Closed-loop systems in anesthesia: Is there a potential for closed-loop fluid management and hemodynamic optimization?

Anesthesia and Analgesia

Volumn 114, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 130-143

  Rinehart, Joseph ^a   Liu, Ngai ^b   Alexander, Brenton ^a   Cannesson, Maxime ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b FOCH HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; ISOFLURANE; PROPOFOL;

ANESTHESIA; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; AUTOMATION; CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE; COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN; FLUID THERAPY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART OUTPUT; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; HYPOVOLEMIA; INFUSION PUMP; INSULIN TREATMENT; LUNG VENTILATION; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGENATION; PARAMETERS; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEDATION; ALGORITHM; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT MONITORING; SYSTEM ANALYSIS;

ALGORITHMS; ANESTHESIA; AUTOMATION; CARDIAC OUTPUT; FEEDBACK; FLUID THERAPY; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; SYSTEMS INTEGRATION;

EID: 84655169110     PISSN: 00032999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e318230e9e0     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Ogata K. Modern Control Engineering. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2010
2. Manberg PJ, Vozella CM, Kelley SD. Regulatory challenges facing closed-loop anesthetic drug infusion devices. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;84:166-9 (Pubitemid 351861507)
3. Jaulent MC, Joyaux C, Colombet I, Gillois P, Degoulet P, Chatellier G. Modeling uncertainty in computerized guidelines using fuzzy logic. Proc AMIA Symp 2001:284-8
4. Ellwein LB, Eckman MH. Biologic complexity in mathematical modeling. Med Decis Making 1989;9:38-9 (Pubitemid 19034091)
5. Malwatkar GM, Sonawane SH, Waghmare LM. Tuning PID controllers for higher-order oscillatory systems with improved performance. ISA Trans 2009;48:347-53
6. Kumar Padhy P, Majhi S. Improved automatic tuning of PID controller for stable processes. ISA Trans 2009;48:423-7
7. Harinath E, Mann GK. Design and tuning of standard additive model based fuzzy PID controllers for multivariable process systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 2008;38:667-74 (Pubitemid 351796147)
8. Liu N, Chazot T, Genty A, Landais A, Restoux A, McGee K, Laloe PA, Trillat B, Barvais L, Fischler M. Titration of propofol for anesthetic induction and maintenance guided by the bispectral index: closed-loop versus manual control: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Anesthesiology 2006;104:686-95
9. Absalom AR, Sutcliffe N, Kenny GN. Closed-loop control of anesthesia using bispectral index: performance assessment in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery under combined general and regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96:67-73 (Pubitemid 34032484)
10. Puri GD, Kumar B, Aveek J. Closed-loop anaesthesia delivery system (CLADS) using bispectral index: a performance assessment study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007;35:357-62 (Pubitemid 46938789)
11. Schumacher PM, Stadler KS, Wirz R, Leibundgut D, Pfister CA, Zbinden AM. Model-based control of neuromuscular block using mivacurium: design and clinical verification. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006;23:691-9
12. Martinoni EP, Pfister ChA, Stadler KS, Schumacher PM, Leibundgut D, Bouillon T, Bohlen T, Zbinden AM. Modelbased control of mechanical ventilation: design and clinical validation. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:800-7 (Pubitemid 38771678)
13. Sieber TJ, Frei CW, Derighetti M, Feigenwinter P, Leibundgut D, Zbinden AM. Model-based automatic feedback control versus human control of end-tidal isoflurane concentration using low-flow anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2000;85:818-25
14. De Smet T, Struys MM, Greenwald S, Mortier EP, Shafer SL. Estimation of optimal modeling weights for a Bayesian-based closed-loop system for propofol administration using the bispectral index as a controlled variable: a simulation study. Anesth Analg 2007;105:1629-38 (Pubitemid 350190556)
15. Jaklitsch RR, Westenskow DR. A model-based self-adjusting two-phase controller for vecuronium-induced muscle relaxation during anesthesia. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1987;34: 583-94 (Pubitemid 18072155)
16. Olkkola KT, Schwilden H, Apffelstaedt C. Model-based adaptive closed-loop feedback control of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991;35:420-3
17. Schwilden H, Schuttler J, Stoeckel H. Closed-loop feedback-control of methohexital anesthesia by quantitative EEG analysis in humans. Anesthesiology 1987;67:341-7 (Pubitemid 18077414)
18. De Smet T, Struys MM, Neckebroek MM, Van den Hauwe K, Bonte S, Mortier EP. The accuracy and clinical feasibility of a new Bayesian-based closed-loop control system for propofol administration using the bispectral index as a controlled variable. Anesth Analg 2008;107:1200-10
19. Struys MM, De Smet T, Versichelen LF, Van De Velde S, Van den Broecke R, Mortier EP. Comparison of closed-loop controlled administration of propofol using Bispectral Index as the controlled variable versus "standard practice" controlled administration. Anesthesiology 2001;95:6-17 (Pubitemid 32622990)
