Macroporous polymer scaffolds through leaching processes

Macroporous Polymers: Production Properties and Biotechnological/Biomedical Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 49-81

  Hacker, Michael C ^a   Ambrosch, Kristina ^a   Schulz Siegmund, Michaela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856523383     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Kelly, A. 2006. Why engineer porous materials? Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 364:5-14.
2. Chevalier, E., Chulia, D., Pouget, C., and Viana, M. 2008. Fabrication of porous substrates: A review of processes using pore forming agents in the biomaterial field. J Pharm Sci 97:1135-54.
3. Hentze, H.-P., and Antonietti, M. 2002. Porous polymers and resins for biotechnological and biomedical applications. Rev Mol Biotechnol 90:27-53.
4. Zhang, H., and Cooper, A.I. 2005. Synthesis and applications of emulsion-templated porous materials. Soft Matter 1:107-13.
5. Sachlos, E., and Czernuszka, J.T. 2003. Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review on the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. Eur Cell Mater 5:29-40.
6. Otsuki, B., Takemoto, M., Fujibayashi, S., Neo, M., Kokubo, T., and Nakamura, T. 2006. Pore throat size and connectivity determine bone and tissue ingrowth into porous implants: Three-dimensional micro-CT based structural analyses of porous bioactive titanium implants. Biomaterials 27:5892-900.
7. Weigel, T., Schinkel, G., and Lendlein, A. 2006. Design and preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering. Expert Rev Med Devices 3:835-51.
8. Christenson, E.M., Soofi, W., Holm, J.L., Cameron, N.R., and Mikos, A.G. 2007. Biodegradable fumarate-based polyHIPEs as tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 8:3806-14.
9. Karageorgiou, V., and Kaplan, D. 2005. Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials 26:5474-91.
10. Ruiyun Zhang, P.X.M. 2000. Synthetic nano-fibrillar extracellular matrices with predesigned macroporous architectures. J Biomed Mater Res 52:430-38.
11. Karande, T.S., Ong, J.L., and Agrawal, C.M. 2004. Diffusion in musculoskeletal tissue engineering scaffolds: Design issues related to porosity, permeability, architecture, and nutrient mixing. Ann Biomed Eng 32:1728-43.
12. Mikos, A.G., and Temenoff, J.S. 2000. Formation of highly porous biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering. Electron J Biotechnol 3:114-19.
13. Oh, S.H., Park, I.K., Kim, J.M., and Lee, J.H. 2007. In vitro and in vivo characteristics of PCL scaffolds with pore size gradient fabricated by a centrifugation method. Biomaterials 28:1664-71.
14. Pham, Q.P., Sharma, U., and Mikos, A.G. 2006. Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for tissue engineering applications: A review. Tissue Eng 12:1197-1211.
15. Sill, T.J., and von Recum, H.A. 2008. Electrospinning: Applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29:1989-2006.
16. Mikos, A.G., Bao, Y., Cima, L.G., Ingber, D.E., Vacanti, J.P., and Langer, R. 1993. Preparation of poly(glycolic acid) bonded fiber structures for cell attachment and transplantation. J Biomed Mater Res 27:183-89.
17. Freed, L.E., Vunjak, N.G., Biron, R.J., Eagles, D.B., Lesnoy, D.C., Barlow, S.K., and Langer, R. 1994. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biotechnology 12:689-93.
18. Sittinger, M., Reitzel, D., Dauner, M., Hierlemann, H., Hammer, C., Kastenbauer, E., Planck, H., Burmester, and G.R., Bujia, J. 1996. Resorbable polyesters in cartilage engineering: Affinity and biocompatibility of polymer fiber structures to chondrocytes. J Biomed Mater Res 33:57-63.
19. Fambri, L., Pegoretti, A., Fenner, R., Incardona, S.D., and Migliaresi, C. 1997. Biodegradable fibres of poly(-lactic acid) produced by melt spinning. Polymer 38:79-85.
20. Pham, Q.P., Sharma, U., and Mikos, A.G. 2006. Electrospun poly(e-caprolactone) microfiber and multilayer nanofiber/microfiber scaffolds: Characterization of scaffolds and measurement of cellular infiltration. Biomacromolecules 7:2796-805.
21. Teo, W.E., He, W., and Ramakrishna, S. 2006. Electrospun scaffold tailored for tissue-specific extracellular matrix. Biotechnol J 1:918-29.
