메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 167-185

The design of a software to enhance the reading comprehension skills of deaf students: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives

Author keywords

Concept maps; Deaf students; Greek Sign Language; Multimedia design; Pictures; Reading; Special education; Visual resources

Indexed keywords


EID: 84856529588     PISSN: 13602357     EISSN: 15737608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10639-011-9152-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 33846505331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supported eText: assistive technology through text transformations
    • Anderson-Inman, L., & Horney, M. A. (2007). Supported eText: assistive technology through text transformations. Reading Research Quarterly, 42, 153-160.
    • (2007) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.42 , pp. 153-160
    • Anderson-Inman, L.1    Horney, M.A.2
  • 2
    • 0026165826 scopus 로고
    • Strategy usage among deaf and hearing readers
    • Andrews, J., & Mason, J. (1991). Strategy usage among deaf and hearing readers. Exceptional Children, 57, 536-545.
    • (1991) Exceptional Children , vol.57 , pp. 536-545
    • Andrews, J.1    Mason, J.2
  • 3
    • 33646069390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The split-attention principle in multimedia learning
    • R. E. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2005). The split-attention principle in multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 117-133). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 117-133
    • Ayres, P.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 4
    • 84937338347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrative ASL-English language arts: bridging paths to literacy
    • Bailes, C. (2001). Integrative ASL-English language arts: bridging paths to literacy. Sign Language Studies, 1, 147-174.
    • (2001) Sign Language Studies , vol.1 , pp. 147-174
    • Bailes, C.1
  • 5
    • 63349104411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual input enhancement via essay coding results in deaf learners' long-term retention of improved English grammatical knowledge
    • Berent, G., Kelly, R., Schmitz, K., & Kenney, K. (2008). Visual input enhancement via essay coding results in deaf learners' long-term retention of improved English grammatical knowledge. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 14, 190-204.
    • (2008) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.14 , pp. 190-204
    • Berent, G.1    Kelly, R.2    Schmitz, K.3    Kenney, K.4
  • 7
    • 0036102341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pictorial illustrations still improve students' learning from text
    • Carney, R. N., & Levin, J. R. (2002). Pictorial illustrations still improve students' learning from text. Educational Psychology Review, 14, 5-26.
    • (2002) Educational Psychology Review , vol.14 , pp. 5-26
    • Carney, R.N.1    Levin, J.R.2
  • 8
    • 84856519929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concept maps: A tool to enhance reading comprehension skills of children with hearing impairments
    • Concept Mapping: Connecting Educators
    • Castillo, E., Mosquera, D., & Palacios, D. (2008). Concept maps: A tool to enhance reading comprehension skills of children with hearing impairments. Concept Mapping: Connecting Educators. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping. Retrieved from http://cmc. ihmc. us/cmc2008papers/cmc2008-p247. pdf.
    • (2008) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concept Mapping
    • Castillo, E.1    Mosquera, D.2    Palacios, D.3
  • 9
    • 0007346598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theorizing about the relation between American Sign Language and reading
    • C. Chamberlain, J. Morford, and R. Mayberry (Eds.), Hilsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Chamberlain, C., & Mayberry, R. (2000). Theorizing about the relation between American Sign Language and reading. In C. Chamberlain, J. Morford, & R. Mayberry (Eds.), Language acquisition by eye (pp. 221-259). Hilsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2000) Language Acquisition by Eye , pp. 221-259
    • Chamberlain, C.1    Mayberry, R.2
  • 10
    • 0035982357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of concept mapping to enhance text comprehension and summarization
    • Chang, K.-E., Sung, Y.-T., & Chen, I.-D. (2002). The effect of concept mapping to enhance text comprehension and summarization. The Journal of Experimental Education, 71, 5-23.
    • (2002) The Journal of Experimental Education , vol.71 , pp. 5-23
    • Chang, K.-E.1    Sung, Y.-T.2    Chen, I.-D.3
  • 11
    • 0032376052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing the recall of text: knowledge mapping training promotes implicit transfer
    • Chmielewski, T. C., & Dansereau, D. F. (1998). Enhancing the recall of text: knowledge mapping training promotes implicit transfer. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 407-413.
    • (1998) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.90 , pp. 407-413
    • Chmielewski, T.C.1    Dansereau, D.F.2
  • 12
    • 33847409185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five common but questionable principles of multimedia learning
    • R. E. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Clark, R. E., & Feldon, D. F. (2005). Five common but questionable principles of multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 97-115). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 97-115
    • Clark, R.E.1    Feldon, D.F.2
  • 13
    • 84937186709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunct aids in instructional prose: a multimedia study with deaf college students
    • Dowaliby, F., & Lang, H. (1999). Adjunct aids in instructional prose: a multimedia study with deaf college students. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 4, 270-282.