20. Mortier E, Struys M, De Smet T, Versichelen L, Rolly G. Closed-loop controlled administration of propofol using bispectral analysis. Anaesthesia 1998;53:749-54 (Pubitemid 28391380)
21. Held CM, Roy RJ. Multiple drug hemodynamic control by means of a supervisory-fuzzy rule-based adaptive control system: validation on a model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1995;42:371-85
22. Hemmerling TM, Charabati S, Zaouter C, Minardi C, Mathieu PA. A randomized controlled trial demonstrates that a novel closed-loop propofol system performs better hypnosis control than manual administration. Can J Anaesth 2010;57:725-35
23. Bullinaria JA, Riddell PM. Neural network control systems that learn to perform appropriately. Int J Neural Syst 2001;11:79-88
24. Kashihara K, Kawada T, Uemura K, Sugimachi M, Sunagawa K. Adaptive predictive control of arterial blood pressure based on a neural network during acute hypotension. Ann Biomed Eng 2004;32:1365-83
25. Kamangar FA, Behbehani K. An artificial neural network-based controller for the control of induced paralysis using vecuronium bromide. Ann Biomed Eng 1997;25:1040-51
26. Haddad WM, Bailey JM, Hayakawa T, Hovakimyan N. Neural network adaptive output feedback control for intensive care unit sedation and intraoperative anesthesia. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 2007;18:1049-66 (Pubitemid 47098881)
27. Tosun M, Ferikoglu A, Gunturkun R, Unal C. Control of sevoflurane anesthetic agent via neural network using electroencephalogram signals during anesthesia. J Med Syst 2010 Apr 23. [Epub ahead of print]
28. Moore BL, Doufas AG, Pyeatt LD. Reinforcement learning: a novel method for optimal control of propofol-induced hypnosis. Anesth Analg 2011;112:360-7
29. John RI, Innocent PR. Modeling uncertainty in clinical diagnosis using fuzzy logic. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern 2005;35:1340-50 (Pubitemid 41800434)
30. Griffiths F, Green E, Tsouroufli M. The nature of medical evidence and its inherent uncertainty for the clinical consultation: qualitative study. BMJ 2005;330:511
31. Zadeh LA. Fuzzy sets. Inform Control 1965:338-53
32. Torres A, Nieto JJ. Fuzzy logic in medicine and bioinformat-ics. J Biomed Biotechnol 2006;2006:91908
33. Pauldine R, Beck G, Salinas J, Kaczka DW. Closed-loop strategies for patient care systems. J Trauma 2008;64:S289-94 (Pubitemid 351501423)
34. Anderson P. Building on success: academic emergency department leverages clinical automation to reduce overcrowding, streamline workflow and enhance revenue. Health Manag Technol 2005;26:32-4
35. Weinger MB, Herndon OW, Gaba DM. The effect of electronic record keeping and transesophageal echocardiography on task distribution, workload, and vigilance during cardiac anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997;87:144-55 (Pubitemid 27438634)
36. Westenskow DR. Fundamentals of feedback control: PID, fuzzy logic, and neural networks. J Clin Anesth 1997;9:33S-5S
37. Adams BD, Carr B, Raez A, Hunter CJ. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the combat hospital and forward operating base: use of automated external defibrillators. Mil Med 2009;174:584-7
38. Terry P, Rushton CH. Allocation of scarce resources: ethical challenges, clinical realities. Am J Crit Care 1996;5:326-30
39. Cass NM, Lampard DG, Brown WA, Coles JR. Computer controlled muscle relaxation: a comparison of four muscle relaxants in the sheep. Anaesth Intensive Care 1976;4:16-22
40. Bradlow HS, Rametti LB, Uys PC, Coetzee WP. Microcomputer-based muscle relaxation monitor and controller for clinical use. Med Biol Eng Comput 1985;23:547-55 (Pubitemid 16200882)
41. Asbury AJ, Linkens DA. Clinical automatic control of neuro-muscular blockade. Anaesthesia 1986;41:316-20 (Pubitemid 16162665)
42. Bradlow HS, Uys PC, Rametti LB. On-line control of atracu-rium induced muscle relaxation. J Biomed Eng 1986;8:72-5 (Pubitemid 16175935)
43. de Vries JW, Ros HH, Booij LH. Infusion of vecuronium controlled by a closed-loop system. Br J Anaesth 1986;58:1100-3 (Pubitemid 16031584)
44. Jaklitsch RR, Westenskow DR, Pace NL, Streisand JB, East KA. A comparison of computer-controlled versus manual administration of vecuronium in humans. J Clin Monit 1987;3:269-76 (Pubitemid 18047306)
45. Webster NR, Cohen AT. Closed-loop administration of atra-curium: steady-state neuromuscular blockade during surgery using a computer controlled closed-loop atracurium infusion. Anaesthesia 1987;42:1085-91 (Pubitemid 18012121)
46. Wait CM, Goat VA. Atracurium infusion during paediatric craniofacial surgery: closed loop control of neuromuscular block. Anaesthesia 1989;44:567-70 (Pubitemid 19194258)
47. Olkkola KT, Schwilden H. Adaptive closed-loop feedback control of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular relaxation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1991;8:7-12
48. Assef SJ, Lennon RL, Jones KA, Burke MJ, Behrens TL. A versatile, computer-controlled, closed-loop system for continuous infusion of muscle relaxants. Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:1074-80 (Pubitemid 24001142)
49. Rowaan CJ, Vandenbrom RH, Wierda JM. The Relaxometer: a complete and comprehensive computer-controlled neuromus-cular transmission measurement system developed for clinical research on muscle relaxants. J Clin Monit 1993;9:38-44 (Pubitemid 23081716)
