Animal violence demystified

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 4, Issue APR, 2010, Pages

  Natarajan, Deepa ^a   Caramaschi, Doretta ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aggression; Animal models; Mice; SAL; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952489409     PISSN: 16625153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00009     Document Type: Article

References (215)

1. Agnew, R. (1998). The causes of animal abuse: a social-psychological analysis. Theor. Criminol. 2, 177-209.
2. Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., and Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.
3. Albert, D. J., Walsh, M. L., and White, R. (1985). Mouse killing induced by para-chlorophenylalanine injections or septal lesions but not olfactory bulb lesions is similar to that of fooddeprived spontaneous killers. Behav. Neurosci. 99, 546-554.
4. Anderson, C. A., and Ford, C. M. (1986). Affect of the game player: short-term effects of highly and mildly aggressive video games. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 12, 390-401.
5. Andrade, M. L., Kamal, K. B. H., and Brain, P. F. (1989). Effects of positive and negative fighting experiences on behaviour in adult male mice. In House Mouse Aggression, P. F. Brain, D. Mainardi and S. Parmigiani, eds (Chur, Switzerland, Harwood Academic Publishers).
6. Archer, J. (1988). The Behavioral Biology of Aggression. New York, Cambridge University Press.
7. Archer, J., and Huntingford, F. (1994). Game theory models and escalation of animal fights. In The Dynamics of Aggression, M. Potegal and J. F. Knutson, eds (Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), pp. 3-31.
8. Arnone, M., and Dantzer, R. (1980). Does frustration induce aggression in pigs? Appl. Anim. Ethol. 6, 351-362.
9. Asberg, M., Traskman, L., and Thoren, P. (1976). 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat: measurement and use as an index of functionally active serotonin. Life Sci. 40, 2253-2260.
10. Aureli, F., Preston, S. D., and de Waal, F. B. M. (1999). Heart rate responses to social interactions in free-moving rhesus macaques: a pilot study. J. Comp. Psychol. 113, 59-65.
11. Azrin, N. H., Hutchinson, R. R. and Hake, D. F. (1966). Extinction-induced aggression. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 9, 191-204.
12. Barnett, S. A., and Smart, J. L. (1975). The movement of wild and domestic house mice in an artificial environment. Behav. Biol. 15, 85-93.
13. Bell, C., Abrams, J., and Nutt, D. (2001). The functions of freezing in the social interactions of juvenile high-and low-aggressive mice. Physiol. Behav. 80, 57-67.
14. Benus, R. F., Bohus, B., Koolhaas, J. M, and van Oortmersson, G. A. (1991). Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies. Experientia 47, 1008-1019.
15. Berkowitz, L. (1984). Some effects of thoughts on anti-and prosocial influences of media events: A cognitive-neoassociation analysis. Psychol. Bull. 95, 410-427.
16. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. Psychol. Bull. 106, 59-73.
17. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its Causes, Consequences and Control. New York, McGraw-Hill.
18. Berman, M. E., and Coccaro, E. F. (1998). Neurobiologic correlates of violence: relevance to criminal responsibility. Behav. Sci. Law 16, 303-318.
19. Bjork, J. M., Dougherty, D. M., Moeller, F. G., and Swann, A. C. (2000). Differential behavioral effects of plasma tryptophan depletion and loading in aggressive and non-aggressive men. Neuropsychopharmacology 22, 357-369.
20. Blonigen, D. M., and Krueger, R. F. (2006). Human quantitative genetics of aggression. In Biology of Aggression, R. Nelson, ed. (New York, Oxford University Press).
21. Boccia, M. L., Reite, M., and Laudenslager, M. L. (1989). On the physiology of grooming in a pigtail macaque. Physiol. Behav. 45, 667-670.
22. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1. Attachment. New York, Basic Books.
23. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York, Basic Books.
24. Brain, P. F. (1989). The adaptiveness of house mouse aggression. In House Mouse Aggression. P. F. Brain, D. Mainardi and S. Parmigiani, eds (Chur, Switzerland, Harwood Academic Publishers).
25. Brecklin, L. R., and Ullman, S. E. (2002). The roles of victim and offender alcohol use in sexual assaults: results from the national violence against women survey. J. Stud. Alcohol 63, 57-63.
26. Breese, G. R., and Cooper, B. R. (1975). Behavioral and biochemical interactions of 5,7-dihyroxy-tryptamine with various drugs when administered intracisternally to adult and developing rats. Brain Res. 98, 517-527.
27. Brown, G. L., Goodwin, F. K., Ballenger, J. C., Goyer, P. F., and Major, L. F. (1979). Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatr. Res. 1, 131-139.
28. Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakefield, X. O., Ropers, H. H., and van Oost, B. A. (1993). Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262, 578-580.
29. Burns, R. D. (1968). The role of agonistic behavior in regulation of density in Uinta ground squirrels, Citellus armatus. M.S. thesis, Utah State University.
30. Bushman, B. J. (1997). Effects of alcohol on human aggression: validity of proposed mechanisms. In Recent Developments in Alcoholism, M. Galanter, ed. (New York, Plenum Press), pp. 227-244.
31. Bushman, B. J., and Cooper, H. M. (1990). Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research view. Psychol. Bull. 107, 341-354.
32. Busser, J., Zweep, A., and van Oortmerssen, G. A. (1974). Variability in the aggressive behavior of Mus musculus domesticus, its possible role in population structure. In The Genetics of Behavior, J. H. F. Van Abeelen, ed. (Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company). pp. 185-199.
33. Calhoun, J. B. (1948). Mortality and movement of brown rats Rattus norvegicus in artificially supersaturated populations. J. Wildl. Manage. 12, 167-172.
34. Caramaschi, D., de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2007). Differential role of the 5-HT1A receptor in aggressive and non-aggressive mice: an across-strain comparison. Physiol. Behav. 90, 590-601.
35. Caramaschi, D., de Boer, S. F., de Vries, H., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2008a). Development of violence in mice through repeated victory along with changes in prefrontal cortex neurochemistry. Behav. Brain Res. 189, 263-272.
36. Caramaschi, D., de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2008b). Is hyperaggressiveness associated with physiological hypoarousal? A comparative study on mouse lines selected for high and low aggressiveness. Physiol. Behav. 95, 591-598.
37. Caras, R. (1969). In defense of the Grizzly. Audubon 71, 52-55.
38. Carpenter, C. R. (1934). A field study of the behavior and social relations of howling monkeys. Comp. Psychol. Monogr. 10, 1-168.
39. Carpenter, C. R. (1942). Societies of monkeys and apes. Biol. Symp. 8, 177-204.
40. Carrington, R. (1958). Elephants. A Short Account of their Natural History, Evolution and Influence on Mankind. New York, Basic Books.
41. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297, 851-854.
42. Chamberlain, B., Ervin, F. R., Pihl, R. O., and Young, S. N. (1987). The effect of raising or lowering tryptophan levels on aggression in vervet monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 28, 503-510.
43. Cherek, D. R., and Pickens, R. (1970). Schedule-induced aggression as a function of fixed-ratio value. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 14, 309-311.
44. Cleare, A. J., and Bond, A. J. (1995). The effect of tryptophan deletion and enhancement on subjective and behavioral aggression in normal male subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 118, 72-81.
45. Coburn, C. A. (1922). Heredity of wildness and savageness in mice. Behav. Monogr. 4, 1-71.
46. Connor, J. L. (1974). Waning and recovery of conspecific aggression in the house mouse (Mus musculus L). J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 87, 215-227.
47. Corbett, J. (1957). Man-eaters of India. New York, Oxford University Press.
48. Couppis, M. H., and Kennedy, C. H. (2008). The rewarding effect of aggression is reduced by nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor antagonism in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 197, 449-456.
49. Craig, I. W. (2007). The importance of stress and genetic variation in human aggression. Bioassays 29, 227-236.
50. Darling, F. F. (1937). A Herd of Red Deer. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
51. Dawkins, R., and Krebs, J. R. (1978). Animal signals: information or manipulation? In Behavioral Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds (Oxford, Blackwell Press), pp. 282-309.
52. Deater-Deckard, K., and Plomin, R. (1999). An adoption study of the etiology of teacher and parent reports of externalizing behavior problems in middle childhood. Child Dev. 70, 144-154.
53. de Boer, S. F., Caramaschi, D., Natarajan, D., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2009). The vicious cycle towards violence: focus on the negative feedback mechanisms of brain serotonin neurotransmission. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3:52. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.052.2009.
54. de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2005). 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists and aggression: a pharmacological challenge of the serotonin deficiency hypothesis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 526, 125-139.
55. de Boer, S. F., van der Vegt, B. J., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2003). Individual variation in aggression of feral rodent strains: a standard for the genetics of aggression and violence? Behav. Genet. 33, 485-501.
56. de Bruin, J. P. C. (1990). Orbital prefrontal cortex, dopamine and social agonistic behavior of male Long Evans rats. Aggress. Behav. 16, 231-248.
57. de Bruin, J. P. C., van Oyen, H. G. M., and van de Poll, N. (1983). Behavioural changes following lesions of the orbital prefrontal cortex in male rats. 10, 209-232.
