메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 115-123

Activation of benznidazole by trypanosomal type I nitroreductases results in glyoxal formation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 AMINO 5 (1 METHYL 5 NITRO 2 IMIDAZOLYL) 1,3,4 THIADIAZOLE; 2 NITROIMIDAZOLE; 4 NITROIMIDAZOLE; 4,5 DIHYDRO 4,5 DIHYDROXYIMIDAZOLE; BENZNIDAZOLE; HYDROXYL GROUP; HYDROXYLAMINE; IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; METRONIDAZOLE; NIMORAZOLE; NITROREDUCTASE; PIMONIDAZOLE; SECNIDAZOLE; TINIDAZOLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84455170162     PISSN: 00664804     EISSN: 10986596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.05135-11     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (190)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 27644517022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tagging a T. brucei RRNA locus improves stable transfection efficiency and circumvents inducible expression position effects
    • DOI 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.08.009, PII S0166685105002501
    • Alsford S, Kawahara T, Glover L, Horn D. 2005. Tagging a T. brucei rRNA locus improves stable transfection efficiency and circumvents inducible expression position effects. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 144:142-148. (Pubitemid 41572220)
    • (2005) Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology , vol.144 , Issue.2 , pp. 142-148
    • Alsford, S.1    Kawahara, T.2    Glover, L.3    Horn, D.4
  • 2
    • 78951491179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide RNAi screens in African trypanosomes identify the nifurtimox activator NTR and the eflornithine transporter AAT6
    • Baker N, Alsford S, Horn D. 2011. Genome-wide RNAi screens in African trypanosomes identify the nifurtimox activator NTR and the eflornithine transporter AAT6. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 176:55-57.
    • (2011) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.176 , pp. 55-57
    • Baker, N.1    Alsford, S.2    Horn, D.3
  • 3
    • 70149108335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An estimate of the burden of Chagas disease in the United States
    • Bern C, Montgomery SP. 2009. An estimate of the burden of Chagas disease in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49:e52-e54.
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.49
    • Bern, C.1    Montgomery, S.P.2
  • 4
    • 84455202564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotoxicity revaluation of three commercial nitroheterocyclic drugs: Nifurtimox, benznidazole, and metronidazole
    • Buschini A, et al. 2009. Genotoxicity revaluation of three commercial nitroheterocyclic drugs: nifurtimox, benznidazole, and metronidazole. J. Parasitol. Res. 2009:463575.
    • (2009) J. Parasitol. Res. , vol.2009 , pp. 463575
    • Buschini, A.1
  • 5
    • 33748669644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis)
    • DOI 10.1191/0960327106het653oa
    • Castro JA, de Mecca MM, Bartel LC. 2006. Toxic side effects of drugs used to treat Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 25:471-479. (Pubitemid 44384589)
    • (2006) Human and Experimental Toxicology , vol.25 , Issue.8 , pp. 471-479
    • Castro, J.A.1    De Mecca, M.M.2    Bartel, L.C.3
  • 6
    • 59049087699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glyoxalase pathway of trypanosomatid parasites: A promising chemotherapeutic target
    • Chauhan SC, Padmanabhan PK, Madhubala R. 2008. Glyoxalase pathway of trypanosomatid parasites: a promising chemotherapeutic target. Curr. Drug Targets 9:957-965.
    • (2008) Curr. Drug Targets , vol.9 , pp. 957-965
    • Chauhan, S.C.1    Padmanabhan, P.K.2    Madhubala, R.3
  • 8
    • 0031953727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to null mutations in a gene (rdxA) that encodes an oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00806.x
    • Goodwin A, et al. 1998. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to null mutations in a gene (rdxA) that encodes an oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase. Mol. Microbiol. 28:383-393. (Pubitemid 28182260)
    • (1998) Molecular Microbiology , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 383-393
    • Goodwin, A.1    Kersulyte, D.2    Sisson, G.3    Veldhuyzen, V.Z.S.J.O.4    Berg, D.E.5    Hoffman, P.S.6
  • 9
    • 58149170698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of methylglyoxal metabolism in trypanosomatids
    • Greig N, Wyllie S, Patterson S, Fairlamb AH. 2009. A comparative study of methylglyoxal metabolism in trypanosomatids. FEBS J. 276:376-386.