50. Mason DG, Linkens DA, Edwards ND, Reilly CS. Development of a portable closed-loop atracurium infusion system: systems methodology and safety issues. Int J Clin Monit Comput 1996;13:243-52 (Pubitemid 27116614)
51. Sorgenfrei IF, Norrild K, Larsen PB, Stensballe J, Ostergaard D, Prins ME, Viby-Mogensen J. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block by the selective relaxant binding agent sugammadex: a dose-finding and safety study. Anesthesiology 2006;104:667-74
52. Chisholm DJ, Kraegen EW, Bell DJ, Chipps DR. A semi-closed loop computer-assisted insulin infusion system: hospital use for control of diabetes in patients. Med J Aust 1984;141:784-9 (Pubitemid 15144775)
53. Chanoch LH, Jovanovic L, Peterson CM. The evaluation of a pocket computer as an aid to insulin dose determination by patients. Diabetes Care 1985;8:172-6 (Pubitemid 15044017)
54. Leiberman E, Katz M, Weitzman S, Mazor M, Kalay A, Tiran J. Control of a pregnant diabetic with daily insulin changes by insulin dosage computer (IDC). Life Support Syst 1985;3 Suppl 1:573-7
55. Schiffrin A, Mihic M, Leibel BS, Albisser AM. Computer-assisted insulin dosage adjustment. Diabetes Care 1985;8:545-52 (Pubitemid 16194476)
56. Strack T, Bergeler J, Beyer J, Hutten H. Computer assisted conventional insulin therapy. Life Support Syst 1985;3 Suppl 1:568-72
57. Albisser AM, Schiffrin A, Schulz M, Tiran J, Leibel BS. Insulin dosage adjustment using manual methods and computer algorithms: a comparative study. Med Biol Eng Comput 1986;24:577-84 (Pubitemid 17180920)
58. Pernick NL, Rodbard D. Personal computer programs to assist with self-monitoring of blood glucose and self-adjustment of insulin dosage. Diabetes Care 1986;9:61-9 (Pubitemid 16122244)
59. Shimoda S, Nishida K, Sakakida M, Konno Y, Ichinose K, Uehara M, Nowak T, Shichiri M. Closed-loop subcutaneous insulin infusion algorithm with a short-acting insulin analog for long-term clinical application of a wearable artificial endocrine pancreas. Front Med Biol Eng 1997;8:197-211
60. Shichiri M, Kawamori R, Goriya Y, Yamasaki Y, Nomura M, Asakawa N, Kubota M, Kamada T. Long-term application of wearable artificial endocrine pancreas: closed-loop intravenous vs subcutaneous insulin infusion. Life Support Syst 1985;3 Suppl 1:583-7
61. Mehanovic S, Mujic M. The automatic regulation of the basal dose on the insulin pump for the treatment of patients that have diabetes type 1. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2010;10:100-6
62. Van Herpe T, De Moor B, Van den Berghe G. Towards closed-loop glycaemic control. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthe-siol 2009;23:69-80
63. El-Khatib FH, Jiang J, Damiano ER. A feasibility study of bihormonal closed-loop blood glucose control using dual subcutaneous infusion of insulin and glucagon in ambulatory diabetic swine. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009;3:789-803
64. Wilinska ME, Chassin LJ, Hovorka R. In silico testing: impact on the progress of the closed loop insulin infusion for critically ill patients project. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2008;2:417-23
65. El-Khatib FH, Jiang J, Damiano ER. Adaptive closed-loop control provides blood-glucose regulation using dual subcutaneous insulin and glucagon infusion in diabetic swine. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2007;1:181-92
66. Okabayashi T, Maeda H, Sun ZL, Montgomery RA, Nishi-mori I, Hanazaki K. Perioperative insulin therapy using a closed-loop artificial endocrine pancreas after hepatic resection. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:4116-21
67. Fort A, Narsinghani U, Bowyer F. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of Glucommander, a computer-based insulin infusion method, in management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children, and comparing its clinical performance with manually titrated insulin infusion. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009;22:119-25
68. Cavalcanti AB, Silva E, Pereira AJ, Caldeira-Filho M, Almeida FP, Westphal GA, Beims R, Fernandes CC, Correa TD, Gouvea MR, Eluf-Neto J. A randomized controlled trial comparing a computer-assisted insulin infusion protocol with a strict and a conventional protocol for glucose control in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2009;24:371-8
69. Hovorka R, Allen JM, Elleri D, Chassin LJ, Harris J, Xing D, Kollman C, Hovorka T, Larsen AM, Nodale M, De Palma A, Wilinska ME, Acerini CL, Dunger DB. Manual closed-loop insulin delivery in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a phase 2 randomised crossover trial. Lancet 2010;375:743-51
70. Caduff A, Talary MS, Mueller M, Dewarrat F, Klisic J, Donath M, Heinemann L, Stahel WA. Non-invasive glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes: a Multisensor system combining sensors for dielectric and optical characterisation of skin. Biosens Bioelectron 2009;24:2778-84
71. Ferrante do Amaral CE, Wolf B. Current development in non-invasive glucose monitoring. Med Eng Phys 2008 30 541-9 (Pubitemid 351749846)
72. De Block C, Vertommen J, Manuel-y-Keenoy B, Van Gaal L. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring systems: indications, advantages, limitations and clinical aspects. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008;4:159-68