58. de Waal, F. (2005). Our Inner Ape. New York, Riverhead/Penguin Press.
59. Dill, J. C., and Anderson, C. A. (1995). Effects of frustration justification on hostile aggression. Aggress. Behav. 21, 359-369.
60. Dill, K. E., and Dill, J. C. (1998). Video game violence: a review of the empirical literature. Aggress. Violent Behav. 3, 407-428.
61. Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., and Miller, N. E. (1939). Frustration and Aggression. New Haven, Yale University Press.
62. Drescher, V. M., Gantt, W. H., and Whitehead, W. E. (1980). Heart rate response to touch. Psychosom. Med. 42, 559-565.
63. Drescher, V. M., Hayhurst, V., Whitehead, W. E., and Joseph, J. A. (1982). The effects of tactile stimulation on pulse rate and blood pressure. Biol. Psychiatry 17, 1347-1352.
64. Ebert, P. D. (1976). Agonistic behavior in wild and inbred Mus musculus. Behav. Biol. 18, 291-294.
65. Enserink, M. (2000). Searching for the mark of Cain. Science 289, 575-579.
66. Farrell, G. A., and Dares, G. (1996). Seclusion or solitary confinement: therapeutic or punitive treatment? Aust. N. Z. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 5, 171-179.
67. Feh, C., and de Mazieres, J. (1993). Grooming at a preferred site reduces heart rate in horses. Anim. Behav. 46, 1191-1194.
68. Feldker, D. E., Datson, N. A., Veenema, A. H., Meulmeester, E., de Kloet, E. R., and Vreugdenhil, E. (2003). Serial analysis of gene expression predicts structural differences in hippocampus of long attack latency and short attack latency mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 379-387.
69. Fish, E. W., De Bold, J. F., and Miczek, K. A. (2005). Escalated aggression as a reward: corticosterone and GABA(A) receptor positive modulators in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 182, 116-127.
70. Fish, E. W., Faccidomo, S., and Miczek, K. A. (1999). Aggression heightened by alcohol or social instigation in mice: reduction by the 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist CP-94,253. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 146, 391-399.
71. Flynn, J. P. (1976). Neural basis of threat and attack. In Biological Foundations of Psychiatry. R. G. Grenell and S. Gabay, eds (New York, Raven Press).
72. Fox, A., and Spector, P. E. (1999). A model of work frustration-aggression. J. Organ. Behav. 20, 915-931.
73. Garattini, S., Giacalone, E., and Valzelli, L. (1967). Isolation, aggressiveness and brain 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 19, 338-339.
74. Gibbons, J. L., Barr, G. A., Bridger, W. H., and Fryer Leibowitz, S. (1978). Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxy tryptophan on mouse killing behavior in killer rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 9, 91-98.
75. Gilbert, P. W. (1968). The shark: barbarian and benefactor. Bioscience 18, 946-950.
76. Greenfield, L. A., and Henneberg, M. A. (2000). Alcohol, crime and the criminal justice system. In Commissioned Paper for the Alcohol Policy XII Conference, Alcohol and Crime, Research and Practice for Prevention, Washington, DC.
77. Guo, G., Roettger, M. E., Shih, J. C. (2007). Contributions of the DAT1 and DRD2 genes to serious and violent delinquency among adolescents and young adults. Hum. Genet. 121, 125-136.
78. Halasz, J., Liposits, Z., Meelis, W., Kruk, M. R., and Haller, J. (2002). Hypothalamic attack area-mediated activation of the forebrain in aggression. Neuroreport 13, 1267-1270.
79. Haller, J., Halasz, J., Mikics, E., and Kruk, M. R. (2004). Chronic glucocorticoid deficiency-induced abnormal aggression, autonomic hyperarousal, and social deficits in rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 16, 550-557.
80. Haller, J. and Kruk, M. R. (2006). Normal and abnormal aggression: human disorders and novel laboratory models. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30, 292-303.
81. Haller, J., Mickics, E., Halasz, J., and Toth, M. (2005). Mechanisms differentiating normal from abnormal aggression: glucocorticoids and serotonin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 526, 89-100.
82. Haller, J., Toth, M., Halasz, J., and de Boer, S. F. (2006). Patterns of violent aggression-induced brain c-fos expression in male mice selected for aggressiveness. Physiol. Behav. 88, 173-182.
83. Haller, J., van de Schraaf, J., and Kruk, M. R. (2001). Deviant forms of aggression in glucocorticoid hyporeactive rats: a model for 'pathological' aggression? J. Neuroendocrinol. 13, 102-107.