    • (2009) FEBS J. , vol.276 , pp. 376-386
    • Greig, N.1    Wyllie, S.2    Patterson, S.3    Fairlamb, A.H.4
  • 10
    • 33845190312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trypanothione-dependent glyoxalase I in Trypanosoma cruzi
    • DOI 10.1042/BJ20060882
    • Greig N, Wyllie S, Vickers TJ, Fairlamb AH. 2006. Trypanothione-dependent glyoxalase I in Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochem. J. 400:217-223. (Pubitemid 44852035)
    • (2006) Biochemical Journal , vol.400 , Issue.2 , pp. 217-223
    • Greig, N.1    Wyllie, S.2    Vickers, T.J.3    Fairlamb, A.H.4
  • 11
    • 79953882988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nifurtimox activation by trypanosomal type I nitroreductases generates cytotoxic nitrile metabolites
    • Hall BS, Bot C, Wilkinson SR. 2011. Nifurtimox activation by trypanosomal type I nitroreductases generates cytotoxic nitrile metabolites. J. Biol. Chem. 286:13088-13095.
    • (2011) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.286 , pp. 13088-13095
    • Hall, B.S.1    Bot, C.2    Wilkinson, S.R.3
  • 12
    • 77149159732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploiting the drugactivating properties of a novel trypanosomal nitroreductase
    • Hall BS, Wu X, Hu L, Wilkinson SR. 2011. Exploiting the drugactivating properties of a novel trypanosomal nitroreductase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54:1193-1199.
    • (2011) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.54 , pp. 1193-1199
    • Hall, B.S.1    Wu, X.2    Hu, L.3    Wilkinson, S.R.4
  • 13
    • 0022625557 scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry of misonidazole reduction by NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase
    • Heimbrook DC, Sartorelli AC. 1986. Biochemistry of misonidazole reduction by NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase. Mol. Pharmacol. 29:168-172. (Pubitemid 16165851)
    • (1986) Molecular Pharmacology , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 168-172
    • Heimbrook, D.C.1    Sartorelli, A.C.2
  • 14
    • 0024948840 scopus 로고
    • Continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei blood stream forms in a medium containing a low concentration of serum protein without feeder cell layers
    • Hirumi H, Hirumi K. 1989. Continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei blood stream forms in a medium containing a low concentration of serum protein without feeder cell layers. J. Parasitol. 75:985-989. (Pubitemid 20099178)
    • (1989) Journal of Parasitology , vol.75 , Issue.6 , pp. 985-989
    • Hirumi, H.1    Hirumi, K.2
  • 15
    • 28844497273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative pathway of metronidazole activation in Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes
    • DOI 10.1128/AAC.49.12.5033-5036.2005
    • Hrdy I, Cammack R, Stopka P, Kulda J, Tachezy J. 2005. Alternative pathway of metronidazole activation in Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:5033-5036. (Pubitemid 41778917)
    • (2005) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.49 , Issue.12 , pp. 5033-5036
    • Hrdy, I.1    Cammack, R.2    Stopka, P.3    Kulda, J.4    Tachezy, J.5
  • 16
    • 0024337831 scopus 로고
    • Covalent interaction of 5-nitroimidazoles with DNA and protein in vitro: Mechanism of reductive activation
    • DOI 10.1021/tx00009a004
    • Kedderis GL, Argenbright LS, Miwa GT. 1989. Covalent interaction of 5-nitroimidazoles withDNAand protein in vitro: mechanism of reductive activation. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2:146-149. (Pubitemid 19159942)
    • (1989) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 146-149
    • Kedderis, G.L.1    Argenbright, L.S.2    Miwa, G.T.3
  • 17
    • 0025182371 scopus 로고
    • Trypanosoma cruzi glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase does not conform to the 'hotspot' topogenic signal model
    • Kendall G, Wilderspin AF, Ashall F, Miles MA, Kelly JM. 1990. Trypanosoma cruzi glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase does not conform to the 'hotspot' topogenic signal model. EMBO J. 9:2751-2758.