22. Ma, P.X. 2008. Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:184-98.
23. Mooney, D.J., Baldwin, D.F., Suh, N.P., Vacanti, J.P., and Langer, R. 1996. Novel approach to fabricate porous sponges of poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) without the use of organic solvents. Biomaterials 17:1417-22.
24. Barbetta, A., Dentini, M., De Vecchis, M.S., Filippini, P., Formisano, G., and Caiazza, S. 2005. Scaffolds based on biopolymeric foams. Adv Funct Mater 15:118-24.
25. Cameron, N.R. 2005. High internal phase emulsion templating as a route to well-defined porous polymers. Polymer 46:1439-49.
26. Borden, M., Attawia, M., Khan, Y., and Laurencin, C.T. 2002. Tissue engineered microsphere-based matrices for bone repair: Design and evaluation. Biomaterials 23:551-59.
27. Nam, Y.S., and Park, T.G. 1999. Porous biodegradable polymeric scaffolds prepared by thermally induced phase separation. J Biomed Mater Res 47:8-17.
28. Liu Tsang, V., and Bhatia, S.N. 2004. Three-dimensional tissue fabrication. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:1635-47.
29. Murphy, W.L., Dennis, R.G., Kileny, J.L., and Mooney, D.J. 2002. Salt fusion: An approach to improve pore interconnectivity within tissue engineering scaffolds. Tissue Eng 8:43-52.
30. Langer, R., and Vacanti, J.P. 1993. Tissue engineering. Science 260:920-26.
31. Mikos, A.G., Sarakinos, G., Leite, S.M., Vacanti, J.P., and Langer, R. 1993. Laminated three-dimensional biodegradable foams for use in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 14:323-30.
32. Mikos, A.G., Thorsen, A.J., Czerwonka, L.A., Bao, Y., Langer, R., Winslow, D.N., and Vacanti, J.P. 1994. Preparation and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid) foams. Polymer 35:1068-77.
33. Wake, M.C., Gupta, P.K., and Mikos, A.G. 1996. Fabrication of pliable biodegradable polymer foams to engineer soft tissues. Cell Transplant 5:465-73.
34. Widmer, M.S., Gupta, P.K., Lu, L., Meszlenyi, R.K., Evans, G.R., Brandt, K., Savel, T., Gurlek, A., Patrick-CW, J., and Mikos, A.G. 1998. Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 19:1945-55.
35. Mikos, A.G., Sarakinos, G., Leite, S.M., Vacant, J.P., and Langer, R. 1993. Laminated three-dimensional biodegradable foams for use in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 14:323-30.
36. Liao, C.J., Chen, C.F., Chen, J.H., Chiang, S.F., Lin, Y.J., and Chang, K.Y. 2002. Fabrication of porous biodegradable polymer scaffolds using a solvent merging/particulate leaching method. J Biomed Mater Res 59:676-81.
37. Wu, L., Jing, D., and Ding, J. 2006. A “room-temperature” injection molding/particulate leaching approach for fabrication of biodegradable three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Biomaterials 27:185-91.
38. Vaquette, C., Frochot, C., Rahouadj, R., and Wang, X. 2008. An innovative method to obtain porous PLLA scaffolds with highly spherical and interconnected pores. J Biomed Mater Res B 86:9-17.
39. Gross, K.A., and Rodriguez-Lorenzo, L.M.L. 2004. Biodegradable composite scaffolds with an interconnected spherical network for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 25:4955-62.
40. Grenier, S., Sandig, M., and Mequanint, K. 2007. Polyurethane biomaterials for fabricating 3D porous scaffolds and supporting vascular cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 82:802-9.
41. Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Wu, L., and Ding, J. 2006. Fabrication of three dimensional polymeric scaffolds with spherical pores. J Mater Sci 41:1725-31.
42. Ma, P.X., and Choi, J.W. 2001. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds with well-defined interconnected spherical pore network. Tissue Eng 7:23-33.
43. Lebourg, M., Sabater Serra, R., Más Estellés, J., Hernández Sánchez, F., Gómez Ribelles, J.L., and Suay Antón, J. 2008. Biodegradable polycaprolactone scaffold with controlled porosity obtained by modified particle-leaching technique. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:2047-53.
44. White, R.A., Weber, J.N., and White, E.W. 1972. Replamineform: A new process for preparing porous ceramic, metal, and polymer prosthetic materials. Science 176:922-24.
45. Thomson, R.C., Yaszemski, M.J., Powers, J.M., and Mikos, A.G. 1995. Fabrication of biodegradable polymer scaffolds to engineer trabecular bone. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 7:23-38.