73. Renard E, Place J, Cantwell M, Chevassus H, Palerm CC. Closed-loop insulin delivery using a subcutaneous glucose sensor and intraperitoneal insulin delivery: feasibility study testing a new model for the artificial pancreas. Diabetes Care 2010;33:121-7
74. Renard E. Closed-loop insulin delivery: is the Holy Grail near? Lancet 2010;375:702-3
75. Mayo CW, Bickford RG, Faulconer A Jr. Electroencephalo-graphically controlled anesthesia in abdominal surgery. J Am Med Assoc 1950;144:1081-3
76. Westenskow DR, Jordan WS. The Utah system: computer-controlled anesthetic delivery. Contemp Anesth Pract 1984;8:221-33
77. Hayes JK, Westenskow DR, East TD, Jordan WS. Computer-controlled anesthesia delivery system. Med Instrum 1984;18:224-31 (Pubitemid 14034581)
78. Westenskow DR, Wallroth CF. Closed-loop control for anesthesia breathing systems. J Clin Monit 1990;6:249-56 (Pubitemid 20308685)
79. DeBey RK, Westenskow DR, Jordan WS, McJames SW. A urine based control system for fluid infusion. Biomed Sci Instrum 1987;23:195-8
80. Westenskow DR, Zbinden AM, Thomson DA, Kohler B. Control of end-tidal halothane concentration. Part A. Anaesthesia breathing system and feedback control of gas delivery. Br J Anaesth 1986;58:555-62 (Pubitemid 16102071)
81. Westenskow DR. Fundamentals of feedback control applied to microcomputer instrumentation design. Int J Clin Monit Comput 1986;3:239-44 (Pubitemid 17211117)
82. Meline LJ, Westenskow DR, Somerville A, Wernick RT, Jacobs J, Pace NL. Evaluation of two adaptive sodium nitroprusside control algorithms. J Clin Monit 1986;2:79-86 (Pubitemid 16110236)
83. Meline LJ, Westenskow DR, Pace NL, Bodily MN. Computer-controlled regulation of sodium nitroprusside infusion. Anesth Analg 1985;64:38-42 (Pubitemid 15178839)
84. Ohlson KB, Westenskow DR, Jordan WS. A microprocessor based feedback controller for mechanical ventilation. Ann Biomed Eng 1982;10:35-48 (Pubitemid 13150319)
85. Westenskow DR, Tucker SM. Evaluation of a ventilation monitor. Crit Care Med 1981;9:64-6
86. Westenskow DR. Control of PaCO2 during mechanical ventilation: monitoring and feedback techniques. Ann Biomed Eng 1981;9:659-67 (Pubitemid 12009519)
87. Ritchie RG, Ernst EA, Pate BL, Pearson JD, Sheppard LC. Closed-loop control of an anesthesia delivery system: development and animal testing. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1987;34:437-43
88. Kenny GN, Mantzaridis H. Closed-loop control of propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1999;83:223-8 (Pubitemid 29361130)
89. Liu N, Chazot T, Trillat B, Michel-Cherqui M, Marandon JY, Law-Koune JD, Rives B, Fischler M. Closed-loop control of consciousness during lung transplantation: an observational study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008;22:611-5
90. Liu N, Chazot T, Trillat B, Pirracchio R, Law-Koune JD, Barvais L, Fischler M. Feasibility of closed-loop titration of propofol guided by the Bispectral Index for general anaesthesia induction: a prospective randomized study. Eur J Anaes-thesiol 2006;23:465-9
91. Agarwal J, Puri GD, Mathew PJ. Comparison of closed loop vs. manual administration of propofol using the Bispectral Index in cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;53: 390-7
92. Hegde HV, Puri GD, Kumar B, Behera A. Bi-spectral index guided closed-loop anaesthesia delivery system (CLADS) in pheochromocytoma. J Clin Monit Comput 2009;23: 189-96
93. Liu N, Chazot T, Hamada S, Landais A, Boichut N, Dussau-ssoy C, Trillat B, Beydon L, Samain E, Sessler DI, Fischler M. Closed-loop coadministration of propofol and remifentanil guided by bispectral index: a randomized multicenter study. Anesth Analg 2011;112:546-57
94. Morley A, Derrick J, Mainland P, Lee BB, Short TG. Closed loop control of anaesthesia: an assessment of the bispectral index as the target of control. Anaesthesia 2000;55:953-9
95. Locher S, Stadler KS, Boehlen T, Bouillon T, Leibundgut D, Schumacher PM, Wymann R, Zbinden AM. A new closed-loop control system for isoflurane using bispectral index outperforms manual control. Anesthesiology 2004;101:591-602 (Pubitemid 39121638)
96. Bibian S, Dumont GA, Zikov T. Dynamic behavior of BIS, M-entropy and neuroSENSE brain function monitors. J Clin Monit Comput 2011;25:81-7
97. Palanca BJ, Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Processed electroencephalogram in depth of anesthesia monitoring. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009;22:553-9
98. Kent CD, Domino KB. Depth of anesthesia. Curr Opin An-aesthesiol 2009;22:782-7
99. Luginbuhl M, Bieniok C, Leibundgut D, Wymann R, Gentilini A, Schnider TW. Closed-loop control of mean arterial blood pressure during surgery with alfentanil: clinical evaluation of a novel model-based predictive controller. Anesthesiology 2006;105:462-70 (Pubitemid 44310427)
100. Hemmerling TM. Automated anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaes-thesiol 2009;22:757-63
101. Schwilden H, Stoeckel H. Closed-loop feedback controlled administration of alfentanil during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1993;70:389-93 (Pubitemid 23112488)
102. Mathews DM, Cirullo PM, Struys MM, De Smet T, Malik RJ, Chang CL, Neuman GG. Feasibility study for the administration of remifentanil based on the difference between response entropy and state entropy. Br J Anaesth 2007;98:785-91 (Pubitemid 47072589)