    • (1990) EMBO J. , vol.9 , pp. 2751-2758
    • Kendall, G.1    Wilderspin, A.F.2    Ashall, F.3    Miles, M.A.4    Kelly, J.M.5
  • 18
    • 34548290340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitroimidazole action in Entamoeba histolytica: A central role for thioredoxin reductase
    • Leitsch D, Kolarich D, Wilson IB, Altmann F, Duchene M. 2007.Nitroimidazole action in Entamoeba histolytica: a central role for thioredoxin reductase. PLoS Biol. 5:e211.
    • (2007) PLoS Biol. , vol.5
    • Leitsch, D.1    Kolarich, D.2    Wilson, I.B.3    Altmann, F.4    Duchene, M.5
  • 19
    • 0021112709 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protozoon, Tritrichomonas foetus
    • Marczak R, Gorrell TE, Muller M. 1983. Hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of the anaerobic protozoon, Tritrichomonas foetus. J. Biol. Chem. 258:12427-12433.
    • (1983) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.258 , pp. 12427-12433
    • Marczak, R.1    Gorrell, T.E.2    Muller, M.3
  • 20
    • 68949220484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The BENEFIT trial: Testing the hypothesis that trypanocidal therapy is beneficial for patients with chronic Chagas heart disease
    • Marin-Neto JA, et al. 2009. The BENEFIT trial: testing the hypothesis that trypanocidal therapy is beneficial for patients with chronic Chagas heart disease. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 104(Suppl. 1):319-324.
    • (2009) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz , vol.104 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 319-324
    • Marin-Neto, J.A.1
  • 21
    • 0016722580 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of microsomal and mitochondrial nitroreductase. Electron spin resonance evidence for nitroaromatic free radical intermediates
    • Mason RP, Holtzman JL. 1975. The mechanism of microsomal and mitochondrial nitroreductase. Electron spin resonance evidence for nitroaromatic free radical intermediates. Biochemistry 14:1626-1632.
    • (1975) Biochemistry , vol.14 , pp. 1626-1632
    • Mason, R.P.1    Holtzman, J.L.2
  • 23
    • 0021027459 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity of nitrofuran derivatives: Review
    • McCalla DR. 1983. Mutagenicity of nitrofuran derivatives: review. Environ. Mutagen. 5:745-765.
    • (1983) Environ. Mutagen. , vol.5 , pp. 745-765
    • McCalla, D.R.1
  • 24
    • 0015164584 scopus 로고
    • Breakage of bacterial DNA by nitrofuran derivatives
    • McCalla DR, Reuvers A, Kaiser C. 1971. Breakage of bacterial DNA by nitrofuran derivatives. Cancer Res. 31:2184-2188.
    • (1971) Cancer Res. , vol.31 , pp. 2184-2188
    • McCalla, D.R.1    Reuvers, A.2    Kaiser, C.3
  • 25
    • 0017406261 scopus 로고
    • The use of Girard T reagent in a rapid and sensitive method for measuring glyoxal and certain other alpha docarbonyl compounds
    • Mitchel RE, Birnboim HC. 1977. The use of Girard-T reagent in a rapid and sensitive methods for measuring glyoxal and certain other alphadicarbonyl compounds. Anal. Biochem. 81:47-56. (Pubitemid 8141266)
    • (1977) Analytical Biochemistry , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-56
    • Mitchel, R.E.H.1    Birnboim, H.C.2
  • 26
    • 0022272171 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of toxicity of nitro compounds used in the chemotherapy of trichomoniasis
    • Moreno SN, Docampo R. 1985. Mechanism of toxicity of nitro compounds used in the chemotherapy of trichomoniasis. Environ. Health Perspect. 64:199-208. (Pubitemid 16135790)
    • (1985) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.VOL. 64 , pp. 199-208
    • Moreno, S.N.J.1    Docampo, R.2
  • 27
    • 0020455681 scopus 로고
    • Different behaviors of benznidazole as free radical generator with mammalian and Trypanosoma cruzi microsomal preparations
    • DOI 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90383-6
    • Moreno SN, Docampo R, Mason RP, Leon W, Stoppani AO. 1982. Different behaviors of benznidazole as free radical generator with mammalian and Trypanosoma cruzi microsomal preparations. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218:585-591. (Pubitemid 13192568)
    • (1982) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , vol.218 , Issue.2 , pp. 585-591
    • Moreno, S.N.J.1    Docampo, R.2    Mason, R.P.3
  • 28
    • 44649139139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential gene expression in Trypanosoma cruzi populations susceptible and resistant to benznidazole
    • Murta SM, et al. 2008. Differential gene expression in Trypanosoma cruzi populations susceptible and resistant to benznidazole. Acta Trop. 107:59-65.