46. Oh, S.H., Kang, S.G., Kim, E.S., Cho, S.H., and Lee, J.H. 2003. Fabrication and characterization of hydrophilic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend cell scaffolds by melt-molding particulate-leaching method. Biomaterials 24:4011-21.
47. Dasgupta, D., and Nandi, A.K. 2005. Multiporous polymeric materials from thermoreversible poly(vinylidene fluoride) gels. Macromolecules 38:6504-12.
48. Reignier, J., and Huneault, M.A. 2006. Preparation of interconnected poly([epsilon]-caprolactone) porous scaffolds by a combination of polymer and salt particulate leaching. Polymer 47:4703-17.
49. Ghosh, S., Viana, J.C., Reis, R.L., and Mano, J.F. 2007. The double porogen approach as a new technique for the fabrication of interconnected poly(L-lactic acid) and starch based biodegradable scaffolds. J Mater Sci Mater Med 18:185-93.
50. Katoh, K., Tanabe, T., and Yamauchi, K. 2004. Novel approach to fabricate keratin sponge scaffolds with controlled pore size and porosity. Biomaterials 25:4255-62.
51. Holy, C.E., Dang, S.M., Davies, J.E., and Shoichet, M.S. 1999. In vitro degradation of a novel poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 75/25 foam. Biomaterials 20:1177-85.
52. Holy, C.E., Shoichet, M.S., and Davies, J.E. 1998. Biodegradable polymer scaffold. Patent #WO9925391.
53. Holy, C.E., Shoichet, M.S., and Davies, J.E. 2000. Polymer scaffold having microporous polymer struts defining interconnected macropores. Patent #US6472210.
54. Karp, J.M., Shoichet, M.S., and Davies, J.E. 2003. Bone formation on two-dimensional poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) films and three-dimensional PLGA tissue engineering scaffolds in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 64:388-96.
55. Shastri, V.P., Martin, I., and Langer, R. 2000. Macroporous polymer foams by hydrocarbon templating. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1970-75.
56. Hacker, M., Ringhofer, M., Appel, B., Neubauer, M., Vogel, T., Young, S., Mikos, A.G., Blunk, T., Gopferich, A., and Schulz, M.B. 2007. Solid lipid templating of macroporous tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 28:3497-507.
57. Hacker, M., Tessmar, J., Neubauer, M., Blaimer, A., Blunk, T., Gopferich, A., and Schulz, M.B. 2003. Towards biomimetic scaffolds: Anhydrous scaffold fabrication from biodegradable amine-reactive diblock copolymers. Biomaterials 24:4459-73.
58. Lieb, E., Tessmar, J., Hacker, M., Fischbach, C., Rose, D., Blunk, T., Mikos, A.G., Goepferich, A., and Schulz, M.B. 2003. Poly(D, L-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-monomethyl ether diblock copolymers control adhesion and osteoblastic differentiation of marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng 9:71-84.
59. Nam, Y.S., and Park, T.G. 1999. Biodegradable polymeric microcellular foams by modified thermally induced phase separation method. Biomaterials 20:1783-90.
60. Whang, K., Healy, K.E., Elenz, D.R., Nam, E.K., Tsai, D.C., Thomas, C.H., Nuber, G.W., Glorieux, F.H., Travers, R., and Sprague, S.M. 1999. Engineering bone regeneration with bioabsorbable scaffolds with novel microarchitecture. Tissue Eng 5:35-51.
61. Ning, C., Cheng, H., Yin, Z., Zhu, W., Chen, H., Lei, S., Yin, S., and Liu, H. 2008. Preparation of porous polycaprolactone scaffolds by using freeze-drying combined porogen-leaching methods. Key Eng Mater 368-72 Part 2: 1224-26.
62. Cai, Q., Yang, J., Bei, J., and Wang, S. 2002. A novel porous cells scaffold made of polylactide-dextran blend by combining phase-separation and particle-leaching techniques. Biomaterials 23:4483-92.
63. Zhou, Q., Gong, Y., and Gao, C. 2005. Microstructure and mechanical properties of poly(L-lactide) scaffolds fabricated by gelatin particle leaching method. J Appl Polym Sci 98:1373-79.
64. Hou, Q., Grijpma, D.W., and Feijen, J. 2003. Preparation of interconnected highly porous polymeric structures by a replication and freeze-drying process. J Biomed Mater Res 67B:732-40.