    • (1999) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.4 , pp. 270-282
    • Dowaliby, F.1    Lang, H.2
  • 15
    • 0026936246 scopus 로고
    • The ability of deaf students to understand texts: a comparison of the perceptions of teachers and students
    • Erwoldt, C., Israelite, N., & Dodds, R. (1992). The ability of deaf students to understand texts: a comparison of the perceptions of teachers and students. American Annals of the Deaf, 137, 351-361.
    • (1992) American Annals of the Deaf , vol.137 , pp. 351-361
    • Erwoldt, C.1    Israelite, N.2    Dodds, R.3
  • 16
    • 21444443385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pictures, titles, reading accuracy and reading comprehension
    • Filippatou, D., & Pumfrey, P. D. (1996). Pictures, titles, reading accuracy and reading comprehension. Educational Research, 38, 259-291.
    • (1996) Educational Research , vol.38 , pp. 259-291
    • Filippatou, D.1    Pumfrey, P.D.2
  • 17
    • 77957912022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Planning differentiated, multicultural instruction for secondary inclusive classrooms
    • Garderen, D., & Whittaker, C. (2006). Planning differentiated, multicultural instruction for secondary inclusive classrooms. Teaching Exceptional Children, 38, 12-20.
    • (2006) Teaching Exceptional Children , vol.38 , pp. 12-20
    • Garderen, D.1    Whittaker, C.2
  • 18
    • 13644252186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of multimedia reading materials when used with children who are deaf
    • Gentry, M., Chinn, K., & Moulton, R. (2004/05). Effectiveness of multimedia reading materials when used with children who are deaf. American Annals of the Deaf, 149, 394-403.
    • (2004) American Annals of the Deaf , vol.149 , pp. 394-403
    • Gentry, M.1    Chinn, K.2    Moulton, R.3
  • 19
    • 84905857996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QoS impact on user perception and understanding of multimedia video clips
    • Retrieved from
    • Ghinea, G., & Thomas, J. (1998). QoS impact on user perception and understanding of multimedia video clips. Proceedings of the sixth ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 49-54. Retrieved from http://dspace. brunel. ac. uk/bitstream/2438/1219/1/p49-ghinea. pdf.
    • (1998) Proceedings of the sixth ACM International Conference on Multimedia , pp. 49-54
    • Ghinea, G.1    Thomas, J.2
  • 20
    • 0345252512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of illustrations during learning of science textbook passages among low - and high-ability children
    • Hannus, M., & Hyönä, J. (1999). Utilization of illustrations during learning of science textbook passages among low - and high-ability children. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 24, 95-123.
    • (1999) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 95-123
    • Hannus, M.1    Hyönä, J.2
  • 22
    • 52649175968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between the reading and signing skills of deaf children in bilingual education programs
    • doi:10.1093/deafed/enn009
    • Hermans, D., Knoors, H., Ormel, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2008). The relationship between the reading and signing skills of deaf children in bilingual education programs. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 13, 518-530. doi: 10. 1093/deafed/enn009.
    • (2008) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.13 , pp. 518-530
    • Hermans, D.1    Knoors, H.2    Ormel, E.3    Verhoeven, L.4
  • 23
    • 67449102955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The comprehension of skilled deaf readers. The roles of word recognition and other potentially critical aspects of competence
    • K. Cain and J. Oakhill (Eds.), Ney York: Guilford
    • Kelly, L. (2007). The comprehension of skilled deaf readers. The roles of word recognition and other potentially critical aspects of competence. In K. Cain & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Children's comprehension problems in oral and written language (pp. 244-280). Ney York: Guilford.
    • (2007) Children's Comprehension Problems in Oral and Written Language , pp. 244-280
    • Kelly, L.1
  • 24
    • 1642587235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graphic organizers and their effects on the reading comprehension of students with LD: a synthesis of research
    • Kim, A.-H., Vaughn, S., Wanzek, J., & Wei, S. (2004). Graphic organizers and their effects on the reading comprehension of students with LD: a synthesis of research. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37, 105-118.
    • (2004) Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol.37 , pp. 105-118
    • Kim, A.-H.1    Vaughn, S.2    Wanzek, J.3    Wei, S.4
  • 25
    • 0242592090 scopus 로고
    • Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words
    • Larkin, J. H., & Simon, H. A. (1987). Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science, 11, 65-99.
    • (1987) Cognitive Science , vol.11 , pp. 65-99
    • Larkin, J.H.1    Simon, H.A.2
  • 26
    • 0002534263 scopus 로고
    • On empirically validating functions of pictures in prose
    • D. M. Willows and H. A. Houghton (Eds.), New York: Springer
    • Levin, J. R., Anglin, G. J., & Carney, R. N. (1987). On empirically validating functions of pictures in prose. In D. M. Willows & H. A. Houghton (Eds.), The psychology of illustration: I. Basic Research (pp. 51-85). New York: Springer.