84. Harlow, H. F., Harlow, M. K. and Soumi, S. J. (1971). From thought to therapy: lessons from a primate laboratory. Am. Sci. 59, 538-549.
85. Harlow, J. M. (1848). Passage of an iron rod through the head. Boston Med. Surg. J. 39, 389-393.
86. Harlow, J. M. (1868). Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head. Publ. Mass. Med. Soc. 2, 327-346.
87. Hennessy, M. B., Voith, V. L., Mazzei, S. J., Buttram, J., Miller, D. D., and Linden, F. (2001). Behavior and cortisol levels of dogs in a public animal shelter and an exploration of the ability of these measures to predict problem behavior after adoption. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 73, 217-233.
88. Herrenkohl, T. I., McMorris, B. J., Catalano, R. F., Abbott, R. D., Hemphill, S. A., and Toumbourou, J. W. (2007). Risk factors for violence and relational aggression in adolescence. J. Interpers. Violence 22, 386-405.
89. Hess, W. R., and Akert, K. (1955). Experimental data on role of hypothalamus in mechanism of emotional behavior. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 73, 127-129.
90. Higley, J. D., Suomi, S. J., and Linnoila, M. (1991). CSF monoamine metabolite concentrations vary according to age, rearing and sex, and are influenced by the stressor of social separation in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 103, 551-556.
91. Hole, K., Johnson, G. E., and Berge, O. G. (1977). 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways: habituation, motor activity and agonistic behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 30, 439-446.
92. Hsu, Y., Earley, R. L., and Wolf, L. L. (2006). Modulation of aggressive behavior by fighting experience: mechanisms and contest outcomes. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 81, 33-74.
93. Hunsperger, R. W. (1956). Affektreactionen auf elektrische Reizung im Hirnstamm der Katze. Helv. Physiol. Acta. 14, 70-92.
94. Hunsperger, R. W. (1959). Les representation centrales des reactions affectives dans le cerveau anterieur et dans le tronc cerebral. Neurochirurgie 5, 207-233.
95. Hunsperger, R. W. (1969). Die Asynchrone und Lokal umschriebene Reizwirkung von Mittelfrequenz-Dauerstromen im Hypothalamus der Katze. Exp. Brain Res. 9, 164-182.
96. Huntingford, F. A., and Turner, A. K. (1987). Animal Conflict. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
97. Ieni, J. R., and Thurmond, J. B. (1985). Maternal Aggression in mice: effects of treatments with PCPA, 5-HTP and 5-HT receptor agonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 111, 211-220.
98. Kantak, K. M. (1981). Facilitation of shockinduced fighting followed intraventricular 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and 6-hydroxydopa. Psychopharmacology 74, 157-160.
99. Kantak, K. M., Hegstrand, L. R., and Eichelman, B. (1980a). Dietary tryptophan modulation and aggressive behavior in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 12, 675-679.
100. Kantak, K. M., Hegstrand, L. R., Whitman, J., and Eichelman, B. (1980b). Effects of dietary supplements and a tryptophan-free diet on aggressive behavior in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 12, 173-179.
101. Kantak, K. M., Hegstrand, L. R., and Eichelman, B. (1981). Dietary tryptophan reversal of septal lesion and 5,7-DHT lesion elicited shock-induced fighting. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 15, 343-350.
102. Karavanich, C., and Atema, J. (1998). Individual recognition and memory recognition in lobster dominance. Anim. Behav. 56, 1553-1560.
103. Kariyawasam, S. H., Zaw, F., and Handley, S. L. (2002). Reduced salivary cortisol in children with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 23, 45-48.
104. Keele, N. B. (2001). Phenytoin inhibits isolation-induced aggression specifically in rats with low serotonin. Neuroreport 12, 1107-1112.
105. Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., and Prescott, C. A. (2003). Personality and the experience of environmental adversity. Psychol. Med. 33, 1193-1202.
106. Koolhaas, J. M. (1978). Hypothalamically induced intraspecific aggressive behavior in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 32, 365-375.
107. Koolhaas, J. M., de Boer, S. F., and Buwalda, B. (2010). Neurobiology of offensive aggression. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, G. Koob, M. le Moal and R. Thompson, eds (San Diego, Elsevier Press).
108. Korte, S. M., Meijer, O. C., de Kloet, E. R., Buwalda, B., Keijser, J., Sluyter, F., Van Oortmerssen G., and Bohus, B. (1996). Enhanced 5-HT1A receptor expression in forebrain regions of aggressive house mice. Brain Res. 736, 338-343.