    • (2008) Acta Trop. , vol.107 , pp. 59-65
    • Murta, S.M.1
  • 29
    • 0034775362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative structure-activity relationships in two-electron reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by Enterobacter cloacae NAD(P)H:nitroreductase
    • DOI 10.1006/abbi.2000.2127
    • Nivinskas H, et al. 2001. Quantitative structure-activity relationships in two-electron reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by Enterobacter cloacae NAD(P)H:nitroreductase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385:170-178. (Pubitemid 32988995)
    • (2001) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , vol.385 , Issue.1 , pp. 170-178
    • Nivinskas, H.1    Koder, R.L.2    Anusevicius, Z.3    Sarlauskas, J.4    Miller, A.-F.5    Cenas, N.6
  • 30
    • 33751423139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase-A (TcFeSOD-A) enzyme in Trypanosoma cruzi population with in vitro-induced resistance to benznidazole
    • DOI 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.10.004, PII S0001706X06001926
    • Nogueira FB, et al. 2006. Increased expression of iron-containing superoxide dismutase-A (TcFeSOD-A) enzyme in Trypanosoma cruzi population with in vitro-induced resistance to benznidazole. Acta Trop. 100:119-132. (Pubitemid 44821036)
    • (2006) Acta Tropica , vol.100 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 119-132
    • Nogueira, F.B.1    Krieger, M.A.2    Nirde, P.3    Goldenberg, S.4    Romanha, A.J.5    Murta, S.M.F.6
  • 31
    • 66249136829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the NAD(P)H oxidase and metronidazole reductase activities of the RdxA nitroreductase of Helicobacter pylori
    • Olekhnovich IN, Goodwin A, Hoffman PS. 2009. Characterization of the NAD(P)H oxidase and metronidazole reductase activities of the RdxA nitroreductase of Helicobacter pylori. FEBS J. 276:3354-3364.
    • (2009) FEBS J. , vol.276 , pp. 3354-3364
    • Olekhnovich, I.N.1    Goodwin, A.2    Hoffman, P.S.3
  • 32
    • 0024929338 scopus 로고
    • 4,5-Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazoles as products of the reduction of 2-nitroimidazoles. HPLC assay and demonstration of equilibrium transfer of glyoxal to guanine
    • Panicucci R, McClelland RA. 1989. 4,5-Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazoles as products of the reduction of 2-nitroimidazoles. HPLC assay and demonstration of equilibrium transfer of glyoxal to guanine. Can. J. Chem. 67:2128-2135. (Pubitemid 20116693)
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Chemistry , vol.67 , Issue.12 , pp. 2128-2135
    • Panicucci, R.1    McClelland, R.A.2
  • 33
    • 0018826389 scopus 로고
    • The reductive metabolism of metronidazole and ronidazole by aerobic liver microsomes
    • Perez-Reyes E, Kalyanaraman B, Mason RP. 1980. The reductive metabolism of metronidazole and ronidazole by aerobic liver microsomes. Mol. Pharmacol. 17:239-244. (Pubitemid 10125311)
    • (1980) Molecular Pharmacology , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 239-244
    • Perez-Reyes, E.1    Kalyanaraman, B.2    Mason, R.P.3
  • 34
    • 0018800960 scopus 로고
    • Oxygensensitive and-insensitive nitroreduction by Escherichia coli and rat hepatic microsomes
    • Peterson FJ, Mason RP, Hovsepian J, Holtzman JL. 1979. Oxygensensitive and-insensitive nitroreduction by Escherichia coli and rat hepatic microsomes. J. Biol. Chem. 254:4009-4014.
