Psilocybin-induced deficits in automatic and controlled inhibition are attenuated by ketanserin in healthy human volunteers

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 630-640

  Quednow, Boris B ^a   Kometer, Michael ^a   Geyer, Mark A ^b   Vollenweider, Franz X ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PSYCHIATRY   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HT2A receptor; ketanserin; prepulse inhibition; psilocybin; sensorimotor gating; Stroop task

Indexed keywords

KETANSERIN; PLACEBO; PSILOCYBINE; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR; SUFFREXAL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PREPULSE INHIBITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SENSORY GATING; STARTLE REFLEX; STROOP TEST;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ADULT; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; HALLUCINOGENS; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); KETANSERIN; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSILOCYBINE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SENSORY GATING; SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS; STARTLE REACTION;

EID: 84855883398     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: 1740634X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.228     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Adams KH, Pinborg LH, Svarer C, Hasselbalch SG, Holm S, Haugbol S et al (2004). A database of [(18) F]-altanserin binding to 5-HT (2A) receptors in normal volunteers: normative data and relationship to physiological and demographic variables. Neuroimage 21:1105-1113. (Pubitemid 38314973)
2. Andrews TM, Anderson IM (1998). Information processing in anxiety: a pilot study of the effect of manipulating 5-HT function. J Psychopharmacol 12:155-160. (Pubitemid 28312573)
3. Araneda R, Andrade R (1991). 5-Hydroxytryptamine2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors mediate opposing responses on membrane excitability in rat association cortex. Neuroscience 40:399-412.
4. Barch DM, Braver TS, Carter CS, Poldrack RA, Robbins TW (2009). CNTRICS final task selection: executive control. Schizophr Bull 35:115-135.
5. Blair JB, Kurrasch-Orbaugh D, Marona-Lewicka D, Cumbay MG, Watts VJ, Barker EL et al (2000). Effect of ring fluorination on the pharmacology of hallucinogenic tryptamines. J Med Chem 43:4701-4710.
6. Botvinick MM, Cohen JD, Carter CS (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn Sci 8:539-546. (Pubitemid 39536251)
7. Braff D, Stone C, Callaway E, Geyer M, Glick I, Bali L (1978). Prestimulus effects on human startle reflex in normals and schizophrenics. Psychophysiology 15:339-343. (Pubitemid 9016401)
8. Braff DL, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (2001). Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 156:234-258. (Pubitemid 32705488)
9. Braff DL, Grillon C, Geyer MA (1992). Gating and habituation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:206-215.
10. Brauer D, Strobel A, Hensch T, Diers K, Lesch KP, Brocke B (2009). Genetic variation of serotonin receptor function affects prepulse inhibition of the startle. J Neural Transm 116:607-613.
11. Canal CE, Olaghere da Silva UB, Gresch PJ, Watt EE, Sanders-Bush E, Airey DC (2010). The serotonin 2C receptor potently modulates the head-twitch response in mice induced by a phenethylamine hallucinogen. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 209:163-174.
12. Carli M, Baviera M, Invernizzi RW, Balducci C (2006). Dissociable contribution of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex to different aspects of executive control such as impulsivity and compulsive perseveration in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:757-767.
13. Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, Botvinick MM, Noll D, Cohen JD (1998). Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280:747-749. (Pubitemid 28243351)
14. Carter CS, Krener P, Chaderjian M, Northcutt C, Wolfe V (1995). Abnormal Processing of irrelevant information in attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 56:59-70.