109. Kraemer, G. W. (1992). A psychobiological theory of attachment. Behav. Brain Sci. 15, 493-511.
110. Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., and Lozano, R. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
111. Kruk, M. R. (1991). Ethology and pharmacology of hypothalamic aggression in the rat. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 15, 524-538.
112. Kruk, M. R., van der Laan, C. E., van der Poel, A. M., van Erp, A. M. M., and Meelis, W. (1990). Strain differences in attack patterns elicited by electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus of male rats. Aggress. Behav. 16, 177-190.
113. Kruk, M. R., van der Poel, A. M., and de Vos-Frerichs, T. P. (1979). The induction of aggressive behaviour by electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus of male rats. Behaviour 70, 292-322.
114. Kudryatseva, N. N. (2000). Experimental approach to the study of learned aggression. Aggress. Behav. 26, 241-256.
115. Kudryatseva, N. N., Bondar, N. P., and Alekseyenko, O. V. (2000). Behavioral correlates of aggression. Aggress. Behav. 26, 386-400.
116. Lagerspetz, K. (1961). Genetic and Social causes of aggressive behavior in mice. Scand. J. Psychol. 2, 167-173.
117. Lagerspetz, K. M., and Lagerspetz, K. Y. (1971). Changes in the aggressiveness of mice resulting from selective breeding, learning and social isolation. Scand. J. Psychol. 9, 157-160.
118. Lagerspetz, K. Y., Tirri, R., and Lagerspetz, K. M. (1968). Neurochemical and endocrinological studies of mice selectively bred for aggressiveness. Scand. J. Psychol. 9, 157-160.
119. Lammers, J. H. C. M., Kruk, M. R., Meelis, W., and van der Poel, A. M. (1988). Hypothalamic substrates for brain stimulation-induced patterns of locomotion and escape jumps in the rat. Brain Res. 449, 294-310.
120. Layhausen, P. (1979). Cat Behavior: The Predatory and Social Behavior of Domestic and Wild Cats. New York, Garland STPM Press.
121. Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., and Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 10, 111-132.
122. Lee, R., and Coccaro, E. F. (2001). The neuropsychopharmacology of criminality and aggression. Can. J. Psychiatry 46, 35-44.
123. Lewis, C. E. (1991). Neurochemical mechanisms of chronic anti-social behavior (psychopathy). A literature review. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 179, 720-727.
124. Linnoila, M., Virukkunen, M., Scheinin, M., Nuutila, A., Rimon, R., and Goodwin, F. K. (1983). Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from non-impulsive violent behavior. Life Sci. 33, 2609-2614.
125. Linnoila, V. M., and Virukkunen, M. (1992). Aggression, suicidality and serotonin. J. Clin. Psychiatry 53, 46-51.
126. Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. New York, Bantam Press.
127. Maas, J. W. (1962). Neurochemical differences between two strains of mice. Science 137, 621-622.
128. Maes, M., Cosyns, P., Meltzer, H. Y., De Meyer, J., and Peeters, D. (1993). Seasonality in violent suicide but not in non-violent suicide or homicide. Am. J. Pyschiatry 150, 1380-1385.
129. Magoun, H. W., Atlas, D., Ingersoll, E. H., Ranson, S. W. (1937). Associated facial, vocal and respiratory components of emotional expression: an experimental study. J. Neurol. Psychopathol. 17, 241-255.
130. Martin, S. E., and Bachman, R. (1997). The relationship of alcohol to injury in assault cases. In Recent Developments in Alcoholism, M. Galanter, ed. (New York, Plenum Press). pp. 42-56.
131. Mathews, L. H. (1964). Overt fighting in mammals. In The Natural History of Aggression, J. D. Carthy and F. J. Ebling, eds (New York, Academic Press).
132. McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., and Loeber, R. (2000). Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 38-43.
133. McCloskey, M. S., Ben-Zeev, D., Lee, R., Berman, M. E., and Coccaro, E. F. (2009). Acute Tryptophan depletion and self-injurious behavior in aggressive patients and healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 203, 53-61.
134. McSweeney, F. K., and Swindell, S. (2002). Common processes may contribute to extinction and habituation. J. Gen. Psychol. 129, 364-400.
135. Meloy, J. R. (1988). The Psychopathic Mind: Origins, Dynamics and Treatment. Northvale, NJ, Jason Aronson, Inc.
136. Miczek, K. A., Altman, J. L., Appel, J. B., and Boggan, W. O. (1975). Parachlorophenylalanine, serotonin and killing behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3, 355-361.
137. Miczek, K. A., Faccidomo, S., De Almeida, R. M., Bannai, M., Fish, E. W., and Debold, J. F. (2004). Escalated aggressive behavior: new pharmacotherapeutic approaches and opportunities. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1036, 336-355.