    • (1979) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.254 , pp. 4009-4014
    • Peterson, F.J.1    Mason, R.P.2    Hovsepian, J.3    Holtzman, J.L.4
  • 35
    • 33846600818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deletion of the Trypanosoma brucei superoxide dismutase gene sodb1 increases sensitivity to nifurtimox and benznidazole
    • DOI 10.1128/AAC.01360-06
    • Prathalingham SR, Wilkinson SR, Horn D, Kelly JM. 2007. Deletion of the Trypanosoma brucei superoxide dismutase gene sodb1 increases sensitivity to nifurtimox and benznidazole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:755-758. (Pubitemid 46185302)
    • (2007) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 755-758
    • Prathalingham, S.R.1    Wilkinson, S.R.2    Horn, D.3    Kelly, J.M.4
  • 36
    • 0025650261 scopus 로고
    • Importance of thiols in the reductive binding of 2-nitroimidazoles to macromolecules
    • Raleigh JA, Koch CJ. 1990. Importance of thiols in the reductive binding of 2-nitroimidazoles to macromolecules. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40:2457-2464.
    • (1990) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.40 , pp. 2457-2464
    • Raleigh, J.A.1    Koch, C.J.2
  • 37
    • 0022999032 scopus 로고
    • Induction of DNA strand breaks by reduced nitroimidazoles. Implications for DNA base damage
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90005-5
    • Silver AR, McNeil SS, O'Neill P, Jenkins TC, Ahmed I. 1986. Induction of DNA strand breaks by reduced nitroimidazoles. Implications for DNA base damage. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35:3923-3928. (Pubitemid 17186133)
    • (1986) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.35 , Issue.22 , pp. 3923-3928
    • Silver, A.R.J.1    McNeil, S.S.2    O'Neill, P.3
  • 38
    • 77953760001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-resistance to nitro drugs and implications for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis
    • Sokolova AY, et al. 2010. Cross-resistance to nitro drugs and implications for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54:2893-2900.
    • (2010) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.54 , pp. 2893-2900
    • Sokolova, A.Y.1
  • 40
    • 41849094126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetoplastids: Related protozoan pathogens, different diseases
    • Stuart K, et al. 2008. Kinetoplastids: related protozoan pathogens, different diseases. J. Clin. Investig. 118:1301-1308.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Investig. , vol.118 , pp. 1301-1308
    • Stuart, K.1
  • 41
    • 0032582844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of superoxide dismutase in Trypanosoma cruzi results in increased sensitivity to the trypanocidal agents gentian violet and benznidazole
    • DOI 10.1016/S0166-6851(98)00127-3, PII S0166685198001273
    • Temperton NJ, Wilkinson SR, Meyer DJ, Kelly JM. 1998. Overexpression of superoxide dismutase in Trypanosoma cruzi results in increased sensitivity to the trypanocidal agents gentian violet and benznidazole. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 96:167-176. (Pubitemid 28511032)
    • (1998) Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology , vol.96 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 167-176
    • Temperton, N.J.1    Wilkinson, S.R.2    Meyer, D.J.3    Kelly, J.M.4
  • 42
    • 0025298551 scopus 로고
    • The glyoxalase system: New developments towards functional characterization of a metabolic pathway fundamental to biological life
    • Thornalley PJ. 1990. The glyoxalase system: new developments towards functional characterization of a metabolic pathway fundamental to biological life. Biochem. J. 269:1-11. (Pubitemid 20210831)
    • (1990) Biochemical Journal , vol.269 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Thornalley, P.J.1
  • 43
    • 43449094351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein and nucleotide damage by glyoxal and methylglyoxal in physiological systems - Role in ageing and disease
    • Thornalley PJ. 2008. Protein and nucleotide damage by glyoxal and methylglyoxal in physiological systems - role in ageing and disease. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 23:125-150. (Pubitemid 351669568)