65. Nam, Y.S., Yoon, J.J., and Park, T.G. 2000. A novel fabrication method of macroporous biodegradable polymer scaffolds using gas foaming salt as a porogen additive. J Biomed Mater Res 53:1-7.
66. Yoon, J.J., and Park, T.G. 2001. Degradation behaviors of biodegradable macroporous scaffolds prepared by gas foaming of effervescent salts. J Biomed Mater Res 55:401-8.
67. Lin, H.R., Kuo, C.J., Yang, C.Y., Shaw, S.Y., and Wu, Y.J. 2002. Preparation of macroporous biodegradable PLGA scaffolds for cell attachment with the use of mixed salts as porogen additives. J Biomed Mater Res 63:271-79.
68. Harris, L.D., Kim, B.S., and Mooney, D.J. 1998. Open pore biodegradable matrices formed with gas foaming. J Biomed Mater Res 42:396-402.
69. Sheridan, M.H., Shea, L.D., Peters, M.C., and Mooney, D.J. 2000. Bioabsorbable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering capable of sustained growth factor delivery. J Control Release 64:91-102.
70. Woodfield, T.B.F., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Wijn, J., Sims, T.J., Hollander, A.P., and Riesle, J. 2005. Polymer scaffolds fabricated with pore-size gradients as a model for studying the zonal organization within tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. Tissue Eng 11:1297-1311.
71. Courtney, T., Sacks, M.S., Stankus, J., Guan, J., and Wagner, W.R. 2006. Design and analysis of tissue engineering scaffolds that mimic soft tissue mechanical anisotropy. Biomaterials 27:3631-38.
72. Doi, K., Nakayama, Y., and Matsuda, T. 1996. Novel compliant and tissue-permeable microporous polyurethane vascular prosthesis fabricated using an excimer laser ablation technique. J Biomed Mater Res 31:27-33.
73. Guan, J., Fujimoto, K.L., Sacks, M.S., and Wagner, W.R. 2005. Preparation and characterization of highly porous, biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds for soft tissue applications. Biomaterials 26:3961-71.
74. Yang, F., Qu, X., Cui, W., Bei, J., Yu, F., Lu, S., and Wang, S. 2006. Manufacturing and morphology structure of polylactide-type microtubules orientation-structured scaffolds. Biomaterials 27:4923-33.
75. Flynn, L., Dalton, P.D., and Shoichet, M.S. 2003. Fiber templating of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 24:4265-72.
76. Gunatillake, P.A., and Adhikari, R. 2003. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur Cell Mater 5:1-16.
77. Athanasiou, K.A., Agrawal, C.M., Barber, F.A., and Burkhart, S.S. 1998. Orthopaedic applications for PLA-PGA biodegradable polymers. Arthroscopy 14:726-37.
78. Hutmacher, D.W. 2000. Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials 21:2529-43.
79. Agrawal, C.M., and Ray, R.B. 2001. Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res 55:141-50.
80. Yang, S., Leong, K.F., Du, Z., and Chua, C.K. 2001. The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors. Tissue Eng 7:679-89.
81. Sarkar, S., Lee, G.Y., Wong, J.Y., and Desai, T.A. 2006. Development and characterization of a porous micro-patterned scaffold for vascular tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 27:4775-82.
82. Zhao, K., Deng, Y., Chun Chen, J., and Chen, G.Q. 2003. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) scaffolds with good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Biomaterials 24:1041-45.
83. Chen, G.Q., and Wu, Q. 2005. The application of polyhydroxyalkanoates as tissue engineering materials. Biomaterials 26:6565-78.
84. Fromstein, J.D., and Woodhouse, K.A. 2002. Elastomeric biodegradable polyurethane blends for soft tissue applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 13:391-406.
85. Heijkants, R.G.J.C., Van Calck, R.V., De Groot, J.H., Pennings, A.J., Schouten, A.J., van Tienen, T.G., Ramrattan, N., Buma, P., and Veth, R.P.H. 2004. Design, synthesis and properties of a degradable polyurethane scaffold for meniscus regeneration. J Mater Sci Mater Med 15:423-27.
86. Gorna, K., and Gogolewski, S. 2006. Biodegradable porous polyurethane scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 79:128-38.
87. Guelcher, S.A. 2008. Biodegradable polyurethanes: Synthesis and applications in regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 14:3-17.
88. Bourke, S.L., and Kohn, J. 2003. Polymers derived from the amino acid -tyrosine: Polycarbonates, polyarylates and copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:447-66.