138. Miczek, K. A., Fish, E. W., and De Bold, J. F. (2003). Neurosteroids, GABA receptors and escalated aggressive behavior. Horm. Behav. 44, 242-257.
139. Miczek, K. A., Fish, E. W., de Bold, J. F., and de Almeida, R. M. (2002). Social and neural determinants of aggressive behavior: pharmacotherapeutic targets at serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 163, 434-458.
140. Miczek, K. A., Maxson, S. C., Fish, E. W., and Faccidomo, S. (2001). Aggressive behavioral phenotypes in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 125, 167-181.
141. Miczek, K. A., Weerts, E. M., Tornatzky, W., DeBold, J. F., and Vatne, T. M. (1992). Alcohol and 'Bursts' of aggressive behavior: ethological analysis of individual differences in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 107, 551-563.
142. Mineur, Y. S., Prasol, D. J., Belzung, C., and Crusio, W. E. (2003). Agonistic behavior and unpredictable chronic mild stress in mice. Behav. Genet. 33, 513-519.
143. Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychol. Rev. 100, 674-701.
144. Molla-Hosseini, C. (1985). Modulation of action of kainic acid on the behavior of rats by p-chlorophenylalanine and by gaba-mimetic drugs. Biochemical correlation between behavior and treatments. J. Pharmacol. 16, 299-312.
145. Murdoch, D., Pihl, R. O., and Ross, D. (1990). Alcohol and crimes of violence: present issues. Int. J. Addict. 25, 1065-1081.
146. Myers, K. (1966). The effects of density on sociality and health in mammals. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 1, 40-64.
147. Nagin, D., and Tremblay, R. E. (1999). Trajectories of boys' physical aggression, opposition and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. Child Dev. 70, 1186-1196.
148. Natarajan, D., de Vries, H., Saaltink, D., de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2009a). Delineation of violence from functional aggression in mice: an ethological approach. Behav. Genet. 39, 73-90.
149. Natarajan, D., de Vries, H., de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2009b). Violent phenotype in SAL mice is inflexible and fixed in adulthood. Aggress. Behav. 35, 430-436.
150. Natarajan, D., de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2009c). Lack of differential serotonin biosynthesis capacity in genetically selected low and high aggressive mice. Physiol. Behav. 98, 411-415.
151. Nelson, R. J., and Chiavegatto, S. (2001). Molecular basis of aggression. Trends Neurosci. 24, 713-719.
152. Nelson, R. J., and Trainor, B. C. (2007). Neural mechanisms of aggression. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 536-546.
153. Olivier, B., Mos, J., Tulp, M., Schipper, J., Den Daas, S. J., and van Oortmerssen, G. A. (1990). Serotonergic involvement in aggressive behavior in animals. In Violence and Suicidality: Perspectives in Clinical and Psychological Research, H. M. van Praag, R. Plutchik and A. Apter, eds (New York, Brunner/Mazel), pp. 79-84.
154. Pajer, K., Gardner, W., Rubin, R. T., Perel, J., and Neal, S. (2001). Decreased cortisol levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58, 297-302.
155. Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes. London, Oxford University Press (translated by G. V. Anrep).
156. Paxinos, G., Burt, J., Atrens, D. M., and Jackson, D. M. (1977). 5-Hydroxytryptamine depletion with para-chlorophenylalanine: effects on eating, drinking, irritability, muricide and copulation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 6, 439-447.
157. Pihl, R. O., Young, S. N., Harden, P., Plotnick, S., Chamberlain, B., and Ervin, F. R. (1995). Acute effect of altered tryptophan levels and alcohol on aggression in normal human males. Psychopharmacology 119, 353-360.
158. Popma, A., Jansen, L. M., Vermeiren, R., Steiner, H., Raine, A., Van Goozen, S. H., van Engeland, H., and Doreleijers, T. A. (2006). Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis and autonomic activity during stress in delinquent male adolescents and controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, 948-957.
159. Potegal, M. (1992). Time course of aggressive arousal in female hamsters and male rats. Behav. Neural Biol. 58, 120-124.
160. Potegal, M., and Einon, D. (1989). Aggressive behaviors in adult rats deprived of playfighting experiences as juveniles. Dev. Psychobiol. 22, 159-172.
161. Potegal, M., Huhman, K., Moore, T., and Meyerhoff, K. (1993). Conditioned defeat in the Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Behav. Neural Biol. 60, 93-102.