    • (2008) Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions , vol.23 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 125-150
    • Thornalley, P.J.1
  • 44
    • 0020694769 scopus 로고
    • Modification of guanine derivatives by reduced 2-nitroimidazoles
    • Varghese AJ, Whitmore GF. 1983. Modification of guanine derivatives by reduced 2-nitroimidazoles. Cancer Res. 43:78-82. (Pubitemid 13172798)
    • (1983) Cancer Research , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 78-82
    • Varghese, A.J.1    Whitmore, G.F.2
  • 45
    • 0022411134 scopus 로고
    • Properties of 2-hydroxylaminoimidazoles and their implications for the biological effects of 2-nitroimidazoles
    • DOI 10.1016/0009-2797(85)90011-0
    • Varghese AJ, Whitmore GF. 1985. Properties of 2-hydroxylaminoimidazoles and their implications for the biological effects of 2-nitroimidazoles. Chem. Biol. Interact. 56:269-287. (Pubitemid 16173395)
    • (1985) Chemico-Biological Interactions , vol.56 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 269-287
    • Varghese, A.J.1    Whitmore, G.F.2
  • 46
    • 0023153554 scopus 로고
    • Nitroimidazole bioreductive metabolism. Quantitation and characterisation of mouse tissue benznidazole nitroreductases in vivo and in vitro
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90181-X
    • Walton MI, Workman P. 1987. Nitroimidazole bioreductive metabolism. Quantitation and characterisation of mouse tissue benznidazole nitroreductases in vivo and in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36:887-896. (Pubitemid 17038036)
    • (1987) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 887-896
    • Walton, M.I.1    Workman, P.2
  • 47
    • 0022272179 scopus 로고
    • Some reactions and properties of nitro radical-anions important in biology and medicine
    • Wardman P. 1985. Some reactions and properties of nitro radical-anions important in biology and medicine. Environ. Health Perspect. 64:309-320. (Pubitemid 16135799)
    • (1985) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.VOL. 64 , pp. 309-320
    • Wardman, P.1
  • 48
    • 56549120525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glyoxalase II does not support methylglyoxal detoxification but serves as a general trypanothione thioesterase in African trypanosomes
    • Wendler A, Irsch T, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ, Krauth-Siegel RL. 2009. Glyoxalase II does not support methylglyoxal detoxification but serves as a general trypanothione thioesterase in African trypanosomes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 163:19-27.
    • (2009) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.163 , pp. 19-27
    • Wendler, A.1    Irsch, T.2    Rabbani, N.3    Thornalley, P.J.4    Krauth-Siegel, R.L.5
  • 49
    • 0019944285 scopus 로고
    • Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole. I. Characterization of in vitro protein alkylation
    • DOI 10.1016/0009-2797(82)90105-3
    • West SB, et al. 1982. Drug residue formation from ronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole. I. Characterization of in vitro protein alkylation. Chem. Biol. Interact. 41:265-279. (Pubitemid 12052470)
    • (1982) Chemico-Biological Interactions , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 265-279
    • West, S.B.1    Wislocki, P.G.2    Fiorentini, K.M.3
  • 50
    • 0022607827 scopus 로고
    • The biological properties of reduced nitroheterocyclics and possible underlying biochemical mechanisms
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90565-4
    • Whitmore GF, Varghese AJ. 1986. The biological properties of reduced nitroheterocyclics and possible underlying biochemical mechanisms. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35:97-103. (Pubitemid 16161371)
    • (1986) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-103
    • Whitmore, G.F.1    Varghese, A.J.2
  • 51
    • 0023034209 scopus 로고
    • Reaction of 2-nitroimidazole metabolites with guanine and possible biological consequences
    • Whitmore GF, Varghese AJ, Gulyas S. 1986. Reaction of 2-nitroimidazole metabolites with guanine and possible biological consequences. IARC Sci. Publ. 1986:185-196.
    • (1986) IARC Sci. Publ. , vol.1986 , pp. 185-196
    • Whitmore, G.F.1    Varghese, A.J.2    Gulyas, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.