15. Carter OL, Burr DC, Pettigrew JD, Wallis GM, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX (2005). Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory, and the serotonin 1A and 2A receptors. J Cogn Neurosci 17:1497-1508. (Pubitemid 41510955)
16. Carter OL, Hasler F, Pettigrew JD, Wallis GM, Liu GB, Vollenweider FX (2007). Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 195:415-424. (Pubitemid 350161767)
17. Chaudhry IB, Soni SD, Hellewell JS, Deakin JF (2002). Effects of the 5HT antagonist cyproheptadine on neuropsychological function in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 53:17-24. (Pubitemid 33139771)
18. Cohen JD, Botvinick M, Carter CS (2000). Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: who's in control? Nat Neurosci 3:421-423. (Pubitemid 30495619)
19. Cools R, Roberts AC, Robbins TW (2008). Serotoninergic regulation of emotional and behavioural control processes. Trends Cogn Sci 12:31-40. (Pubitemid 50012215)
20. Csomor PA, Yee BK, Vollenweider FX, Feldon J, Nicolet T, Quednow BB (2008). On the influence of baseline startle reactivity on the indexation of prepulse inhibition. Behav Neurosci 122:885-900.
21. Daumann J, Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Thiel CM, Moller-Hartmann W, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E (2008). Pharmacological modulation of the neural basis underlying inhibition of return (IOR) in the human 5-HT2A agonist and NMDA antagonist model of psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 200:573-583.
22. Dean B (2003). The cortical serotonin2A receptor and the pathology of schizophrenia: a likely accomplice. J Neurochem 85:1-13. (Pubitemid 36389690)
23. Derogatis LR (1994). SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist-90-R: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual. National Computer Systems: Minneapolis, MN, USA.
24. Dittrich A (1994). Psychological aspects of altered states of consciousness of the LSD type: measurements of their basic dimensions and prediction of individual differences. In: Pletscher A, Ladewig D (eds). 50 Years of LSD. Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens. Parthenon Publishing: New York, pp 101-118.
25. Dittrich A (1998). The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 31:80-84. (Pubitemid 28396276)
26. Dittrich A, von Arx S, Staub S (1985). International study on altered states of consciousness (ISASC). Summary of the results. Germ J Psych 9:319-339.
27. Evers EA, van der Veen FM, Jolles J, Deutz NE, Schmitt JA (2006). Acute tryptophan depletion improves performance and modulates the BOLD response during a Stroop task in healthy females. Neuroimage 32:248-255.
28. Fahrenberg J, Hampel R, Selg H (1984). Das Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar FPI. Hogrefe: Göttingen.
29. Fletcher PJ, Tampakeras M, Sinyard J, Higgins GA (2007). Opposing effects of 5-HT (2A) and 5-HT (2C) receptor antagonists in the rat and mouse on premature responding in the fivechoice serial reaction time test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 195:223-234. (Pubitemid 350045843)
30. Forutan F, Estalji S, Beu M, Nikolaus S, Hamacher K, Coenen HH et al (2002). Distribution of 5HT2A receptors in the human brain: comparison of data in vivo and post mortem. Nuklearmedizin 41:197-201. (Pubitemid 35012739)
31. Gallagher P, Massey AE, Young AH, McAllister-Williams RH (2003). Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on executive function in healthy male volunteers. BMC Psychiatry 3:10.
32. Geyer MA, Braff DL (1987). Startle habituation and sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia and related animal models. Schizophr Bull 13:643-668. (Pubitemid 18037659)
33. Geyer MA, Vollenweider FX (2008). Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses. Trends Pharmacol Sci 29:445-453.
34. Gogos A, Nathan PJ, Guille V, Croft RJ, van den Buuse M (2006). Estrogen prevents 5-HT1A receptor-induced disruptions of prepulse inhibition in healthy women. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:885-889.
35. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Arnold S, Heekeren K (2006a). Deficient inhibition of return in schizophrenia-further evidence from an independent sample. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30:42-49. (Pubitemid 43021320)
36. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Balke M, Hajsamou S, Ruhrmann S, Schultze-Lutter F, Daumann J et al (2007). Orienting of attention in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia, prodromal subjects and healthy relatives. Schizophr Res 97:35-42. (Pubitemid 350088399)
37. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Stoll M, Stock C, Daumann J et al (2006b). Inhibition of return in the human 5HT2A agonist and NMDA antagonist model of psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:431-441. (Pubitemid 43113407)
38. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Thelen B, Lindenblatt H, Kovar KA, Sass H et al (1998). Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans. Behav Pharmacol 9:561-566. (Pubitemid 28552549)
39. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Voss T, Moerth D, Thelen B, Meincke U (2004). Blunted inhibition of return in schizophrenia-evidence from a longitudinal study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28:389-396. (Pubitemid 38130147)
40. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Schreckenberger M, Sabri O, Arning C, Thelen B, Spitzer M et al (1999). Neurometabolic effects of psilocybin, 3, 4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and dmethamphetamine in healthy volunteers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled PET study with [18F]FDG. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:565-581. (Pubitemid 29189261)
41. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Thelen B, Maier S, Heekeren K, Kovar KA, Sass H et al (2002). Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on covert orienting of visual attention in humans. Neuropsychobiology 45:205-212. (Pubitemid 34830398)
42. Graham FK (1975). The more or less startling effects of weak prestimulation. Psychophysiology 12:238-248.
43. Graham SJ, Langley RW, Balboa VA, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2002). Effects of ketanserin and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (eyeblink) response and the N1/P2 auditory evoked response in man. J Psychopharmacol 16:15-22. (Pubitemid 34273069)
44. Grauer SM, Graf R, Navarra R, Sung A, Logue SF, Stack G et al (2009). WAY-163909, a 5-HT2C agonist, enhances the preclinical potency of current antipsychotics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 204:37-48.
45. Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA (2010). LSD but not lisuride disrupts prepulse inhibition in rats by activating the 5-HT (2A) receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 208:179-189.
46. Hasler F, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R, Bar T, Vollenweider FX (1997). Determination of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma by HPLC-ECD and pharmacokinetic profiles of oral and intravenous psilocybin in man. Pharm Acta Helv 72:175-184. (Pubitemid 27246716)
47. Hasler F, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R, Vollenweider FX (2002). Renal excretion profiles of psilocin following oral administration of psilocybin: a controlled study in man. J Pharm Biomed Anal 30:331-339. (Pubitemid 35013499)
48. Hasler F, Quednow BB, Treyer V, Schubiger PA, Buck A, Vollenweider FX (2009). Role of prefrontal serotonin-2A receptors in self-experience during psilocybin-induced altered states. Neuropsychobiology 59:S60.
49. Henik A, Salo R (2004). Schizophrenia and the stroop effect. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 3:42-59.
50. Horacek J, Zavesicka L, Tintera J, Dockery C, Platilova V, Kopecek M et al (2005). The effect of tryptophan depletion on brain activation measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging during the Stroop test in healthy subjects. Physiol Res 54:235-244. (Pubitemid 40686271)
51. Invernizzi RW (2007). Role of TPH-2 in brain function: news from behavioral and pharmacologic studies. J Neurosci Res 85:3030-3035. (Pubitemid 350057357)
52. Jensen KS, Oranje B, Wienberg M, Glenthoj BY (2007). The effects of increased central serotonergic activity on prepulse inhibition and habituation of the human startle response. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2117-2124. (Pubitemid 47417698)
53. Johansson C, Jackson DM, Zhang J, Svensson L (1995). Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, a measure of sensorimotor gating: effects of antipsychotics and other agents in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:649-654.
54. Kometer M, Cahn BR, Andel D, Carter OL, Vollenweider FX (2011). The 5-HT2A/1A agonist psilocybin disrupts modal object completion associated with visual hallucinations. Biol Psychiatry 69:399-406.
55. Krebs-Thomson K, Ruiz EM, Masten V, Buell M, Geyer MA (2006). The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 189:319-329. (Pubitemid 44772815)
56. Krus DM, Wapner S, Freeman H, Casey TM (1963). Differential behavioral responsivity to LSD-25, study in normal and schizophrenic adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 8:557-563.