162. Pottinger, T. G., and Carrick, T. R. (2001). Stress responsiveness affects dominant-subordinate relationships in rainbow trout. Horm. Behav. 40, 419-427.
163. Preuschoft, S. (1995). 'Laughter' and 'Smiling' in Barbary Macaques: An Evolutionary Perspective. Utrecht, University of Utrecht.
164. Preuschoft, S., and van Schaik, P. (2000). Dominance and communication. Conflict management in various social settings. In Natural Conflict Resolution, F. Aureli and F. de Waal, eds (Berkeley, University of California Press), pp. 77-105.
165. Raine, A. (2002a). Annotation: the role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry 43, 417-434.
166. Raine, A. (2002b). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: a review. J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol. 30, 311-326.
167. Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., and Colletti, P. (2000). Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 119-127.
168. Raine, A., Venables, P. H., and Williams, M. (1990). Autonomic orienting responses in 15 year-old male subjects and criminal behavior at age 24. Am. J. Psychiatry 147, 933-937.
169. Ranson, S. W., and Magoun, H. W. (1939). The hypothalamus. Ergeb. Physiol. 41, 56-163.
170. Reif, A., Jacob, C. P., Rujescu, D., Herterich, S., Lang, S., Gutknecht, L., Baehne, C. G., Strobel, A., Freitag, C. M., Giegling, I., Romanos, M., Hartmann, A., Rosler, M., Renner, T. J., Fallgatter, A. J., Retz, W., Ehlis, A. C., and Lesch, K. P. (2009). Influence of functional variant of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on impulsive behaviors in humans. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66, 41-50.
171. Retz, W., and Rosler, M. (2009). The relation of ADHD and violent aggression: what can we learn from epidemiological and genetic studies? Int. J. Law Psychiatry 32, 235-243.
172. Sandnabba, N. K. (1986). Effects of selective breeding for high and low aggressiveness and of fighting experience on odor discrimination in mice. Aggress. Behav. 12, 359-366.
173. Scarpa, A. and Raine, A. (1997). Psychophysiology of anger and violent behavior. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 20, 375-394.
174. Schaller, G. B. (1963). The mountain gorilla: ecology and behaviour. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
175. Scott, J. P. (1958). Aggression. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
176. Sewell, R. G., Gallus, J. A., Gault, F. P., and Cleary, J. P. (1982). P-chlorophenylalanine effects on shock-induced attack and pressing responses in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17, 945-950.
177. Sharps, P. W., Campbell, J., Campbell, D., Gary, F., and Webster, D. (2001). The role of alcohol use in intimate partner femicide. Am. J. Addict. 10, 122-135.
178. Shinar, D. (1998). Aggressive driving: the contribution of the drivers and the situation. Transp. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 1, 137-160.
179. Siegel, A. (2004). The Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press
180. Siegel, A., Edinger, H., and Dotto, M. (1975). Effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral aspect of the pre-frontal cortex upon attack behaviors in cats. Brain Res. 127, 185-190.
181. Siegel, A., Edinger, H., and Lowenthal, H. (1974). Effects of electrical stimulation of the medial aspect of the pre-frontal cortex upon attack behavior in cats. Brain Res. 66, 467-479.
182. Siegel, A., Roeling, T. A., Gregg, T. R., and Kruk, M. R. (1999). Neuropharmacology of brain-stimulation-evoked aggression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 359-389.
183. Siegel, A., and Victoroff, J. (2009). Understanding human aggression: new insights from neuroscience. Int. J. Law Psychiatry 32, 209-215.
184. Siever, L., and Trestman, R. L. (1993). The serotonin system and aggressive personality disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 8(Suppl. 2), 33-39.
185. Singleton, G. R., and Hay, D. A. (1982). A genetic study of male social aggression in wild and laboratory mice. Behav. Genet. 12, 435-448.
186. Sluyter, F., Arsenault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Veenema, A. H., de Boer, S., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2003). Toward an animal model for anti-social behavior: parallels between mice and humans. Behav. Genet. 33, 563-574.
187. Smith, M. J., and Parker, G. A. (1976). The logic of asymmetric contests. Behaviour 24, 159-75.
188. Sommer, M., Hajak, G., Dohnel, K., Schwerdtner, J., Meinhardt, J., and Muller, J. L. (2006). Integration of emotion and cognition in patients with psychopathy. Prog. Brain Res. 156, 457-466.
189. Southwick, C. H. (1955). The population dynamics of confined house mice with unlimited food. Ecology 36, 212-225.
190. Southwick, C. H. (1970). Conflict and violence in animal societies. In Animal Aggression. Selected Readings, C. H. Southwick, ed. (New York, van Nostrand Reinhold Company), pp. 1-13.
