1965), 61-65.
125. G. Mameli, V. Astone, G. Arru, S. Marconi, L. Lovato, C. Serra, S. Sotgiu, B. Sonetti and A. Dolei, Brains and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients hyperexpress MS-associated retrovirus/HERV-W endogenous retrovirus, but not human herpes virus 6, Journal of General Virology 88 (2007), 264-274. (Pubitemid 46085138)
126. S.P. Marinkovic and L.M. Gillen, Sacral neuromodulation for multiple sclerosis patients with urinary retention and clean intermittent catheterization, International Urogynecol-ogy Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 21 (2010), 223-228.
127. R.A. Marrie and R.I. Horwitz, Emerging effects of comor-bidities on multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurology 9 (2010), 820-828.
128. J.J. Marriott and P.W. O'Connor, Definitions of breakthrough disease and second-line agents, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 411-422.
129. V.G. Mathiowetz, M.L. Finlayson, K.M. Matuska, H.Y. Chen and P. Luo, Randomized controlled trial of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 11 (2005), 592-601. (Pubitemid 41387706)
130. F. Mattioli, C. Stampatori and R. Capra, The effect of na-talizumab on cognitive function in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Preliminary results of a 1-year follow-up study, Neurological Sciences 32 (2011), 83-88.
131. D. McClurg, R.G. Ashe, K. Marshall and A.S. Lowe-Strong, Comparison of pelvic floor muscle training, electromyogra-phy biofeedback, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation for bladder dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized pilot study, Neurourology and Urodynamics 25(4) (2006), 337-348. (Pubitemid 44162819)
132. W.I. McDonald, A. Compston, G. Edan, D. Goodkin, H.P. Hartung, F.D. Lublin, H.F. McFarland, D.W. Paty, C.H. Polman, S.C. Reingold, M. Sandberg-Wollheim, W. Sibley, A. Thompson, S. van den Noort S, B.Y. Weinshenker and J.S. Wolinsky, Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, Annals of Neurology 50 (2001), 121-127.
133. J.P. McElroy and J.R. Oksenberg, Multiple Sclerosis genetics 2010, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 219-231.
134. L. Mendozzi, L. Pugnetti, A. Motta, E. Barbieri, A. Gambini and C.L. Cazullo, Computer-assisted memory retraining of patients with multiple sclerosis, Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 19 (1998), S431-S438. (Pubitemid 128731789)
135. R.J. Mills, L. Yap and C.A. Young, Treatment for atax-ia in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue I. Art. No.: CD005029., 2007, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005029.pub.2.
136. D.C. Mohr, A.C. Boudewyn, D.E. Goodkin, A. Bostrom and L. Epstein, Comparative outcomes for individual cognitive-behavior therapy, supportive-expressive group therapy, and sertraline for treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2001), 942-949. (Pubitemid 33140495)
137. D.C. Mohr, S.L. Hart and A. Goldberg, Effects of treatment for depression on fatigue in multiple sclerosis, Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003), 542-547. (Pubitemid 36900248)
138. E.P. Pioro, B.R. Brooks, J. Cummings et al., Dextromethor-phan plus ultra low-dose quinidine reduces pseudobulbar affect, Annals of Neurology 68 (2010), 693-702.
139. K.P. Garnock-Jones, Dextromethorphan/Quinidine in Pseu-dobulbar affect, CNS Drugs 25(5) (2011), 435-445.
140. G.R.W. Moore, Current concepts in the neuropathology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, Canadian Journal Neurological Sciences 37(Suppl 2) (2010), S5-S15.
141. S.A. Morrow, T. Kaushik, P. Zarevics, D. Erlanger, M.F. Bear, F.E. Munschauer and R.H. Benedict, The effects of L-amphetamine sulfate on cognition in MS patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Neurology 256 (2009), 1095-1102.
142. E.M. Mowry, Natural history of multiple sclerosis: Early prognostic factors, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 279-292.
143. Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Fatigue and multiple sclerosis: evidence-based management strategies for fatigue in multiple sclerosis,(1990). Paralyzed Veterans of America.
144. K.M. Myhr and S.I. Mellgren, Corticosteroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 120(Suppl 189) (2009), 73-80.
145. U. Nocentini, P. Pasqualetti, S. Bonavita, M. Buccafusca, M.F. De Caro, D. Farina, P. Girlanda, F. Le Pira, A. Lu-garesi, A. Quattrone, A. Reggio, G. Salemi, G. Savettieri, G. Tedeschi, M. Trojano, P. Valentino and C. Caltagirone, Cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 12 (2006), 77-87. (Pubitemid 43169241)
146. U. Nocentini, G. Tedeschi, R. Migliaccio, D. Minacci, L. Lavorgna, S. Bonavita, V. Bresciamorra, G. Comanducci, G. Coniglio, P. Livrea, R. Mannu, G. Orefice, M. Paciello, F. Patti, A. Quattrone, G. Salemi, G. Savettieri, I.L. Simone, P. Valentino, M. Zappia, V. Bonavita, M. Musicco and C. Cal-tagirone, An exploration of anger phenomenology in mul-tiple sclerosis, European Journal of Neurology 16 (2009), 1312-1317.
147. C Norton, J.D. Cody and G. Hosker, Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews (2) (2000), CD001310.
148. I.E. Nygaard, K.J. Kreder, M.M. Lepic, K.A. Fountain and A.T. Rhomberg, Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 174(1) (1996), 120-125. (Pubitemid 26037699)
149. A. O'Brien, E. Gaudino-Goering, M. Shawaryn, E. Ko-maroff, N.B. Moore and J. DeLuca, Relationship of the multiple sclerosis neuropsychological questionnaire (MSNQ) to functional, emotional, and neuropsychological outcomes, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 22 (2007), 933-948. (Pubitemid 350102020)
150. A.R. O'Brien, N. Chiaravalloti, Y. Goverover and J. DeLuca, Evidenced-based cognitive rehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89 (2008), 761-769. (Pubitemid 351406321)
151. B. S. Oken, S. Kishiyama, D. Zajdel, D. Bourdette, J. Carlsen, M. Haas, C. Hugos, D. F. Kraemer, J. Lawrence and M. Mass, Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis, Neurology 62 (2004), 2058-2064. (Pubitemid 38738221)
152. D.T. Okuda, E.M. Mowry, A. Beheshtian, E. Waubant, S.E. Baranzini, D.S. Goodin, S.L. Hauser and D. Pelletier, Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: The radiologically isolated syndrome, Neurology 72 (2009), 800-805.
153. F. Patti, C. Leone and E. D'Amico, Other pharmacological approaches, in: Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, M.P. Amato, ed., Elsevier, Milan, pp. 70-78.
154. L. Paul, D. Rafferty, S. Young, L. Miller, P. Mattison and A. McFadyen, The effect of functional electrical stimulation on the physiological cost of gait in people with multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis 14 (2008), 954-961.
155. S.B. Patton, C.A. Beck, J.V.A Williams, C. Barbui and L.M. Metz, Major depression in multiple sclerosis: A population-based perspective, Neurology 61
156. A. Plohmann, L. Kappos and H. Brunnschweiler, Evaluation of a computer-based attention retraining program for patients with MS, Schwizer Archiv Für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie 145 (1994), 35-36.
157. A.M. Plohmann, L. Kappos, W. Ammann, A. Thordai, A. Wittwer, S. Huber, Y. Bellaiche and J. Lechner-Scott, Computer assisted retraining of attentional impairments in patients with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, Neuro-surgery, and Psychiatry 64 (1998), 455-462. (Pubitemid 28195945)
158. S. Pluchino, L. Zanotti, E. Brini, S. Ferrari and G. Martino, Regeneration and repair in multiple sclerosis: The role of cell transplantation, Neuroscience Letters 456 (2009), 101-106.