103. Pambianco DJ, Vargo JJ, Pruitt RE, Hardi R, Martin JF. Computer-assisted personalized sedation for upper endos-copy and colonoscopy: a comparative, multicenter randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:765-72
104. Saxton GA Jr, Myers G. A servomechanism for automatic regulation of pulmonary ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1957;11: 326-8
105. Hewlett AM, Platt AS, Terry VG. Mandatory minute volume: a new concept in weaning from mechanical ventilation. Anaesthesia 1977;32:163-9 (Pubitemid 8107264)
106. Dojat M, Pachet F, Guessoum Z, Touchard D, Harf A, Brochard L. NeoGanesh: a working system for the automated control of assisted ventilation in ICUs. Artif Intell Med 1997;11:97-117
107. Jandre FC, Pino AV, Lacorte I, Neves JH, Giannella-Neto A. A closed-loop mechanical ventilation controller with explicit objective functions. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004;51:823-31 (Pubitemid 38525716)
108. Spahija J, Beck J, de Marchie M, Comtois A, Sinderby C. Closed-loop control of respiratory drive using pressure-support ventilation: target drive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:1009-14 (Pubitemid 40616950)
109. Tehrani F, Rogers M, Lo T, Malinowski T, Afuwape S, Lum M, Grundl B, Terry M. Closed-loop control of the inspired fraction of oxygen in mechanical ventilation. J Clin Monit Comput 2002;17:367-76 (Pubitemid 36874004)
110. Tehrani FT, Roum JH. Flex: a new computerized system for mechanical ventilation. J Clin Monit Comput 2008;22:121-30
111. Younes M. Proportional assist ventilation, a new approach to ventilatory support. Theory. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145: 114-20
112. Gruber PC, Gomersall CD, Leung P, Joynt GM, Ng SK, Ho KM, Underwood MJ. Randomized controlled trial comparing adaptive-support ventilation with pressure-regulated volume-controlled ventilation with automode in weaning patients after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2008;109:81-7
113. Lellouche F, Mancebo J, Jolliet P, Roeseler J, Schortgen F, Dojat M, Cabello B, Bouadma L, Rodriguez P, Maggiore S, Reynaert M, Mersmann S, Brochard L. A multicenter randomized trial of computer-driven protocolized weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:894-900 (Pubitemid 44564789)
114. Wysocki M, Brunner JX. Closed-loop ventilation: an emerging standard of care? Crit Care Clin 2007;23:223-40, ix (Pubitemid 46401143)
115. Lellouche F, Brochard L. Advanced closed loops during mechanical ventilation (PAV, NAVA, ASV, SmartCare). Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009;23:81-93
116. Steer PJ, Carter MC, Choong K, Hanson M, Gordon AJ, Pradhan P. A multicentre prospective randomized controlled trial of induction of labour with an automatic closed-loop feedback controlled oxytocin infusion system. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:1127-33 (Pubitemid 16249344)
117. Arulkumaran S, Ingemarsson I, Ratnam SS. Closed loop automatic infusion system for induction of labour based on external tocography. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;12:221-6
118. Hammond JJ, Kirkendall WM, Calfee RV. Hypertensive crisis managed by computer controlled infusion of sodium nitro-prusside: a model for the closed loop administration of short acting vasoactive agents. Comput Biomed Res 1979;12:97-108 (Pubitemid 9152124)
119. Potter DR, Moyle JT, Lester RJ, Ware RJ. Closed loop control of vasoactive drug infusion: a preliminary report. Anaesthesia 1984;39:670-7 (Pubitemid 15075648)
120. Ngan Kee WD, Tam YH, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Critchley LA, Karmakar MK. Closed-loop feedback computer-controlled infusion of phenylephrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a preliminary descriptive study. Anaesthesia 2007;62:1251-6 (Pubitemid 350060524)
121. Blankenship HB, Wallace FD, Pacifico AD. Clinical application of closed-loop postoperative autotransfusion. Med Prog Technol 1990;16:89-93 (Pubitemid 20117439)
122. Zelano JA, Li JK, Welkowitz W. A closed-loop control scheme for intraaortic balloon pumping. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990;37:182-92
123. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Heart muscle: the heart as a pump and function of the heart valves. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, eds. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders, 2006:103-15
124. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Overview of the circulation: medical physics of pressure, flow, and resistance. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, eds. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders, 2006:161-70
125. Gan TJ, Soppitt A, Maroof M, el-Moalem H, Robertson KM, Moretti E, Dwane P, Glass PS. Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery. Anesthesiology 2002;97:820-6
126. Pearse R, Dawson D, Fawcett J, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Bennet ED. Early goal-directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN38797445]. Crit Care 2005 9:R687-93
127. Wakeling HG, McFall MR, Jenkins CS, Woods WG, Miles WF, Barclay GR, Fleming SC. Intraoperative oesophageal Doppler guided fluid management shortens postoperative hospital stay after major bowel surgery. Br J Anaesth 2005;95:634-42 (Pubitemid 41600025)