    • (1987) The Psychology of Illustration: I. Basic Research , pp. 51-85
    • Levin, J.R.1    Anglin, G.J.2    Carney, R.N.3
  • 27
    • 40249083297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading and deaf children
    • Retrieved from
    • Loeterman, M., Paul, P., & Donahue, S. (2002). Reading and deaf children. Reading Online, 5. Retrieved from http://www. readingonline. org/articles/loeterman/index. html.
    • (2002) Reading Online, 5
    • Loeterman, M.1    Paul, P.2    Donahue, S.3
  • 28
    • 8344223915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual teaching strategies for students who are deaf or hard of hearing
    • Luckner, J., Bowen, S., & Carter, K. (2001). Visual teaching strategies for students who are deaf or hard of hearing. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33, 38-44.
    • (2001) Teaching Exceptional Children , vol.33 , pp. 38-44
    • Luckner, J.1    Bowen, S.2    Carter, K.3
  • 32
    • 29144478073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classroom interpreting and visual information processing in mainstream education for deaf students: live or memorex?
    • Marschark, M. (2005). Classroom interpreting and visual information processing in mainstream education for deaf students: live or memorex? American Educational Research Journal, 42, 727-76.
    • (2005) American Educational Research Journal , vol.42 , pp. 727-776
    • Marschark, M.1
  • 34
    • 30644477627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive theory of multimedia learning
    • R. E. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Mayer, R. E. (2005a). Cognitive theory of multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 31-48). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 31-48
    • Mayer, R.E.1
  • 35
    • 33846038577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles for managing essential processing in multimedia learning: Segmenting, pretraining, and modality principles
    • R. E. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Mayer, R. E. (2005b). Principles for managing essential processing in multimedia learning: Segmenting, pretraining, and modality principles. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 169-182). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 169-182
    • Mayer, R.E.1
  • 36
    • 40749086131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles for reducing extraneous processing in multimedia learning: Coherence, signaling, redundancy, spatial contiguity, and temporal contiguity principles
    • R. E. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Mayer, R. E. (2005c). Principles for reducing extraneous processing in multimedia learning: Coherence, signaling, redundancy, spatial contiguity, and temporal contiguity principles. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 183-200). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 183-200
    • Mayer, R.E.1
  • 37
    • 84937180096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingual-bicultural models of literacy education for deaf students: considering the claims
    • Mayer, C., & Akamatsu, C. (1999). Bilingual-bicultural models of literacy education for deaf students: considering the claims. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 4, 1-8.
    • (1999) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.4 , pp. 1-8
    • Mayer, C.1    Akamatsu, C.2
  • 38
    • 58149205843 scopus 로고
    • The instructive animation: helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning
    • Mayer, R. E., & Anderson, R. B. (1992). The instructive animation: helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 444-452.
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 444-452
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Anderson, R.B.2
  • 39
    • 0002643872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can the linguistic interdependence theory support a bilingual-bicultural model of literacy education for deaf students?
    • Mayer, C., & Wells, G. (1996). Can the linguistic interdependence theory support a bilingual-bicultural model of literacy education for deaf students? Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 1, 93-107.
    • (1996) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.1 , pp. 93-107
    • Mayer, C.1    Wells, G.2
  • 40
    • 34247361585 scopus 로고
    • A generative theory of textbook design: using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text
    • Mayer, R. E., Steinhoff, K., Bower, G., & Mars, R. (1995). A generative theory of textbook design: using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text. Educational Technology Research and Development, 43, 31-43.
    • (1995) Educational Technology Research and Development , vol.43 , pp. 31-43
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Steinhoff, K.2    Bower, G.3    Mars, R.4
  • 41
    • 0030551732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When less is more: meaningful learning from visual and verbal summaries of science textbook lessons
    • Mayer, R. E., Bove, W., Bryman, A., Mars, R., & Tapangco, L. (1996). When less is more: meaningful learning from visual and verbal summaries of science textbook lessons. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 64-73.
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 64-73
    • Mayer, R.E.1    Bove, W.2    Bryman, A.3    Mars, R.4    Tapangco, L.5
  • 42
    • 0033137475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive principles of multimedia learning: the role of modality and contiguity
    • Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (1999). Cognitive principles of multimedia learning: the role of modality and contiguity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 358-368.
    • (1999) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.91 , pp. 358-368
    • Moreno, R.1    Mayer, R.E.2
  • 43
    • 84937331395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do children who can't hear learn to read an alphabetic script?A review of the literature on reading and deafness
    • Mu;usselman, C. (2000). How do children who can't hear learn to read an alphabetic script? A review of the literature on reading and deafness. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5(1), 9-31.