57. Kumari V, Gray JA (1999). Smoking withdrawal, nicotine dependence and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 141:11-15. (Pubitemid 29193289)
58. Kumari V, Soni W, Mathew VM, Sharma T (2000). Prepulse inhibition of the startle response in men with schizophrenia: effects of age of onset of illness, symptoms, and medication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:609-614. (Pubitemid 30349442)
59. Ludewig K, Geyer MA, Vollenweider FX (2003). Deficits in prepulse inhibition and habituation in never-medicated, firstepisode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 54:121-128. (Pubitemid 36859771)
60. MacLeod CM (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychol Bull 109:163-203.
61. Madsen K, Erritzoe D, Mortensen EL, Gade A, Madsen J, Baare W et al (2011). Cognitive function is related to fronto-striatal serotonin transporter levels-a brain PET study in young healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 213:573-581.
62. Mansouri FA, Tanaka K, Buckley MJ (2009). Conflict-induced behavioural adjustment: a clue to the executive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:141-152.
63. Marquis KL, Sabb AL, Logue SF, Brennan JA, Piesla MJ, Comery TA et al (2007). WAY-163909 [(7bR, 10aR)-1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 10aoctahydro-7bH- cyclopenta-[b][1, 4]diazepino[6, 7, 1hi]indole]: A novel 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor-selective agonist with preclinical antipsychotic-like activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320:486-496. (Pubitemid 46025760)
64. Martin-Ruiz R, Ugedo L, Honrubia MA, Mengod G, Artigas F (2001). Control of serotonergic neurons in rat brain by dopaminergic receptors outside the dorsal raphe nucleus. J Neurochem 77:762-775. (Pubitemid 32466773)
65. McGhie A, Chapman J (1961). Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br J Med Psychol 34:103-116.
66. Melcher T, Falkai P, Gruber O (2008). Functional brain abnormalities in psychiatric disorders: neural mechanisms to detect and resolve cognitive conflict and interference. Brain Res Rev 59:96-124.
67. Meltzer HY (1999). The role of serotonin in antipsychotic drug action. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:106S-115S. (Pubitemid 29396478)
68. Meltzer HY, Li Z, Kaneda Y, Ichikawa J (2003). Serotonin receptors: their key role in drugs to treat schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27:1159-1172. (Pubitemid 37464960)
69. Navarra R, Comery TA, Graf R, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Day M (2008). The 5-HT (2C) receptor agonist WAY-163909 decreases impulsivity in the 5-choice serial reaction time test. Behav Brain Res 188:412-415.
70. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME (1984). Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull 10:160-203.
71. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Green MF (1994). Informationprocessing abnormalities as neuropsychological vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 384:71-79. (Pubitemid 24356891)
72. Oranje B, Wienberg M, Glenthoj BY (2011). A single high dose of escitalopram disrupts sensory gating and habituation, but not sensorimotor gating in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 186:431-436.
73. Osinsky R, Schmitz A, Alexander N, Kuepper Y, Kozyra E, Hennig J (2009). TPH2 gene variation and conflict processing in a cognitive and an emotional Stroop task. Behav Brain Res 198:404-410.
74. Ouagazzal AM, Grottick AJ, Moreau JL, Higgins GA (2001). Effect of LSD on prepulse inhibition and spontaneous behavior in the rat: A pharmacological analysis and comparison between two rat strains. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:565-575. (Pubitemid 32830961)
75. Padich RA, McCloskey TC, Kehne JH (1996). 5-HT modulation of auditory and visual sensorimotor gating.2. Effects of the 5-HT2A antagonist MDL 100, 907 on disruption of sound and light prepulse inhibition produced by 5-HT agonists in Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology 124:107-116.