128. Mayer J, Boldt J, Mengistu AM, Rohm KD, Suttner S. Goal-directed intraoperative therapy based on autocalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis reduces hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care 2010;14:R18
129. Rhodes A, Cecconi M, Hamilton M, Poloniecki J, Woods J, Boyd O, Bennett D, Grounds RM. Goal-directed therapy in high-risk surgical patients: a 15-year follow-up study. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:1327-32
130. Hamilton MA, Cecconi M, Rhodes A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg 2011;112: 1392-402
131. Rosenbaum A, Kirby C, Breen PH. Measurement of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination using the bymixer: validation in a metabolic lung simulator. Anesthesiology 2004;100:1427-37 (Pubitemid 38679312)
132. Perel A, Pizov R, Cotev S. Systolic blood pressure variation is a sensitive indicator of hypovolemia in ventilated dogs subjected to graded hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 1987;67:498-502 (Pubitemid 18074608)
133. Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest 2008;134:172-8
134. Marik PE, Cavallazzi R, Vasu T, Hirani A. Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2642-7
135. Michard F. Volume management using dynamic parameters: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Chest 2005;128:1902-3
136. Marik PE. Techniques for assessment of intravascular volume in critically ill patients. J Intensive Care Med 2009;24:329-37
137. Bendjelid K, Romand JA. Fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a review of indices used in intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:352-60 (Pubitemid 36379433)
138. Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, Ashcroft J, Jones CM, Elbourne D, Brampton W, Williams D, Young D, Rowan K. Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:472-7 (Pubitemid 41111695)
139. Yu DT, Platt R, Lanken PN, Black E, Sands KE, Schwartz JS, Hibberd PL, Graman PS, Kahn KL, Snydman DR, Parsonnet J, Moore R, Bates DW. Relationship of pulmonary artery catheter use to mortality and resource utilization in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2734-41 (Pubitemid 38010629)
140. Richard C, Warszawski J, Anguel N, Deye N, Combes A, Barnoud D, Boulain T, Lefort Y, Fartoukh M, Baud F, Boyer A, Brochard L, Teboul JL. Early use of the pulmonary artery catheter and outcomes in patients with shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2713-20 (Pubitemid 37475600)
141. Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, Laporta DP, Viner S, Passerini L, Devitt H, Kirby A, Jacka M. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med 2003;348:5-14 (Pubitemid 36026341)
142. Bonazzi M, Gentile F, Biasi GM, Migliavacca S, Esposti D, Cipolla M, Marsicano M, Prampolini F, Ornaghi M, Sternjakob S, Tshomba Y. Impact of perioperative haemodynamic monitoring on cardiac morbidity after major vascular surgery in low risk patients: a randomised pilot trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;23:445-51 (Pubitemid 41079428)
143. Connors AF Jr, Speroff T, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE Jr, Wagner D, Desbiens N, Goldman L, Wu AW, Califf RM, Fulkerson WJ Jr, Vidaillet H, Broste S, Bellamy P, Lynn J, Knaus WA. The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators. JAMA 1996;276:889-97 (Pubitemid 26301608)
144. Chittock DR, Dhingra VK, Ronco JJ, Russell JA, Forrest DM, Tweeddale M, Fenwick JC. Severity of illness and risk of death associated with pulmonary artery catheter use. Crit Care Med 2004;32:911-5 (Pubitemid 38471508)
145. Hadian M, Pinsky MR. Functional hemodynamic monitoring. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007;13:318-23 (Pubitemid 46789349)
146. Roche AM, Miller TE, Gan TJ. Goal-directed fluid management with trans-oesophageal Doppler. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009;23:327-34
147. Jorgensen CC, Bundgaard-Nielsen M, Skovgaard LT, Secher NH, Kehlet H. Stroke volume averaging for individualized goal-directed fluid therapy with oesophageal Doppler. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;53:34-8
148. Forrester JS, Ganz W, Diamond G, McHugh T, Chonette DW, Swan HJ. Thermodilution cardiac output determination with a single flow-directed catheter. Am Heart J 1972;83:306-11
149. Ganz W, Donoso R, Marcus HS, Forrester JS, Swan HJ. A new technique for measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution in man. Am J Cardiol 1971;27:392-6
150. Ganz W, Swan HJ. Measurement of blood flow by thermodilution. Am J Cardiol 1972;29:241-6
151. Swan HJ, Ganz W. Variability between measurements of cardiac output. Crit Care Med 1976;4:279-80
152. Rick JJ, Burke SS. Respirator paradox. South Med J 1978;71:1376-8, 1382
153. Coyle JP, Teplick RS, Long MC, Davison JK. Respiratory variations in systemic arterial pressure as an indicator of volume status. Anesthesiology 1983;59:A53
154. Coriat P, Vrillon M, Perel A, Baron JF, Le Bret F, Saada M, Viars P. A comparison of systolic blood pressure variations and echocardiographic estimates of end-diastolic left ventricular size in patients after aortic surgery. Anesth Analg 1994;78:46-53 (Pubitemid 24012600)
155. Tavernier B, Makhotine O, Lebuffe G, Dupont J, Scherpereel P. Systolic pressure variation as a guide to fluid therapy in patients with sepsis-induced hypotension. Anesthesiology 1998;89:1313-21 (Pubitemid 29001568)