89. Laurencin, C.T., El-Amin, S.F., Ibim, S.E., Willoughby, D.A., Attawia, M., Allcock, H.R., and Ambrosio, A.A. 1996. A highly porous 3-dimensional polyphosphazene polymer matrix for skeletal tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res 30:133-38.
90. Mistry, A.S., and Mikos, A.G. 2005. Tissue engineering strategies for bone regeneration. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 94:1-22.
91. Fisher, J.P., Holland, T.A., Dean, D., and Mikos, A.G. 2003. Photo initiated cross-linking of the biodegradable polyester poly(propylene fumarate). Part II. In vitro degradation. Biomacromolecules 4:1335-42.
92. Shi, X., Sitharaman, B., Pham, Q.P., Liang, F., Wu, K., Edward Billups, W., Wilson, L.J., and Mikos, A.G. 2007. Fabrication of porous ultra-short singlewalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 28:4078-90.
93. Burkoth, A.K., Burdick, J., and Anseth, K.S. 2000. Surface and bulk modifications to photo crosslinked polyanhydrides to control degradation behavior. J Biomed Mater Res 51:352-59.
94. Burdick, J.A., Frankel, D., Dernell, W.S., and Anseth, K.S. 2003. An initial investigation of photo curable three-dimensional lactic acid based scaffolds in a critical-sized cranial defect. Biomaterials 24:1613-20.
95. Behravesh, E., Timmer, M.D., Lemoine, J.J., Liebschner, M.A.K., and Mikos, A.G. 2002. Evaluation of the in vitro degradation of macroporous hydrogels using gravimetry, confined compression testing, and microcomputed tomography. Biomacromolecules 3:1263-70.
96. Lin-Gibson, S., Cooper, J.A., Landis, F.A., and Cicerone, M.T. 2007. Systematic investigation of porogen size and content on scaffold morphometric parameters and properties. Biomacromolecules 8:1511-18.
97. Wang, Y., Kim, H.J., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., and Kaplan, D.L. 2006. Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials. Biomaterials 27:6064-82.
98. Kim, U.J., Park, J., Joo Kim, H., Wada, M., and Kaplan, D.L. 2005. Threedimensional aqueous-derived biomaterial scaffolds from silk fibroin. Biomaterials 26:2775-85.
99. Nazarov, R., Jin, H.J., and Kaplan, D.L. 2004. Porous 3-D scaffolds from regenerated silk fibroin. Biomacromolecules 5:718-26.
100. Gomes, M.E., Godinho, J.S., Tchalamov, D., Cunha, A.M., and Reis, R.L. 2002. Alternative tissue engineering scaffolds based on starch: Processing methodologies, morphology, degradation and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng, C 20:19-26.
101. Tsioptsias, C., and Panayiotou, C. 2008. Preparation of cellulose-nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds from ionic liquid solutions. Carbohydr Polym 74:99-105.
102. Kang, H.G., Lee, S.B., and Lee, Y.M. 2005. Novel preparative method for porous hydrogels using overrun process. Polym Int 54:537-43.
103. Su, J.L., So, Y.K., and Lee, Y.M. 2007. Preparation of porous collagen/hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffolds for biomimetic functionalization through biochemical binding affinity. J Biomed Mater Res B 82:506-18.
104. Kang, H.G., Kim, S.Y., and Lee, Y.M. 2006. Novel porous gelatin scaffolds by overrun/particle leaching process for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B 79:388-97.
105. Guarino, V., Causa, F., and Ambrosio, L. 2007. Porosity and mechanical properties relationship in PCL porous scaffolds. J Appl Biomater Biomech 5:149-57.
106. Liu, W., and Cao, Y. 2007. Application of scaffold materials in tissue reconstruction in immunocompetent mammals: Our experience and future requirements. Biomaterials 28:5078-86.
107. Causa, F., Netti, P.A., and Ambrosio, L. 2007. A multi-functional scaffold for tissue regeneration: The need to engineer a tissue analogue. Biomaterials 28:5093-99.
108. Shin, H., Jo, S., and Mikos, A.G. 2003. Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 24:4353-64.
109. Ma, P.X. 2004. Scaffolds for tissue fabrication. Mater Today 7:30-40.
110. Yaszemski, M.J., Payne, R.G., Hayes, W.C., Langer, R., and Mikos, A.G. 1996. In vitro degradation of a poly(propylene fumarate)-based composite material. Biomaterials 17:2127-30.