76. Pardo JV, Pardo PJ, Janer KW, Raichle ME (1990). The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:256-259.
77. Parwani A, Duncan EJ, Bartlett E, Madonick SH, Efferen TR, Rajan R et al (2000). Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 47:662-669. (Pubitemid 30169261)
78. Passie T, Seifert J, Schneider U, Emrich HM (2002). The pharmacology of psilocybin. Addict Biol 7:357-364. (Pubitemid 35402507)
79. Pazos A, Probst A, Palacios JM (1987). Serotonin receptors in the human brain-IV. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-2 receptors. Neuroscience 21:123-139. (Pubitemid 17076867)
80. Persson B, Pettersson A, Hedner T (1987). Pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in patients with essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32:259-265. (Pubitemid 17069115)
81. Piskulic D, Olver JS, Maruff P, Norman TR (2009). Treatment of cognitive dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia by augmentation of atypical antipsychotics with buspirone, a partial 5-HT (1A) receptor agonist. Hum Psychopharmacol 24:437-446.
82. Quednow BB, Frommann I, Berning J, Kuhn KU, Maier W, Wagner M (2008a). Impaired sensorimotor gating of the acoustic startle response in the prodrome of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 64:766-773.
83. Quednow BB, Geyer MA, Halberstadt AL (2010). Serotonin and schizophrenia. In: Müller CP, Jacobs BL (eds). Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin. Academic Press: London, Vol 18. pp 585-620.
84. Quednow BB, Kuhn KU, Mossner R, Schwab SG, Schuhmacher A, Maier W et al (2008b). Sensorimotor gating of schizophrenia patients is influenced by 5-HT2A receptor polymorphisms. Biol Psychiatry 64:434-437.
85. Quednow BB, Kuhn KU, Stelzenmuelle R, Hoenig K, Maier W, Wagner M (2004). Effects of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants on auditory startle response in patients with major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 175:399-406. (Pubitemid 39362037)
86. Quednow BB, Schmechtig A, Ettinger U, Petrovsky N, Collier DA, Vollenweider FX et al (2009). Sensorimotor gating depends on polymorphisms of the serotonin-2A receptor and catechol-O-methyltransferase, but not on neuregulin-1 Arg38Gln genotype: a replication study. Biol Psychiatry 66:614-620.
87. Quednow BB, Wagner M, Westheide J, Beckmann K, Bliesener N, Maier W et al (2006). Sensorimotor gating and habituation of the startle response in schizophrenic patients randomly treated with amisulpride or olanzapine. Biol Psychiatry 59:536-545. (Pubitemid 43320542)
88. Reuter M, Ott U, Vaitl D, Hennig J (2007). Impaired executive control is associated with a variation in the promoter egion of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene. J Cogn Neurosci 19:401-408. (Pubitemid 46393568)
89. Robinson ES, Dalley JW, Theobald DE, Glennon JC, Pezze MA, Murphy ER et al (2008). Opposing roles for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the nucleus accumbens on inhibitory response control in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:2398-2406.
90. Sard H, Kumaran G, Morency C, Roth BL, Toth BA, He P et al (2005). SAR of psilocybin analogs: discovery of a selective 5-HT 2C agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:4555-4559. (Pubitemid 41253894)
91. Schmitt JA, Jorissen BL, Sobczak S, van Boxtel MP, Hogervorst E, Deutz NE et al (2000). Tryptophan depletion impairs memory consolidation but improves focussed attention in healthy young volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 14:21-29. (Pubitemid 30156534)
92. Scholes KE, Harrison BJ, O'Neill BV, Leung S, Croft RJ, Pipingas A et al (2007). Acute serotonin and dopamine depletion improves attentional control: findings from the stroop task. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1600-1610. (Pubitemid 46920148)
93. Scholes KE, Martin-Iverson MT (2009). Relationships between prepulse inhibition and cognition are mediated by attentional processes. Behav Brain Res 205:456-467.
94. Sipes TA, Geyer MA (1995a). 8-OH-DPAT disruption of prepulse inhibition in rats: reversal with (+) WAY 100, 135 and localization of site of action. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 117:41-48.