159. C.H. Polman, A. Bertolotto, F. Deisenhammer, G. Giovan-noni, H.P. Hartung, B. Hemmer, J. Killestein, H.F. McFar-land, J. Oger, A.R. Pachner, J. Petkau, A.T. Reder, S.C. Reingold, H. Schellekens and P.S. Sørensen, Recommendations for clinical use of data on neutralising antibodies to interferon-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurology 9 (2010), 740-750.
160. C.H. Polman, S. Reingold, G. Edan, M. Filippi, H.P. Hartung, L. Kappos, F.D. Lublin, L.M. Metz, H.F. McFarland, P.W. O'Connor, M. Sandberg-Wollheim, A.J. Thompson, B.G. Weinshenker and J.S. Wolinsky, Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "McDonald criteria," Annals of Neurology 58 (2005), 840-846. (Pubitemid 41746873)
161. C.H. Polman, S.C. Reingold, B. Banwell, M. Clanet, J.A. Cohen, M. Filippi, K. Fujihara, E. Havrdova, M. Hutchin-son, L. Kappos, F.D. Lublin, X. Montalban, P. O'Connor, M. Sandberg-Wollheim, A.J. Thompson, E. Waubant, B. Wein-shenker and J.S. Wolinsky, Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald Criteria, Annals of Neurology 69 (2011), 292-302.
162. L.A. Pompeii, S.D. Moon and D.C. McCrory, Measures of physical and cognitive function and work status among individuals with multiple sclerosis: A review of the literature, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 15 (2005), 69-84. (Pubitemid 40558526)
163. C. Poser, D. Paty, L. Scheimberg, W.I. McDonald, F.A. Davis, G.C. Ebers, K.P. Johnson, W.A., Sibley, D.H. Silber-berg and W.W. Tourtellotte, New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines for research protocols, Annals of Neurology 13 (1983), 227-231. (Pubitemid 13158528)
164. M. Pugliatti, P. Cossu, S. Sotgiu, G. Rosati and T. Riise, Clustering of multiple sclerosis, age at onset and gender in Sardinia, Journal of Neurological Sciences 286 (2009), 6-13.
165. P.V. Rabins, B.R. Brooks, P. O'Donnell, G.D. Pearlson, P. Moberg, B. Jubelt, P. Coyle, N. Dalos and M.F. Folstein, Structural brain correlates of emotional disorder in multiple sclerosis, Brain 109 (1986), 585-587.
166. S.M. Rao, G.J. Leo, L. Ellington, T. Nauertz, L. Bernardin and F. Unveragt, Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. Impact on employment and social functioning, Neurology 41 (1991), 692-696.
167. J.N. Ratchford, W. Shore, E.R. Hammond, J.G. Rose, R. Rifkin, P. Nie, K. Tan, M.E. Quigg, B.J. de Lateur and D.A. Kerr, A pilot study of functional electrical stimulation cycling in progressive multiple sclerosis, NeuroRehabilitation 27 (2010), 121-128.
168. C. Renoux, Natural history of multiple sclerosis: Long-term prognostic factors, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 293-308.
169. P. Repovic and F.D. Lublin, Treatment of multiple sclerosis exacerbations, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 389-400.
170. J.T. Reston, S. Uhl, J.R. Treadwell, R.A. Nash and K. Schoelles, Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: A systematic review, Multiple Sclerosis Journal 17 (2011), 201-213.
171. D. Rodgers, K. Khoo, M. MacEachen, M. Oven and W.W. Beatty, Cognitive therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: A preliminary study, Alternative Therapies 2 (1996), 70-74. (Pubitemid 126484414)
172. R. Roessler, P. Rumrill and S. Fitzgerald, Predictors of employment status in people with multiple sclerosis, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 47 (2004), 97-103.