111. Wolfe, M.S., Dean, D., Chen, J.E., Fisher, J.P., Han, S., Rimnac, C.M., and Mikos, A.G. 2002. In vitro degradation and fracture toughness of multilayered porous poly(propylene fumarate)/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res 61:159-64.
112. Chen, P.P., Zhang, S.M., Cheng, L., Huang, S.L., Liu, J., Zhou, W., Gong, H., and Luo, Q.M. 2006. Adhesion and proliferation of chondrocytes on nano-HA/PDLLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Key Eng Mater 309-11 part II:919-22.
113. Zhang, L., Li, Y., Wang, X.J., Wei, J., and Peng, X. 2005. Studies on the porous scaffold made of the nano-HA/PA66 composite. J Mater Sci 40:107-10.
114. Chen, V.J., and Ma, P.X. 2004. Nano-fibrous poly(-lactic acid) scaffolds with interconnected spherical macropores. Biomaterials 25:2065-73.
115. Sohier, J., Moroni, L., Blitterswijk, C.V., Groot, K.D., and Bezemer, J.M. 2008. Critical factors in the design of growth factor releasing scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5:543-66.
116. Chung, H.J., and Park, T.G. 2007. Surface engineered and drug releasing pre-fabricated scaffolds for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:249-62.
117. Sokolsky-Papkov, M., Agashi, K., Olaye, A., Shakesheff, K., and Domb, A.J. 2007. Polymer carriers for drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:187-206.
118. Tessmar, J.K., and Pferich, A.M. 2007. Matrices and scaffolds for protein delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:274-91.
119. Drotleff, S., Lungwitz, U., Breunig, M., Dennis, A., Blunk, T., Tessmar, J., and Gopferich, A. 2004. Biomimetic polymers in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 58:385-407.
120. Sohier, J., Haan, R.E., de Groot, K., and Bezemer, J.M. 2003. A novel method to obtain protein release from porous polymer scaffolds: Emulsion coating. J Control Release 87:57-68.
121. Sohier, J., Vlugt, T.J.H., Cabrol, N., Van Blitterswijk, C., de Groot, K., and Bezemer, J.M. 2006. Dual release of proteins from porous polymeric scaffolds. J Control Release 111:95-106.
122. Lieb, E., Hacker, M., Tessmar, J., Kunz-Schughart, L.A., Fiedler, J., Dahmen, C., Hersel, U., Kessler, H., Schulz, M.B., and Gopferich, A. 2005. Mediating specific cell adhesion to low-adhesive diblock copolymers by instant modification with cyclic RGD peptides. Biomaterials 26:2333-41.
123. Lee, C.T., Huang, C.P., and Lee, Y.D. 2006. Biomimetic porous scaffolds made from poly(L-lactide)-g-chondroitin sulfate blend with poly(L-lactide) for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 7:2200-9.
124. Saul, J.M., Linnes, M.P., Ratner, B.D., Giachelli, C.M., and Pun, S.H. 2007. Delivery of non-viral gene carriers from sphere-templated fibrin scaffolds for sustained transgene expression. Biomaterials 28:4705-16.
125. Chen, G., Ushida, T., and Tateishi, T. 2001. Preparation of poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams by use of ice microparticulates. Biomaterials 22:2563-67.
126. Guan, L., and Davies, J.E. 2004. Preparation and characterization of a highly macroporous biodegradable composite tissue engineering scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 71:480-87.
127. Agrawal, C.M., McKinney, J.S., Lanctot, D., and Athanasiou, K.A. 2000. Effects of fluid flow on the in vitro degradation kinetics of biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 21:2443-52.
128. Horák, D., Hlídkováa, H., Hradila, J., Lapèíkováa, M., and Šloufa, M. 2008. Superporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) based scaffolds: Preparation and characterization. Polymer 49:2046-54.
129. Zhang, L.F., Yang, D.J., Chen, H.C., Sun, R., Xu, L., Xiong, Z.C., Govender, T., and Xiong, C.D. 2008. An ionically crosslinked hydrogel containing vancomycin coating on a porous scaffold for drug delivery and cell culture. Int J Pharm 353:74-87.
130. Ma, Z., Gao, C., Gong, Y., and Shen, J. 2003. Paraffin spheres as porogen to fabricate poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds with improved cytocompatibility for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res 67:610-17.
131. Studenovská, H., Šlouf, M., and Rypáèek, F. 2008. Poly(HEMA) hydrogels with controlled pore architecture for tissue regeneration applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:615-21.