95. Sipes TE, Geyer MA (1995b). DOI disruption of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat is mediated by 5-HT (2A) and not by 5-HT (2C) receptors. Behav Pharmacol 6:839-842.
96. Sipes TE, Geyer MA (1997). DOI disrupts prepulse inhibition of startle in rats via 5-HT2A receptors in the ventral pallidum. Brain Res 761:97-104. (Pubitemid 27314738)
97. Sobczak S, Riedel WJ, Booij I, Aan Het Rot M, Deutz NE, Honig A (2002). Cognition following acute tryptophan depletion: difference between first-degree relatives of bipolar disorder patients and matched healthy control volunteers. Psychol Med 32:503-515. (Pubitemid 34308794)
98. Soubrié P (1986). Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurones in human and animal behavior. Behav Brain Res 9:319-364.
99. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lusheme RE (1970). STAI, Manual for the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto.
100. Spreen O, Strauss E (1998). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary, 2. edn. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
101. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX (2011). Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies. J Psychopharmacol (in press).
102. Swerdlow NR, Filion D, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1995a). 'Normal personality' correlates of sensorimotor, cognitive, and visuospatial gating. Biol Psychiatry 37:286-299.
103. Swerdlow NR, Hartman PL, Auerbach PP (1997). Changes in sensorimotor inhibition across the menstrual cycle: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 41:452-460. (Pubitemid 27087328)
104. Swerdlow NR, Light GA, Cadenhead KS, Sprock J, Hsieh MH, Braff DL (2006). Startle gating deficits in a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia: relationship to medications, symptoms, neurocognition, and level of function. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:1325-1335. (Pubitemid 44878517)
105. Swerdlow NR, Paulsen J, Braff DL, Butters N, Geyer MA, Swenson MR (1995b). Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle response in patients with Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:192-200.
106. van den Buuse M, Gogos A (2007). Differential effects of antipsychotic drugs on serotonin-1A receptor-mediated disruption of prepulse inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320:1224-1236. (Pubitemid 46294070)
107. Venables PH (1960). The effect of auditory and visual stimulation on the skin potential response of schizophrenics. Brain 83:77-92.
108. Vollenweider FX, Csomor PA, Knappe B, Geyer MA, Quednow BB (2007). The effects of the preferential 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on prepulse inhibition of startle in healthy human volunteers depend on interstimulus interval. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1876-1887. (Pubitemid 47258517)
109. Vollenweider FX, Gamma AG, Liechti M, Huber T (1998a). Psychological and cardiovascular effects and short-term sequelae of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in MDMA-naive healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 19:241-251. (Pubitemid 28491334)
110. Vollenweider FX, Leenders KL, Scharfetter C, Maguire P, Stadelmann O, Angst J (1997). Positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose studies of metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the psilocybin model of psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 16:357-372. (Pubitemid 27211734)
111. Vollenweider FX, Remensberger S, Hell D, Geyer MA (1999). Opposite effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on sensorimotor gating in rats versus healthy humans. Psychopharmacology 143:365-372. (Pubitemid 29222481)
112. Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen MF, Babler A, Vogel H, Hell D (1998b). Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. Neuroreport 9:3897-3902. (Pubitemid 29189323)
113. Wapner S, Krus DM (1960). Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide, and differences between normals and schizophrenics on the Stroop Color-Word Test. J Neuropsychiatr 2:76-81.
114. Winstanley CA, Theobald DE, Dalley JW, Glennon JC, Robbins TW (2004). 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonists have opposing effects on a measure of impulsivity: interactions with global 5-HT depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 176:376-385. (Pubitemid 40012745)
115. Wittchen HU, Pfister H (1997). DIA-X-Interview. Swets Test Service: Frankfurt.
116. Wittmann M, Carter O, Hasler F, Cahn BR, Grimberg U, Spring P et al (2007). Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans. J Psychopharmacol 21:50-64. (Pubitemid 46012083)