156. Michard F, Boussat S, Chemla D, Anguel N, Mercat A, Lecarpentier Y, Richard C, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL. Relation between respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure and fluid responsiveness in septic patients with acute circulatory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:134-8 (Pubitemid 30469810)
157. Partridge BL. Use of pulse oximetry as a noninvasive indicator of intravascular volume status. J Clin Monit 1987;3:263-8
158. Pizov R, Ya'ari Y, Perel A. The arterial pressure waveform during acute ventricular failure and synchronized external chest compression. Anesth Analg 1989;68:150-6 (Pubitemid 19056358)
159. Cannesson M, Attof Y, Rosamel P, Desebbe O, Joseph P, Metton O, Bastien O, Lehot JJ. Respiratory variations in pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude to predict fluid responsiveness in the operating room. Anesthesiology 2007;106:1105-11 (Pubitemid 46828162)
160. Natalini G, Rosano A, Franschetti ME, Fachetti P, Bernardini A. Variations in arterial blood pressure and photoplethys-mography during mechanical ventilation. Anesth Analg 2006;103:1182-8 (Pubitemid 44627343)
161. Natalini G, Rosano A, Taranto M, Faggian B, Vittorielli E, Bernardini A. Arterial versus plethysmographic dynamic indices to test responsiveness for testing fluid administration in hypotensive patients: a clinical trial. Anesth Analg 2006;103:1478-84 (Pubitemid 44949218)
162. Wyffels PA, Durnez PJ, Helderweirt J, Stockman WM, De Kegel D. Ventilation-induced plethysmographic variations predict fluid responsiveness in ventilated postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg 2007;105:448-52 (Pubitemid 47196426)
163. Feissel M, Teboul JL, Merlani P, Badie J, Faller JP, Bendjelid K. Plethysmographic dynamic indices predict fluid responsiveness in septic ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:993-9 (Pubitemid 46835401)
164. Solus-Biguenet H, Fleyfel M, Tavernier B, Kipnis E, Onimus J, Robin E, Lebuffe G, Decoene C, Pruvot FR, Vallet B. Non-invasive prediction of fluid responsiveness during major hepatic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2006;97:808-16 (Pubitemid 44823665)
165. Cannesson M, Besnard C, Durand PG, Bohe J, Jacques D. Relation between respiratory variations in pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude and arterial pulse pressure in ventilated patients. Crit Care 2005;9:R562-8
166. De Backer D, Pinsky MR. Can one predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients? Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1111-3 (Pubitemid 47036886)
167. Lamia B, Ochagavia A, Monnet X, Chemla D, Richard C, Teboul JL. Echocardiographic prediction of volume responsiveness in critically ill patients with spontaneously breathing activity. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1125-32 (Pubitemid 47036887)
168. Coudray A, Romand JA, Treggiari M, Bendjelid K. Fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients: a review of indexes used in intensive care. Crit Care Med 2005;33:2757-62 (Pubitemid 41816408)
169. Charron C, Fessenmeyer C, Cosson C, Mazoit JX, Hebert JL, Benhamou D, Edouard AR. The influence of tidal volume on the dynamic variables of fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 2006;102:1511-7
170. De Backer D, Heenen S, Piagnerelli M, Koch M, Vincent JL. Pulse pressure variations to predict fluid responsiveness: influence of tidal volume. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:517-23 (Pubitemid 40543882)
171. de Waal EE, Rex S, Kruitwagen CL, Kalkman CJ, Buhre WF. Dynamic preload indicators fail to predict fluid responsiveness in open-chest conditions. Crit Care Med 2009;37:510-5
172. Duperret S, Lhuillier F, Piriou V, Vivier E, Metton O, Branche P, Annat G, Bendjelid K, Viale JP. Increased intra-abdominal pressure affects respiratory variations in arterial pressure in normovolaemic and hypovolaemic mechanically ventilated pigs. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:163-71 (Pubitemid 46116729)
173. Landsverk SA, Hoiseth LO, Kvandal P, Hisdal J, Skare O, Kirkeboen KA. Poor agreement between respiratory variations in pulse oximetry photoplethysmographic waveform amplitude and pulse pressure in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology 2008;109:849-55
174. Shelley KH, Murray WB, Chang D. Arterial-pulse oximetry loops: a new method of monitoring vascular tone. J Clin Monit 1997;13:223-8
175. Cannesson M, Desebbe O, Lehot JJ. Fluid responsiveness assessment using the pulse oxymeter waveform: not yet ready for prime time. Anesth Analg 2007;104:1598-9 (Pubitemid 46791314)
176. Cannesson M, Desebbe O, Lehot JJ. Comment on "Plethys-mographic dynamic indices predict fluid responsiveness in septic ventilated patients" by Feissel et al. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1853 (Pubitemid 47476663)
177. Landsverk SA, Kvandal P, Bernjak A, Stefanovska A, Kirke-boen KA. The effects of general anesthesia on human skin microcirculation evaluated by wavelet transform. Anesth Analg 2007;105:1012-9 (Pubitemid 47479315)
178. Desebbe O, Cannesson M. Using ventilation induced plethys-mographic variations to optimize patient fluid status. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008;21:772-8
179. Aboy M, McNames J, Thong T, Phillips CR, Ellenby MS, Goldstein B. A novel algorithm to estimate the pulse pressure variation index deltaPP. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004;51: 2198-203 (Pubitemid 39578017)
180. Cannesson M, Slieker J, Desebbe O, Bauer C, Chiari P, Hénaine R, Lehot JJ. The ability of a novel algorithm for automatic estimation of the respiratory variations in arterial pulse pressure to monitor fluid responsiveness in the operating room. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1195-2000
181. Cannesson M, Delannoy B, Morand A, Rosamel P, Attof Y, Bastien O, Lehot JJ. Does the pleth variability index indicate the respiratory induced variation in the plethysmogram and arterial pressure waveforms? Anesth Analg 2008;106:1189-94 (Pubitemid 351450544)
182. Cannesson M, Musard H, Desebbe O, Boucau C, Simon R, Hénaine R, Lehot JJ. The ability of stroke volume variations obtained with Vigileo/FloTrac system to monitor fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Anesth Analg 2009;108:513-7
183. Biais M, Nouette-Gaulain K, Roullet S, Quinart A, Revel P, Sztark F. A comparison of stroke volume variation measured by Vigileo/FloTrac system and aortic Doppler echocardiog-raphy. Anesth Analg 2009;109:466-9
184. Reuter DA, Bayerlein J, Goepfert MS, Weis FC, Kilger E, Lamm P, Goetz AE. Influence of tidal volume on left ventricular stroke volume variation measured by pulse contour analysis in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:476-80 (Pubitemid 36379453)
185. Forget P, Lois F, de Kock M. Goal-directed fluid management based on the pulse oximeter-derived pleth variability index reduces lactate levels and improves fluid management. Anesth Analg 2010;111:910-4
186. Benes J, Chytra I, Altmann P, Hluchy M, Kasal E, Svitak R, Pradl R, Stepan M. Intraoperative fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients: results of prospective randomized study. Crit Care 2010;14:R118
187. Buettner M, Schummer W, Huettemann E, Schenke S, van Hout N, Sakka SG. Influence of systolic-pressure-variation-guided intraoperative fluid management on organ function and oxygen transport. Br J Anaesth 2008;101:194-9 (Pubitemid 351989656)
188. Lopes MR, Oliveira MA, Pereira VO, Lemos IP, Auler JO Jr, Michard F. Goal-directed fluid management based on pulse pressure variation monitoring during high-risk surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2007;11:R100
189. Parkin G, Wright C, Bellomo R, Boyce N. Use of a mean systemic filling pressure analogue during the closed-loop control of fluid replacement in continuous hemodiafiltration. J Crit Care 1994;9:124-33 (Pubitemid 24189802)
190. Kramer GC, Kinsky MP, Prough DS, Salinas J, Sondeen JL, Hazel-Scerbo ML, Mitchell CE. Closed-loop control of fluid therapy for treatment of hypovolemia. J Trauma 2008;64: S333-41
191. Vaid SU, Shah A, Michell MW, Rafie AD, Deyo DJ, Prough DS, Kramer GC. Normotensive and hypotensive closed-loop resuscitation using 3.0% NaCl to treat multiple hemorrhages in sheep. Crit Care Med 2006;34:1185-92
192. Salinas J, Drew G, Gallagher J, Cancio LC, Wolf SE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Herndon DN, Kramer GC. Closed-loop and decision-assist resuscitation of burn patients. J Trauma 2008;64:S321-32 (Pubitemid 351501426)
193. Hoskins SL, Elgjo GI, Lu J, Ying H, Grady JJ, Herndon DN, Kramer GC. Closed-loop resuscitation of burn shock. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:377-85 (Pubitemid 43970306)
194. Cannesson M. Arterial pressure variation and goal-directed fluid therapy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010;24:487-97
195. Puskarich MA, Marchick MR, Kline JA, Steuerwald MT, Jones AE. One year mortality of patients treated with an emergency department based early goal directed therapy protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock: a before and after study. Crit Care 2009;13:R167
196. Goepfert MS, Reuter DA, Akyol D, Lamm P, Kilger E, Goetz AE. Goal-directed fluid management reduces vasopressor and catecholamine use in cardiac surgery patients. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:96-103 (Pubitemid 46115475)
197. Maguire S, Rinehart J, Vakharia S, Cannesson M. Technical communication: respiratory variation in pulse pressure and plethysmographic waveforms: intraoperative applicability in a North American academic center. Anesth Analg 2011;112: 94-6
198. Rinehart J, Alexander B, Meng L, Cannesson M. Closed-loop algorithm (LIR™) vs. anesthesiologist management of simulated massive hemorrhage. Society for Technology in Anesthesia Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 2011
199. Leslie K, Absalom A, Kenny GN. Closed loop control of sedation for colonoscopy using the Bispectral Index. Anaesthesia 2002;57:693-7 (Pubitemid 34732515)
200. Absalom AR, Kenny GN. Closed-loop control of propofol anaesthesia using bispectral index: performance assessment in patients receiving computer-controlled propofol and manually controlled remifentanil infusions for minor surgery. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:737-41 (Pubitemid 36700776)
201. Méndez JA, Torres S, Reboso JA, Reboso H. Adaptive computer control of anesthesia in humans. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2009;12:727-34
202. Liu N, Chazot T, Hamada S, Landais A, Boichut N, Dussau-ssoy C, Trillat B, Beydon L, Samain E, Sessler DI, Fischler M. Closed-loop coadministration of propofol and remifentanil guided by bispectral index: a randomized multicenter study. Anesth Analg 2011;112:546-57