    • (2000) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-31
    • Usselman, C.1
  • 44
    • 33749583891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning with concept and knowledge maps: a meta-analysis
    • Nesbit, J., & Adesope, O. (2006). Learning with concept and knowledge maps: a meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 76, 413-448.
    • (2006) Review of Educational Research , vol.76 , pp. 413-448
    • Nesbit, J.1    Adesope, O.2
  • 45
    • 0013192288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct them
    • Retrieved from
    • Novak, J. D., & Cañas, A. J. (2006). The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct them, (Technical Report IHMC CmapTools 2006-01 Rev 01-2008). Retrieved from http://cmap. ihmc. us/Publications/ResearchPapers/TheoryUnderlyingConceptMaps. pdf.
    • (2006) Technical Report IHMC CmapTools 2006-01 Rev 01-2008
    • Novak, J.D.1    Cañas, A.J.2
  • 48
    • 38249004918 scopus 로고
    • Increasing picture effects in learning from illustrated text
    • Peeck, J. (1993). Increasing picture effects in learning from illustrated text. Learning and Instruction, 3, 227-238.
    • (1993) Learning and Instruction , vol.3 , pp. 227-238
    • Peeck, J.1
  • 50
    • 84970316109 scopus 로고
    • The effects of pictorial and verbal instructional material on the operational performance of deaf subjects
    • Reynolds, H., & Booher, H. (1980). The effects of pictorial and verbal instructional material on the operational performance of deaf subjects. The Journal of Special Education, 14, 175-186.
    • (1980) The Journal of Special Education , vol.14 , pp. 175-186
    • Reynolds, H.1    Booher, H.2
  • 51
    • 84856517885 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of text-book, individualized and pictorial formats for hearing-impaired students
    • February/March,Retrieved from,ED 075 968
    • Reynolds, H., & Rosen, R. (1973, February/March). The effectiveness of text-book, individualized and pictorial formats for hearing-impaired students. The annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. Retrieved from http://eric. edu. gov (ED 075 968).
    • (1973) The annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA
    • Reynolds, H.1    Rosen, R.2
  • 53
    • 85050171890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using verbal protocols to identify reading strategies of students who are deaf
    • Schirmer, B. (2003). Using verbal protocols to identify reading strategies of students who are deaf. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 8, 157-170.
    • (2003) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.8 , pp. 157-170
    • Schirmer, B.1
  • 54
    • 33750878205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated model of text and picture comprehension
    • R. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Schnotz, W. (2005). An integrated model of text and picture comprehension. In R. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 49-69). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 49-69
    • Schnotz, W.1
  • 56
    • 0039783085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metacognition and reading in children who are deaf: a review of the research
    • Strassman, B. (1997). Metacognition and reading in children who are deaf: a review of the research. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 2, 140-141.
    • (1997) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.2 , pp. 140-141
    • Strassman, B.1
  • 57
    • 30644477627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of cognitive load theory for multimedia learning
    • R. E. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Sweller, J. (2005a). Implications of cognitive load theory for multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 19-30). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 19-30
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 58
    • 33847031441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The redundancy principle in multimedia learning
    • R. E. Mayer (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Sweller, J. (2005b). The redundancy principle in multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 159-166). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning , pp. 159-166
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 61
    • 0036296579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the value of graphical displays in learning?
    • Vekiri, I. (2002). What is the value of graphical displays in learning? Educational Psychology Review, 14, 261-312.
    • (2002) Educational Psychology Review , vol.14 , pp. 261-312
    • Vekiri, I.1
  • 62
    • 0004115808 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    • (1978) Mind in Society
    • Vygotsky, L.1
  • 64
    • 0037487818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching inferential reading strategies through pictures
    • Walker, L., Munro, J., & Richards, F. (1998). Teaching inferential reading strategies through pictures. The Volta Review, 100, 105-120.
    • (1998) The Volta Review , vol.100 , pp. 105-120
    • Walker, L.1    Munro, J.2    Richards, F.3
  • 65
    • 33845370497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of factors in deaf and hearing children's reading comprehension
    • Wauters, L., van Bon, W., Tellings, A., & van Leuve, J. (2006). In search of factors in deaf and hearing children's reading comprehension. American Annals of the Deaf, 151, 371-380.
    • (2006) American Annals of the Deaf , vol.151 , pp. 371-380
    • Wauters, L.1    van Bon, W.2    Tellings, A.3    van Leuve, J.4
  • 66
    • 84937329900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of ASL to support the development of English and literacy
    • Wilbur, R. (2000). The use of ASL to support the development of English and literacy. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5, 81-104.
    • (2000) Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , vol.5 , pp. 81-104
    • Wilbur, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.