173. R.A. Rudick, Diagnostic criteria in multiple sclerosis: Headed in the right direction, but still a ways to go, Annals of Neurology 69 (2011), 234-236.
174. P. Rumrill, M.L. Hennessey and S.W. Nissen, Employment Issues in Multiple Sclerosis, New York (2008), Demos Medical Publishing.
175. P. Rumrill, R. Roessler, D. Unger and C. Vierstra, Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Equal Opportunity Commission case resolution patterns involving people with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 20 (2004), 171-176. (Pubitemid 39199479)
176. A.B. Kouzoupis, T. Paparrigopoulos, M. Soldatos and G.N. Papadimitriou, The family of the multiple sclerosis patient: A psychosocial perspective, International Review of Psychiatry 22 (2010), 83-89.
177. A.D. Sadovnick, Genetic background of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews, doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.007, 2011 May 18 [Epub ahead of print].
178. D.E. Sakas, I.G. Panourias, B.A. Simpson and E.S. Krames, An introduction to operative neuromodulation and functional neuroprosthetics, the new frontiers of clinical neu-roscience and biotechnology, Acta Neurochirurgica Suppl 95(1) (2007), 3-10.
179. A.L. Sayao, V. Devonshire and H. Tremlett, longitudinal follow-up of "benign" multiple sclerosis at 20 years, Neurology 68 (2007), 496-500.
180. G. Schumacher, G. Beebe, R. Kibler, L.T. Kurland, J.F. Kurtzke, F. McDowell, B. Nagler, W.A. Sibley, W.W. Tourtel-lotte and T.L. Willmon, Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 122 (1965), 552-568.
181. C.E. Schwartz, E. Kozora and Q. Zeng, Towards patient collaboration in cognitive assessment: Specificity, sensitivity and incremental validity of self report, Annals of Behavioral Medicine 18 (1996), 177-184. (Pubitemid 27010218)
182. N. Scolding, Adult stem cells and multiple sclerosis, Cell Proliferation 44(Suppl 1) (2011), 35-38.
183. B. Sharrack and R.A. Hughes, The Guy's Neurological Disability Scale (GNDS): A new disability measure for multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal 5 (1999), 223-233. (Pubitemid 29405617)
184. R. Schapiro, Pharmacologic management of MS-related fatigue, International Journal of MS Care, November [Supplement, (2002)], 16-17.
185. E.M. Smets, B. Garssen, B. Bonke and J.C. De Haes, The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 39 (1995), 315-325.
186. A. Solari, A. Motta, L. Mendozzi, E. Pucci, M. Forni, G. Mancardi, C. Pozzilli and CRIMS Trial, Computer-aided retraining of memory and attention in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial, Journal of Neurological Sciences 222 (2004), 99-104. (Pubitemid 38881513)
187. C. Stadelmann, Multiple sclerosis as a neurodegenerative disease: Pathology, mechanism and therapeutic implications, Current Opinion in Neurology 24 (2011), 224-229.
188. R.B. Stein, D.G. Everaert, A.K. Thompson, S.L. Chong, M. Whittaker, J. Robertson and G. Kuether, Long term therapeutic and orthotic effects of a foot drop stimulator on walking performance in progressive and nonprogressive neurological disorders, Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 24(2) (2010), 152-167.
189. G. Stewart, D. Kidd and A.J. Thompson, The assessment of handicap: An evaluation of the Environmental Status Scale, Disability & Rehabilitation 17 (1995), 312-316.
190. L. Strober, J. Englert, F. Munschauer, B. Weinstock-Guttman, S. Rao and R.H.B. Benedict, Sensitivity of conventional memory tests in multiple sclerosis: Comparing the Rao Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery and the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS, Multiple Sclerosis 15 (2009), 1077-1084.
191. J.F. Sumowski, N. Chiaravalloti and J. DeLuca, Retrieval practice improves memory in multiple sclerosis: Clinical application of the testing effect, Neuropsychology 24 (2010), 267-272.
192. J.F. Sumowski, G.R. Wylie, N. Chiaravalloti and J. DeLuca, Intellectual enrichment lessens the effect of brain atrophy on learning and memory in mulitple sclerosis, Neurology 74 (2010), 1942-1945.
193. J.F. Sumowski, N. Chiaravalloti, D. Erlanger, T. Kaushik, R.H.B. Benedict and J. DeLuca, L-amphetamine improves memory in MS patients with objective memory impairment, Multiple Sclerosis Journal (2011), Published online.
194. J. Szecsi, S. Götz, W. Pöllmann and A. Straube, Force-pain relationship in functional magnetic and electrical stimulation of subjects with paresis and preserved sensation, Clinical Neurophysiology 121 (2010), 1589-1597.
195. N. Tesar, K. Bandion and U. Baumhackl, Efficacy of a neu-ropsychological training program for patients with multiple sclerosis-a randomized controlled trial, Wien Klin Wochen-schr 117 (2005), 747-754. (Pubitemid 41818518)
196. M. Trojano, D. Paolicelli, C. Tortorella, P. Iaffaldano, G. Lucchese, V. Di Renzo and M. D'Onghia, Natural history of Multiple Sclerosis: Have available therapies impacted long-term prognosis? Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 309-321.
197. T. Vahtera, M. Haaranen, A.L. Viramo-Koskela and J. Ruuti-ainen, Pelvic floor rehabilitation is effective in patients with multiple sclerosis, Clinical Rehabilitation 11(3) (1997), 211-219. (Pubitemid 27458526)
198. K.L. Voumvourakis, D.K. Kitsos, S. Tsiodras, G. Petrikkos and E. Stamboulis, Human herpes virus 6 infection as a trigger of multiple sclerosis, Mayo Clinic Proceedings 85 (2010), 1023-1030.
199. A. Waschbisch, A. Tallner, K. Pfeifer and M. Maürer, Multiple sclerosis and exercise: Effects of physical activity on the immune system, Nervenarzt 80 (2009), 688-692.
200. P.H. Wiesel, C. Norton and M. Brazzelli, Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews (4) (2001), CD002115.
201. G.F. Wu and E. Alvarez, The immunopathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis, Neurologic Clinics 29 (2011), 257-278.
202. B. Yamout, A. Herlopian, Z. Issa, R.H. Habib, A. Fawaz, J. Salame, A. Wadih, H. Awdeh, N. Muallem, R. Raad and A. Al-Kutoubi, Extracranial venous stenosis is an unlikely cause of MS, Multiple Sclerosis 16 (2010), 1341-1348.
203. P. Zamboni, R. Galeotti, E. Menegatti, A.M. Malagoni, G. Tacconi, S. Dall'Ara, I. Bartolomei and F. Salvi, Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 80 (2009), 392-399.
204. P. Zamboni, R. Galeotti, E. Menegatti, A.M. Malagoni, S. Gi-anesini, I. Bartolomei, F. Mascoli and F. Salvi, A prospective open-label study of endovascular treatment of chronic cere-brospinal venous insufficiency, Journal of Vascular Surgery 50 (2009), 1348-1358.
205. R. Zivadinov, L. Iona, L. Monti-Bragadin, A. Bosco, A. Ju-rjevic, C. Taus, G. Cazzato and M. Zorzon, The use of standardized incidence and prevalence rates in epidemiological studies of multiple sclerosis. A meta-analysis study, Neu-roepidemiology 22 (2003), 65-74. (Pubitemid 36131978)
206. M. Zorzon, R. deMasi, D. Nasuelli, M. Ulkmar, R. Pozzi Mu-celli, G. Cazzato, A. Bratina and R. Zivadinov, Depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis: A clinical and MRI study in 95 subjects, Journal of Neurology 248 (2001), 416-421. (Pubitemid 32477335)