191. Stokes, A. W. (1969). Aggressive Man and Aggressive Beast. In 39th Honor Faculty Lecture (Logan, Utah State University), pp. 1-22.
192. Suomi, S. J. (2003). Gene-environment interactions and the neurobiology of social conflict. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1008, 132-139.
193. Thompson, T. (1964). Visual reinforcement in fighting cocks. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 7, 45-49.
194. Thompson, T., and Bloom, W. (1966). Aggressive behavior and extinction-induced response rate increase. Psychon. Sci. 5, 335-336.
195. Utsurikawa, N. (1917). Temperamental differences between outbred and inbred strains of the albino rat. J. Anim. Behav. 7, 111-129.
196. Valzelli, L., Bernasconi, S., and Garattini, S. (1981). P-Chlorophenylalanineinduced muricidal aggression in male and female laboratory rats. Neuropsychobiology 7, 315-320.
197. van der Poel, A. M., Olivier, B., Mos, J., Kruk, M. R., Meelis, W., and van Aken, J. H. (1982). Anti-aggressive effect of a new phenylpiperazine compound (DU27716) on hypothalamically induced behavioral activities. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17, 147-153.
198. van der Vegt, B., de Boer, S. F., Buwalda, B., de Ruiter, A. J., de Jong, J. G., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2001). Enhanced sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptors in rats and mice with high trait aggression. Physiol. Behav. 74, 205-211.
199. van der Vegt, B. J., Lieuwes, N., Cremers, T. I., de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2003). Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and metabolite concentrations and aggression in rats. Horm. Behav. 44, 199-208.
200. van Oortmerssen, G. A., and Bakker, T. C. M. (1981). Artificial selection for short and long attack latencies in wild Mus musculus domesticus. Behav. Genet. 6, 291-304.
201. van Oortmerssen, G. A., and Busser, J. (1987). Studies in wild house mice 3: disruptive selection on aggression as a possible force in evolution. In House Mouse Aggression, P. F. Brain, D. Mainardi and S. Parmigiani, eds (Chur, Switzerland, Harwood Academic Publishers).
202. Veenema, A. H. (2009). Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models? Front. Neuroendocrinol. 30, 497-518.
203. Veenema, A. H., Cremers, T. I., Jongsma, M. E., Steenbergen, P. J., de Boer, S. F., and Koolhaas, J. M. (2005). Differences in the effects of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists on forced swimming behavior and brain 5-HT metabolism between low and high aggressive mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 178, 151-160.
204. Veenema, A. H., Meijer, O. C., de Kloet, E. R., Koolhaas, J. M., and Bohus, B. G. (2003a). Genetic selection for coping style predicts stressor susceptibility. J. Neuroendocrinol. 15, 256-267.
205. Veenema, A. H., Meijer, O. C., de Kloet, E. R., Koolhaas, J. M., and Bohus, B. G. (2003b). Differences in basal and stress-induced HPA regulation of wild house mice selected for high and low aggression. Horm. Behav. 43, 197-204.
206. Vekovischeva, O. Y., Verbitskaya, E. V., Aitta-aho, T., Sandnabba, K., and Korpi, E. R. (2007). Multimetric statistical analysis of behavior in mice selected for high and low levels of isolation-induced male aggression. Behav. Processes 75, 23-32.
207. Vergnes, M., Depaulis, A., and Boehrer, A. (1988). Selective increase of offensive behavior in the rat following intrahypothalamic 5,7-DHT-induced serotonin depletion. Behav. Brain Res. 29, 85-91.
208. Virkkunen, M. (1985). Urinary free cortisol secretion in habitually violent offenders. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 72, 40-44.
209. Wasman, M., and Flynn, J. P. (1962). Directed attack elicited from hypothalamus. Arch. Neurol. 6, 220-227.
210. Woodworth, C. H. (1971). Attack elicited in rats by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Physiol. Behav. 6, 345-353.
211. World Health Organization (WHO). (2004). Fact sheet N°310. http://www.who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/
212. Wrangham, R. W., Wilson, M. L., and Muller, M. N. (2006). Comparative rates of violence in chimpanzees and humans. Primates 47, 14-26.
213. Yao, R., Rameshwar, P., Donnelly, R. J., and Siegel, A. (1999). Neurokinin-1 expression and co-localization with glutamate and GABA in the hypothalamus of the cat. Mol. Brain Res. 71, 149-58.
214. Yerkes, R. M. (1913). The heredity of savageness and wildness in rats. J. Anim. Behav. 7, 11-28.
215. Zuckerman, S. (1932). The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd.