A Biopsychosocial Formulation of Pain Communication

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 137, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 910-939

  Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas ^a   Craig, Kenneth D ^b   Duck, Steve ^c   Cano, Annmarie ^d   Goubert, Liesbet ^e   Jackson, Philip L ^f   Mogil, Jeffrey S ^g   Rainville, Pierre ^h   Sullivan, Michael J L ^g   de C Williams, Amanda C ⁱ   Vervoort, Tine ^e   Fitzgerald, Theresa Dever ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGINA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^d WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^f UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^g MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^h UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Communication studies; Neuroscience; Pain; Theoretical model

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADULT; AGED; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BRAIN; CAREGIVER; CHILD; CHRONIC PAIN; EVOLUTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INFANT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; MOUSE; NEUROSCIENCE; NEWBORN; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RAT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; THEORETICAL MODEL;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; AGED; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BRAIN; CAREGIVERS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHRONIC PAIN; COMMUNICATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MICE; MODELS, THEORETICAL; NEUROSCIENCES; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PAIN PERCEPTION; RATS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 82855162707     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0023876     Document Type: Article

References (339)

1. Ahern D.K., Adams A., Follick M.J. Emotional and marital disturbance in spouses of chronic low back pain patients. The Clinical Journal of Pain 1985, 1:69-74. 10.1097/00002508-198501020-00003.
2. Albanese M.C., Duerden E.G., Rainville P., Duncan G.H. Memory traces of pain in human cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:4612-4620. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0695-07.2007.
3. Anand K.J., Craig K.D. New perspectives on the definition of pain. Pain 1996, 67:3-6. discussion 209-211. 10.1016/0304-3959(96)03135-1.
4. Andrews K., Fitzgerald M. Wound sensitivity as a measure of analgesic effects following surgery in human neonates and infants. Pain 2002, 99:185-195. S0304395902001008[pii].
5. Apkarian A.V., Bushnell M.C., Treede R.D., Zubieta J.K. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. European Journal of Pain 2005, 9:463-484. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.11.001.
6. Asmundson G.J.G., Vlaeyen J.W.S., Crombez G. Understanding and treating fear of pain 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
7. Asmundson G.J.G., Wright K. Biopsychosocial approaches to pain. Pain: Psychological perspectives 2004, 35-57. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. T. Hadjistavropoulos, K.D. Craig (Eds.).
8. Austin J.L. How to do things with words: The William James lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955 1962, Clarendon, Oxford, England.
9. Auvray M., Myin E., Spence C. The sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational aspects of pain. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2010, 34:214-223. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.008.
10. Avenanti A., Bueti D., Galati G., Aglioti S.M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:955-960. 10.1038/nn1481.
11. Avenanti A., Minio-Paluello I., Bufalari I., Aglioti S.M. Stimulus-driven modulation of motor-evoked potentials during observation of others' pain. NeuroImage 2006, 32:316-324. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.010.
12. Avenanti A., Minio-Paluello I., Bufalari I., Aglioti S.M. The pain of a model in the personality of an onlooker: Influence of state-reactivity and personality traits on embodied empathy for pain. NeuroImage 2009, 44:275-283. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.001.
13. Baliki M.N., Geha P.Y., Apkarian A.V. Parsing pain perception between nociceptive representation and magnitude estimation. Journal of Neurophysiology 2009, 101:875-887. 10.1152/jn.91100.2008.
14. Bandura A., Rosenthal T.L. Vicarious classical conditioning as a functional of arousal level. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1966, 3:54-62. 10.1037/h0022639.
15. Barr S., Laming P.R., Dick J.T.A., Elwood R.W. Nociception or pain in a decapod crustacean?. Animal Behaviour 2008, 75:745-751. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.004.
16. Basbaum A.I., Fields H.L. Endogenous pain control systems: Brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1984, 7:309-338. 10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001521.
17. Batson C.D. The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer 1991, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
18. Bigatti S.M., Cronan T.A. An examination of the physical health, health care use, and psychological well-being of spouses of people with fibromyalgia syndrome. Health Psychology 2002, 21:157-166. 10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.157.
19. Boothby J.L., Thorn B.E., Overduin L.Y., Ward L.C. Catastrophizing and perceived partner responses to pain. Pain 2004, 109:500-506. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.02.030.
20. Bornhövd K., Quante M., Glauche V., Bromm B., Weiller C., Büchel C. Painful stimuli evoke different stimulus-response functions in the amygdala, prefrontal, insula and somatosensory cortex: A single-trial fMRI study. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 2002, 125:1326-1336. 10.1093/brain/awf137.
21. Botvinick M., Jha A.P., Bylsma L.M., Fabian S.A., Solomon P.E., Prkachin K.M. Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain. NeuroImage 2005, 25:312-319. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.043.
22. Brennan F., Carr D.B., Colusins M.J. Pain management: A fundamental human right. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007, 105:205-221. 10.1213/01.ane.0000268145.52345.55.
23. Büchel C., Bornhvöd K., Quante M., Glauche V., Bromm B., Weiller C. Dissociable neural responses related to pain intensity, stimulus intensity, and stimulus awareness within the anterior cingulate cortex: A parametric single-trial laser functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The Journal of Neuroscience 2002, 22:970-976.
24. Bufalari I., Aprile T., Avenanti A., Di Russo F., Aglioti S.M. Empathy for pain and touch in the human somatosensory cortex. Cerebral Cortex 2007, 17:2553-2561. 10.1093/cercor/bhl161.
25. Burckhardt C.S. The impact of arthritis on quality of life. Nursing Research 1985, 34:11-18. 10.1097/00006199-198501000-00003.
26. Burke K. Language as symbolic action: Essays on life, literature, and method 1966, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
27. Bushnell M.C., Duncan G.H., Hofbauer R.K., Ha B., Chen J.I., Carrier B. Pain perception: Is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 1999, 96:7705-7709. 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7705.
28. Buss K.A., Kiel E.J. Comparison of sadness, anger, and fear facial expressions when toddlers look at their mothers. Child Development 2004, 75:1761-1773. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00815.x.
29. Campbell C.M., France C.R., Robinson M.E., Logan H.L., Gefken G.R., Fillingim R.B. Ethnic differences in the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR). Pain 2008, 134:91-96. 10.1016/j.pain.2007.03.035.
30. Cano A. Pain catastrophizing and social support in married individuals with chronic pain: The moderating role of pain duration. Pain 2004, 110:656-664. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.05.004.
31. Cano A., Barterian J.A., Heller J.B. Empathic and nonempathic interaction in chronic pain couples. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2008, 24:678-684. 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816753d8.
32. Cano A., Gillis M., Heinz W., Geisser M., Foran H. Marital functioning, chronic pain, and psychological distress. Pain 2004, 107:99-106. 10.1016/j.pain.2003.10.003.
33. Cano A., Johansen A.B., Franz A. Multilevel analysis of couple congruence on pain, interference, and disability. Pain 2005, 118:369-379. 10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.003.
34. Cano A., Johansen A.B., Geisser M. Spousal congruence on disability, pain, and spouse responses to pain. Pain 2004, 109:258-265. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.01.036.
35. Cano A., Weisberg J.N., Gallagher R.M. Marital satisfaction and pain severity mediate the association between negative spouse responses to pain and depressive symptoms in a chronic pain patient sample. Pain Medicine 2000, 1:35-43. 10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.99100.x.
36. Carl W.J., Duck S.W. How to do things with relationships. Communication yearbook 2004, 1-35. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. P. Kalbfleisch (Ed.).
37. Casey K.L., Bushnell M.C. Pain imaging: Progress in pain research management 2000, Vol. 18. IASP Press, Seattle, WA.
38. Chambers C.T., Craig K.D., Bennett S.M. The impact of maternal behavior on children's pain experiences: An experimental analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2002, 27:293-301. 10.1093/jpepsy/27.3.293.
39. Chambers C.T., Giesbrecht K., Craig K.D., Bennett S.M., Huntsman E. A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: Children's and parents' ratings. Pain 1999, 83:25-35. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00086-X.
40. Chambers C.T., Reid G.J., Craig K.D., McGrath P.J., Finley G.A. Agreement between child and parent reports of pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain 1998, 14:336-342. 10.1097/00002508-199812000-00011.
41. Chapman C.R., Nakamura Y. A passion of the soul: An introduction to pain for consciousness researchers. Consciousness and Cognition 1999, 8:391-422. 10.1006/ccog.1999.0411.
42. Chen Q., Panksepp J.B., Lahvis G.P. Empathy is moderated by genetic background in mice. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4387. 10.1371/journal.pone.0004387.
43. Cheng Y., Lin C.P., Liu H.L., Hsu Y.Y., Lim K.E., Hung D., Decety J. Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others. Current Biology 2007, 17:1708-1713. 10.1016/j.cub.2007.09.020.
44. Cheng Y., Yang C.Y., Lin C.P., Lee P.L., Decety J. The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: A magnetoencephalography study. NeuroImage 2008, 40:1833-1840. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.064.
45. Chesler E.J., Wilson S.G., Lariviere W.R., Rodriguez-Zas S.L., Mogil J.S. Identification and ranking of genetic and laboratory environment factors influencing a behavioral trait, thermal nociception, via computational analysis of a large data archive. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2002, 26:907-923. PiiS0149-7634(02)00103-3.
46. Chesler E.J., Wilson S.G., Lariviere W.R., Rodriguez-Zas S., Mogil J.S. Influences of laboratory environment on behavior. Nature Neuroscience 2002, 5:1101-1102. 10.1038/nn1102-1101.
47. Chibnall J.T., Tait R.C. Social and medical influences on attributions and evaluations of chronic pain. Psychology & Health 1999, 14:719-729. 10.1080/08870449908410760.
48. Church R.M. Emotional reactions of rats to the pain of others. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1959, 52:132-134. 10.1037/h0043531.
49. Ciechanowski P., Sullivan M., Jensen M., Romano J., Summers H. The relationship of attachment style to depression, catastrophizing and health care utilization in patients with chronic pain. Pain 2003, 104:627-637. 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00120-9.
50. Claar R.L., Simons L.E., Logan D.E. Parental response to children's pain: The moderating impact of children's emotional distress on symptoms and disability. Pain 2008, 138:172-179. 10.1016/j.pain.2007.12.005.
51. Clay F.J., Newstead S.V., Watson W.L., Ozanne-Smith J., Guy J., McClure R.J. Bio-psychosocial determinants of persistent pain 6 months after non-life-threatening acute orthopaedic trauma. The Journal of Pain 2010, 11:420-430. 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.12.002.
52. Clipp E.C., George L.K. Patients with cancer and their spouse caregivers: Perceptions of the illness experience. Cancer 1992, 69:1074-1079. 10.1002/1097-0142(19920215)69:4<1074::AID-CNCR2820690440>3.0.CO;2-L.
53. Closs S.J., Staples V., Reid I., Bennett M.I., Briggs M. The impact of neuropathic pain on relationships. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2008, 65:402-411. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04892.x.
54. Coan J.A., Schaefer H.S., Davidson R.J. Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological Science 2006, 17:1032-1039. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x.
55. Coghill R.C., McHaffie J.G., Yen Y.F. Neural correlates of interindividual differences in the subjective experience of pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2003, 100:8538-8542. 10.1073/pnas.1430684100.
56. Cole L.J., Farrell M.J., Duff E.P., Barber J.B., Egan G.F., Gibson S.J. Pain sensitivity and fMRI pain-related brain activity in Alzheimer's disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 2006, 129:2957-2965. 10.1093/brain/awl228.
57. Cosmides L., Tooby J. Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture 1992, 163-228. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby (Eds.).
58. Coudeyre E., Rannou F., Tubach F., Baron G., Coriat F., Brin S., Poiraudeau S. General practitioners' fear-avoidance beliefs influence their management of patients with low back pain. Pain 2006, 124:330-337. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.003.
59. Cowley A.W., Cowley T., Norton N.J., Norton W.F. Foreword. Functional pain syndromes: Presentation and pathophysiology 2009, xiii. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. E.A. Mayer, M.C. Bushnell (Eds.).
60. Coyne J., Fiske V. Couples coping with chronic illness. Family health psychology 1992, 129-149. Hemisphere, Washington, DC. T. Akamatsu, J. Crowther, S. Hobfoll, A. Stevens (Eds.).
61. Craig K.D. Physiological arousal as a function of imagined, vicarious, and direct stress experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1968, 73:513-520. 10.1037/h0026531.
62. Craig K.D. Social disclosure, coactive peer companions and social modeling as determinants of pain communications. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 1978, 10:91-104. 10.1037/h0081546.
63. Craig K.D. Social modeling influences: Pain in context. The psychology of pain 1986, 67-96. Raven Press, New York, NY. 2nd ed. R.A. Sternbach (Ed.).
64. Craig K.D. On knowing another's pain. What facial expression reveals about emotions, development, psychopathology, and health 1998, 178-180. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. P. Ekman, E. Rosenberg (Eds.).
65. Craig K.D. Social communication of pain enhances protective functions: A comment on Deyo, Prkachin, and Mercer (2004). Pain 2004, 107:5-6. 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00264-1.
66. Craig K.D. Assessment of credibility. The encyclopedia of pain 2006, 491-493. Springer, New York, NY. R.F. Schmidt, W.D. Willis (Eds.).
67. Craig K.D. A social communications model of pain. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 2009, 50:22-32. 10.1037/a0014772.
68. Craig K.D., Glibert C.A., Lilley C.M. Cry as an indicator of pain in infants. Crying as a signal, a sign, and a symptom 2000, 23-40. MacKeith Press, London, England. R.G. Barr, B. Hopkins, J. Green (Eds.).
69. Craig K.D., Hill M.L., McMurtry B. Detecting deception and malingering. Handbook of chronic pain syndromes: Biopsychosocial perspectives 1999, 41-58. Erlbaum, New York, NY. A.R. Block, E.F. Kremer, E. Fernandez (Eds.).
70. Craig K.D., Hyde S.A., Patrick C.J. Genuine, suppressed, and faked facial behavior during exacerbation of chronic low back pain. Pain 1991, 46:161-171. 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90071-5.
71. Craig K.D., Korol C.T. Developmental issues in understanding, assessing, and managing pediatric pain. Pediatric pain management in primary care: A practical guide 2008, 9-20. The Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. G. Walco, K. Holdschnieder (Eds.).
72. Craig K.D., Korol C.T., Pillai R.R. Challenges of judging pain in vulnerable infants. Clinics in Perinatology 2002, 29:445-457. 10.1016/S0095-5108(02)00022-2.
73. Craig K.D., Lowery H.J. Heart-rate components of conditioned vicarious autonomic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1969, 11:381-387. 10.1037/h0027250.
74. Craig K.D., Prkachin K.M. Social modeling influences on sensory decision theory and psychophysiological indexes of pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1978, 36:805-815. 10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.805.
75. Craig K.D., Prkachin K.M., Grunau R.V.E. The facial expression of pain. Handbook of pain assessment 2011, 117-133. Guilford Press, New York, NY. 3rd ed. D.C. Turk, R. Melzack (Eds.).
76. Craig K.D., Stanford E.A., Fairbairn N.S., Chambers C.T. Emergent pain language communication competence in infants and children. Enfance 2006, 58:52-71. 10.3917/enf.581.0052.
77. Craig K.D., Versloot J., Goubert L., Vervoort T., Crombez G. Perceiving pain in others: Automatic and controlled mechanisms. The Journal of Pain 2010, 11:101-108. 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.08.008.
78. Craig K.D., Weiss S.M. Vicarious influences on pain-threshold determinations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1971, 19:53-59. 10.1037/h0031097.
79. Craig K.D., Weiss S.M. Verbal reports of pain without noxious stimulation. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1972, 34:943-948.
80. Craig K.D., Whitfield M.F., Grunau R.V., Linton J., Hadjistavropoulos H.D. Pain in the preterm neonate: Behavioural and physiological indices. Pain 1993, 52:287-299. 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90162-I.
81. Crombez G., Eccleston C. To express or suppress may be a function of other's distress. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2002, 25:457-458. 10.1017/S0140525X0224008X.
82. Crombie I.K., Croft P.R., Linton S.J., LeResche L., Von Korff M. Epidemiology of pain 1999, IASP Press, Seattle, WA.
83. Cronin H. The ant and the peacock: Altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
84. Crouch J.L., Skowronski J.J., Milner J.S., Harris B. Parental responses to infant crying: The influence of child physical abuse risk and hostile priming. Child Abuse and Neglect 2008, 32:702-710. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.11.002.
85. Damasio A.R. Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain 1994, Macmillan Papermac, London, England.
86. Damasio A. Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain 2003, Harcourt Books, Orlando, FL.
87. D'Amato F.R. Kin interaction enhances morphine analgesia in male mice. Behavioural Pharmacology 1998, 9:369-373.
88. D'Amato F.R., Pavone F. Reunion of separated sibling mice: Neurobiological and behavioral aspects. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 1996, 65:9-16. 10.1006/nlme.1996.0002.
89. Decety J., Jackson P.L. The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2004, 3:71-100. 10.1177/1534582304267187.
90. de C.Williams A.C., Craig K.D. A science of pain expression?. Pain 2006, 125:202-203. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.004.
91. de Waal F.B.M. Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes 1998, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
92. de Waal F.B.M. Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology 2008, 59:279-300. 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625.
93. DeWall C.N., Macdonald G., Webster G.D., Masten C.L., Baumeister R.F., Powell C., Eisenberger N.I. Acetaminophen reduces social pain: Behavioral and neural evidence. Psychological Science 2010, 21:931-937. 10.1177/0956797610374741.
94. Deyo R.A., Phillips W.R. Low back pain: A primary care challenge. Spine 1996, 21:2826-2832. 10.1097/00007632-199612150-00003.
95. Dickenson A., Rahman W. Mechanisms of chronic pain and the developing nervous system. Chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents 1999, Vol. 13:5-38. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. P. McGrath (Ed.).
96. Drahovzal D.N., Stewart S.H., Sullivan M.J. Tendency to catastrophize somatic sensations: Pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity in predicting headache. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2006, 35:226-235. 10.1080/16506070600898397.
97. Dubé A.A., Duquette M., Roy M., Lepore F., Duncan G., Rainville P. Brain activity associated with the electrodermal reactivity to acute heat pain. NeuroImage 2009, 45:169-180. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.024.
98. Duck S.W., McMahan D.T. Basics of communication: A relational perspective 2009, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
99. Duck S.W., McMahan D.T. Communication in everyday life 2010, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
100. Dworkin S.F., Chen A.C. Pain in clinical and laboratory contexts. Journal of Dental Research 1982, 61:772-774. 10.1177/00220345820610062401.
101. Eccleston C., Crombez G. Pain demands attention: A cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 125:356-366. 10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.356.
102. Eisenberg E.M. Building a mystery: Toward a new theory of communication and identity. Journal of Communication 2001, 51:534-552. 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02895.x.
103. Eisenberger N.I., Jarcho J.M., Lieberman M.D., Naliboff B.D. An experimental study of shared sensitivity to physical pain and social rejection. Pain 2006, 126:132-138. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.024.
104. Eisenberger N.I., Lieberman M.D., Williams K.D. Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science 2003, October 10, 302:290-292. 10.1126/science.1089134302/5643/290.
105. Ekman P. Biological and cultural contributions to body and facial movement. The anthropology of the body 1977, 38-84. Academic Press, London, England. J. Blacking (Ed.).
106. Ekman P. Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist 1993, 48:384-392. 10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384.
107. Ekman P., Friesen W. Investigator's guide to the Facial Action Coding System 1978, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
108. Eland J.M., Anderson J.E. The experience of pain in children. Pain: A source book for nurses and other health professionals 1977, 453-473. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, MA. A.K. Jacox (Ed.).
109. Engel G.L. " Psychogenic" pain and pain-prone patient. American Journal of Medicine 1959, 26:899-918. 10.1016/0002-9343(59)90212-8.
110. Engel G.L. The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977, April 8, 196:129-136. 10.1126/science.847460.
111. Eritz H., Hadjistavropoulos T. Do informal caregivers consider nonverbal behavior when they assess pain in people with severe dementia?. Journal of Pain 2011, 12:331-339. 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.07.012.
112. Fan Y., Han S. Temporal dynamic of neural mechanisms involved in empathy for pain: An event-related brain potential study. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:160-173. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.023.
113. Farrell M., Gibson S. Age interacts with stimulus frequency in the temporal summation of pain. Pain Medicine 2007, 8:514-520. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00282.x.
114. Faucett J.A., Levine J.D. The contributions of interpersonal conflict to chronic pain in the presence or absence of organic pathology. Pain 1991, 44:35-43. 0304-3959(91)90144-M[pii].
115. Feuerstein M., Sult S., Houle M. Environmental stressors and chronic low back pain: Life events, family and work environment. Pain 1985, 22:295-307. 0304-3959(85)90030-2[pii].
116. Fiore J., Becker J., Coppel D.B. Social network interactions: A buffer or a stress. American Journal of Community Psychology 1983, 11:423-439. 10.1007/BF00894057.
117. Flor H., Turk D.C., Scholz O.B. Impact of chronic pain on the spouse: Marital, emotional and physical consequences. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1987, 31:63-71. 10.1016/0022-3999(87)90099-7.
118. Fordyce W.E. Behavioural methods in chronic pain and illness 1976, Mosby, St. Louis, MO.
119. Fordyce W.E., Shelton J.L., Dundore D.E. The modification of avoidance learning pain behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1982, 5:405-414. 10.1007/BF00845370.
120. Forsythe M.E., Dunbar M.J., Hennigar A.W., Sullivan M.J., Gross M. Prospective relation between catastrophizing and residual pain following knee arthroplasty: Two-year follow-up. Pain Research & Management 2008, 13:335-341.
121. France C.R., France J.L., Absi M.A., Ring C., McIntyre D. Catastrophizing is related to pain ratings, but not nociceptive flexion reflex threshold. Pain 2002, 99:459-463. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00235-X.
122. Frith C.D., Frith U. The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron 2006, 50:531-534. 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001.
123. Fruzzetti A.E., Iverson K.M. Mindfulness, acceptance, validation, and " individual" psychopathology in couples. Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition 2004, 168-191. Guilford Press, New York, NY. S.C. Hayes, V.M. Follette, M.M. Linehan (Eds.).
124. Fruzzetti A.E., Iverson K.M. Intervening with couples and families to treat emotion dysregulation and psychopathology. Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health 2006, 249-267. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 10.1037/11468-012. D.K. Snyder, J. Simpson, J.N. Hughes (Eds.).
125. Fuchs-Lacelle S., Hadjistavropoulos T., Lix L. Pain assessment as intervention: A study of older adults with severe dementia. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2008, 24:697-707. 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318172625a.
126. Gatchel R.J., Peng Y.B., Peters M.L., Fuchs P.N., Turk D.C. The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133:581-624. 10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581.
127. Geisser M.E., Cano A., Leonard M.T. Factors associated with marital satisfaction and mood among spouses of persons with chronic back pain. The Journal of Pain 2005, 6:518-525. 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.03.004.
128. Giardino N.D., Jensen M.P., Turner J.A., Ehde D.M., Cardenas D.D. Social environment moderates the association between catastrophizing and pain among persons with a spinal cord injury. Pain 2003, 106:19-25. S0304395903002264[pii].
129. Gibson S.J. Pain and aging: The pain experience over the adult life span. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain 2003, 767-790. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. J.O. Dostrovsky, D.B. Carr, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
130. Gibson S.J., Chambers C.T. Pain over the life span: A developmental perspective. Pain: Psychological perspectives 2004, 113-153. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. T. Hadjistavropoulos, K.D. Craig (Eds.).
131. Gibson S.J., Farrell M. A review of age differences in the neurophysiology of nociception and the perceptual experience of pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2004, 20:227-239. 10.1097/00002508-200407000-00004.
132. Giles L.G., Crawford C.M. Shadows of the truth in patients with spinal pain: A review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 1997, 42:44-48.
133. Gioiosa L., Chiarotti F., Alleva E., Laviola G. A trouble shared is a trouble halved: Social context and status affect pain in mouse dyads. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4143. 10.1371/journal.pone.0004143.
134. Gnepp J., Hess D.L.R. Children's understanding of display rules for expressive behaviour. Developmental Psychology 1986, 22:103-108. 10.1037/0012-1649.22.1.103.
135. Goldberg G.M., Kerns R.D., Rosenberg R. Pain-relevant support as a buffer from depression among chronic pain patients low in instrumental activity. Clinical Journal of Pain 1993, 9:34-40. 10.1097/00002508-199303000-00005.
136. Goodman J.E., McGrath P.J. Mothers' modeling influences children's pain during a cold pressor task. Pain 2003, 104:559-565. S0304395903000903[pii].
137. Goubert L., Craig K.D., Buysse A. Perceiving others in pain: Experimental and clinical evidence on the role of empathy. The social neuroscience of empathy 2009, 153-165. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. W. Ickes, J. Decety (Eds.).
138. Goubert L., Craig K.D., Vervoort T., Morley S., Sullivan M.J., de C.Williams A.C., Crombez G. Facing others in pain: The effects of empathy. Pain 2005, 118:285-288. 10.1016/j.pain.2005.10.025.
139. Goubert L., Eccleston C., Vervoort T., Jordan A., Crombez G. Parental catastrophizing about their child's pain. The Parent Version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P): A preliminary validation. Pain 2006, 123:254-263. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.035.
140. Goubert L., Vervoort T., Cano A., Crombez G. Catastrophizing about their children's pain is related to higher parent-child congruency in pain ratings: An experimental investigation. European Journal of Pain 2009, 13:196-201. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.03.009.
141. Goubert L., Vervoort T., Crombez G. Pain demands attention from others: The approach/avoidance paradox. Pain 2009, 143:5-6. 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.023.
142. Goubert L., Vervoort T., Sullivan M.J., Verhoeven K., Crombez G. Parental emotional responses to their child's pain: The role of dispositional empathy and catastrophizing about their child's pain. The Journal of Pain 2008, 9:272-279. 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.11.006.
143. Goubert L., Vlaeyen J.W.S., Crombez G., Craig K.D. Learning about pain from others: An observational learning account. The Journal of Pain 2011, 12:167-174.
144. Grunau R.V., Craig K.D. Pain expression in neonates: Facial action and cry. Pain 1987, 28:395-410. 10.1016/0304-3959(87)90073-X.
145. Gu X., Han S. Attention and reality constraints on the neural processes of empathy for pain. NeuroImage 2007, 36:256-267. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.025.
146. Guite J., Rose R., McCue D., Sherry J., Sherker J. Adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain: The role of pain catastrophizing, psychological distress and parental pain reinforcement. The Journal of Pain 2007, 8:S62. 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.02.251.
147. Hadjistavropoulos H.D., Craig K.D., Grunau R.V., Johnston C.C. Judging pain in newborns: Facial and cry determinants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1994, 19:485-491. 10.1093/jpepsy/19.4.485.
148. Hadjistavropoulos H.D., Craig K.D., Grunau R., Whitfield M.F. Judging pain in infants: Behavioural, contextual and developmental determinants. Pain 1997, 73:319-324. 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00113-9.
149. Hadjistavropoulos H.D., Craig K.D., Hadjistavropoulos T., Poole G.D. Subjective judgments of deception in pain expression: Accuracy and errors. Pain 1996, 65:251-258. 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00218-9.
150. Hadjistavropoulos H.D., Ross M.A., von Baeyer C.L. Are physicians' ratings of pain affected by patients' physical attractiveness?. Social Science & Medicine 1990, 31:69-72. 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90011-G.
151. Hadjistavropoulos T., Breau L., Craig K.D. Pain assessment in adults and children with limited ability to communicate. Handbook of pain assessment 2011, 260-280. Guilford Press, New York, NY. 3rd ed. D.C. Turk, R. Melzack (Eds.).
152. Hadjistavropoulos T., Craig K.D. A theoretical framework for understanding self-report and observational measures of pain: A communications model. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:551-570. 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00072-9.
153. Hadjistavropoulos T., Craig K.D. Pain: Psychological perspectives 2004, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
154. Hadjistavropoulos T., Craig K.D., Fuchs-Lacelle S. Social influences and the communication of pain. Pain: Psychological perspectives 2004, 87-112. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. T. Hadjistavropoulos, K.D. Craig (Eds.).
155. Hadjistavropoulos T., Gibson S., Fine P.G. Pain in older persons: A brief clinical guide. Clinical pain management: A practical guide 2011, 311-318. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, NY. K.D. Craig, P. Peng (Eds.).
156. Hadjistavropoulos T., Herr K., Turk D.C., Fine P.G., Dworkin R.H., Helme R., Williams J. An interdisciplinary expert consensus statement on assessment of pain in older persons. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2007, 23:S1-S43. 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31802be869.
157. Hadjistavropoulos T., LaChapelle D., Hale C., MacLeod F. Age- and appearance-based stereotypes about patients undergoing a painful medical procedure. The Pain Clinic 2000, 12:25-34. 10.1163/156856900750228060.
158. Hadjistavropoulos T., LaChapelle D., MacLeod F.K., Snider B., Craig K.D. Measuring movement exacerbated pain in cognitively impaired frail elders. Clinical Journal of Pain 2000, 16:54-63. 10.1097/00002508-200003000-00009.
159. Hadjistavropoulos T., McMurtry B., Craig K.D. Beautiful faces in pain: Biases and accuracy in the perception of pain. Psychology & Health 1996, 11:411-420. 10.1080/08870449608400268.
160. Hadjistavropoulos T., Voyer P., Sharpe D., Verreault R., Aubin M. Assessing pain in dementia patients with comorbid delirium and depression. Pain Management Nursing 2008, 9:48-54. 10.1016/j.pmn.2007.12.004.
161. Hale C., Hadjistavropoulos T. Emotional components of pain. Pain Research and Management 1997, 2:217-225.
162. Han S., Fan Y., Mao L. Gender difference in empathy for pain: An electrophysiological investigation. Brain Research 2008, 1196:85-93. 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.062.
163. Harris S., Morley S., Barton S.B. Role loss and emotional adjustment in chronic pain. Pain 2003, 105:363-370. 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00251-3.
164. Haythornthwaite J.A., Clark M.R., Pappagallo M., Raja S.N. Pain coping strategies play a role in the persistence of pain in post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 2003, 106:453-460. 10.1016/j.pain.2003.09.009.
165. Hermann C. Modeling, social learning in pain. The encyclopedia of pain 2007, 1168-1170. Springer, New York, NY. 10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_2452. R.F. Schmidt, W.D. Willis (Eds.).
166. Hill M.L., Craig K.D. Detecting deception in pain expressions: The structure of genuine and deceptive facial displays. Pain 2002, 98:135-144. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00037-4.
167. Hofbauer R.K., Rainville P., Duncan G.H., Bushnell M.C. Cortical representation of the sensory dimension of pain. Journal of Neurophysiology 2001, 86:402-411.
168. Houben R.M.A., Gijsen A., Peterson J., de Jong P.J., Vlaeyen J.W.S. Do health care providers' attitudes towards back pain predict their treatment recommendations? Differential predictive validity of implicit and explicit attitude measures. Pain 2005, 114:491-498. 10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.017.
169. Hummel M., Lu P., Cummons T.A., Whiteside G.T. The persistence of a long-term negative affective state following the induction of either acute or chronic pain. Pain 2008, 140:436-445. 10.1016/j.pain.2008.09.020.
170. Ickes W., Decety J. The social neuroscience of empathy 2009, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
171. International Association for the Study of Pain Pain terms, 2006 http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Pain_Defi...isplay.cfm&ContentID=1728.
172. Jackson P.L., Brunet E., Meltzoff A.N., Decety J. Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:752-761. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.015.
173. Jackson P.L., Meltzoff A.N., Decety J. How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. NeuroImage 2005, 24:771-779. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.006.
174. Jackson P.L., Rainville P., Decety J. To what extent do we share the pain of others? In sight from the neural bases of pain empathy. Pain 2006, 125:5-9. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.013.
175. Jackson, P. L., Voisin, J., Mercier, C., Canizales, D. L., Marcoux, L.-A., & Lauzon, P. O. (2007). Pain observation modulates the cerebral response to a vibrotactile stimulation. Paper presented at the Human Brain Mapping Organization Conference, Chicago, IL.
176. Jacobsen P.B., Butler R.W. Relation of cognitive coping and catastrophizing to acute pain and analgesic use following breast cancer surgery. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1996, 19:17-29. 10.1007/BF01858172.
177. Jensen M.P., Turner J.A., Romano J.M. Changes in beliefs, catastrophizing, and coping are associated with improvement in multidisciplinary pain treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001, 69:655-662. 10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.655.
178. Johansen A.B., Cano A. A preliminary investigation of affective interaction in chronic pain couples. Pain 2007, 132(Suppl. 1):S86-S95. 10.1016/j.pain.2007.04.016.
179. Jones G., Macfarlane G. Epidemiology of pain in older persons. Pain in older persons 2005, 3-22. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. S. Gibson, D. Weiner (Eds.).
180. Julien N., Goffaux P., Arsenault P., Marchand S. Widespread pain in fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. Pain 2005, 114:295-302. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.032.
181. Julien N., Marchand S. Endogenous pain inhibitory systems activated by spatial summation are opioid-mediated. Neuroscience Letters 2006, 401:256-260. 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.032.
182. Kappesser J., de C.Williams A.C. Pain judgements of patients' relatives: Examining the use of social contract theory as theoretical framework. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2008, 31:309-317. 10.1007/s10865-008-9157-4.
183. Kappesser J., de C.Williams A.C., Prkachin K.M. Testing two accounts of pain underestimation. Pain 2006, 124:109-116. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.04.003.
184. Kazdin A.E. Attribution theories. Encyclopedia of psychology 2000, 320-325. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. A.P. Association (Ed.).
185. Keefe F.J., Block A.R. Development of an observational method for assessing pain behavior in chronic low back pain patients. Behavior Therapy 1982, 13:363-375. 10.1016/S0005-7894(82)80001-4.
186. Keefe F.J., Lefebvre J.C. Behaviour therapy. Textbook of pain 1994, 1367-1380. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, Scotland. 3rd ed. P.D. Wall, R. Melzack (Eds.).
187. Keefe F.J., Lefebvre J.C., Egert J.R., Affleck G., Sullivan M.J., Caldwell D.S. The relationship of gender to pain, pain behavior, and disability in osteoarthritis patients: The role of catastrophizing. Pain 2000, 87:325-334. S0304395900002967[pii].
188. Keefe F.J., Lipkus I., Lefebvre J.C., Hurwitz H., Clipp E., Smith J., Porter L. The social context of gastrointestinal cancer pain: A preliminary study examining the relation of patient pain catastrophizing to patient perceptions of social support and caregiver stress and negative responses. Pain 2003, 103:151-156. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00447-5.
189. Kikusui T., Winslow J.T., Mori Y. Social buffering: Relief from stress and anxiety. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B: Biological Sciences 2006, 361:2215-2228. 10.1098/rstb.2006.1941.
190. Kleck R.E., Vaughan R.C., Cartwright-Smith J., Burns J., Vaughan K.B., Colby C.A., Lanzetta J.T. Effects of being observed on expressive, subjective, and physiological responses to painful stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1976, 34:1211-1218. 10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1211.
191. Kong J., White N.S., Kwong K.K., Vangel M.G., Rosman I.S., Gracely R.H., Gollub R.L. Using fMRI to dissociate sensory encoding from cognitive evaluation of heat pain intensity. Human Brain Mapping 2006, 27:715-721. 10.1002/hbm.20213.
192. Kosambi D.D. Living prehistory in India. Scientific American 1967, 216:104-112. 10.1038/scientificamerican0267-104.
193. Koyama T., McHaffie J.G., Laurienti P.J., Coghill R.C. The subjective experience of pain: Where expectations become reality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2005, 102:12950-12955. 10.1073/pnas.0408576102.
194. Kulkarni B., Bentley D.E., Elliott R., Youell P., Watson A., Derbyshire S.W., Jones A.K. Attention to pain localization and unpleasantness discriminates the functions of the medial and lateral pain systems. European Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 21:3133-3142. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04098.x.
195. Kunz M., Chatelle C., Lautenbacher S., Rainville P. The relation between catastrophizing and facial responsiveness to pain. Pain 2008, 140:127-134. 10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.019.
196. Kunz, M., Chen, J. I., Vachon-Presseau, E., Lautenbacher, S., & Rainville, P. (2009). Cerebral regulation of the facial expression of pain. Paper presented at the 39th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.
197. Kunz M., Mylius V., Scharmann S., Schepelman K., Lautenbacher S. Influence of dementia on multiple components of pain. European Journal of Pain 2009, 13:317-325. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.05.001.
198. Kunz M., Mylius V., Schepelmann K., Lautenbacher S. Impact of age on the facial expression of pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2008, 64:311-318. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.010.
199. Kunz M., Scharmann S., Hemmeter U., Schepelmann K., Lautenbacher S. The facial expression of pain in patients with dementia. Pain 2007, 133:221-228. 10.1016/j.pain.2007.09.007.
200. Kupers R., Kehlet H. Brain imaging of clinical pain states: A critical review and strategies for future studies. The Lancet Neurology 2006, 5:1033-1044. 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70624-X.
201. Kurejova M., Nattenmuller U., Hildebrandt U., Selvaraj D., Stosser S., Kuner R. An improved behavioural assay demonstrates that ultrasound vocalizations constitute a reliable indicator of chronic cancer pain and neuropathic pain. Molecular Pain 2010, 6:18. 10.1186/1744-8069-6-18.
202. Labus J.S., Keefe F.J., Jensen M.P. Self-reports of pain intensity and direct observations of pain behavior: When are they correlated?. Pain 2003, 102:109-124. 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00354-8.
203. Lackner J.M., Gurtman M.B. Pain catastrophizing and interpersonal problems: A circumplex analysis of the communal coping model. Pain 2004, 110:597-604. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.04.011.
204. Lamm C., Batson D.D., Decety J. The neural substracte of human empathy: Effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2007, 19:42-58. 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42.
205. Lamm C., Nusbaum H.C., Meltzoff A.N., Decety J. What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain. PLoS One 2007, 2:e1292. 10.1371/journal.pone.0001292.
206. Langford D.J., Bailey A.L., Chanda M.L., Clarke S.E., Drummond T.E., Echols S., Mogil J.S. Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nature Methods 2010, 7:447-449. 10.1038/nmeth.1455.
207. Langford D.J., Crager S.E., Shehzad Z., Smith S.B., Sotocinal S.G., Levenstadt J.S., Mogil J.S. Social modulation of pain as evidence for empathy in mice. Science 2006, June 30, 312:1967-1970. 10.1126/science.1128322.
208. Langford D.J., Tuttle A.H., Briscoe C., Harvey-Lewis C., Baran I., Gleeson P., Mogil J.S. Varying perceived social threat modulates pain behavior in male mice. The Journal of Pain 2011, 12:125-132. 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.06.003.
209. Langford D.J., Tuttle A.H., Brown K., Deschenes S., Fischer D.B., Mutso A., Sternberg W.F. Social approach to pain in laboratory mice. Social Neuroscience 2010, 5:163-170. 10.1080/17470910903216609.
210. Larochette A.C., Chambers C.T., Craig K.D. Genuine, suppressed and faked facial expressions of pain in children. Pain 2006, 126:64-71. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.013.
211. Laurenceau J.P., Barrett L.F., Pietromonaco P.R. Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1238-1251. 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1238.
212. Lavery J.J., Foley P.J. Altruism or arousal in the rat?. Science 1963, April 12, 140:172-173. 10.1126/science.140.3563.172.
213. Levine F.M., de Simone L.L. The effects of experimenter gender on pain report in male and female subjects. Pain 1991, 44:69-72. 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90149-R.
214. Linton S.J. Do psychological factors increase the risk for back pain in the general population in both a cross-sectional and prospective analysis?. European Journal of Pain 2005, 9:355-361. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.08.002.
215. López-Martinez A.E., Esteve-Zarazaga R., Ramirez-Maestre C. Perceived social support and coping responses are independent variables explaining pain adjustment among chronic pain patients. The Journal of Pain 2008, 9:373-379. 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.12.002.
216. Lyons R.F., Langille L., Duck S.W. Difficult relationships and relationship difficulties: Relationship adaptation and chronic health problems. Relating difficulty: Processes of constructing and managing difficult interaction 2006, 203-224. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. C.D. Kirkpatrick, S.W. Duck, M.K. Foley (Eds.).
217. Lyons R., Sullivan M., Ritvo P., Coyne J. Relationships in illness and disability 1995, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
218. MacLeod C., Cohen I.L. Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguity: A text comprehension study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102:238-247. 10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.238.
219. MacLeod F., LaChapelle D., Hadjistavropoulos T., Pfeifer J. The effect of disability claimants' coping styles on judgements of pain, disability and compensation. Rehabilitation Psychology 2001, 46:417-435. 10.1037/0090-5550.46.4.417.
220. Malle B.F. How people explain behavior: A new theoretical framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1999, 3:23-48. 10.1207/s15327957pspr0301_2.
221. Malle B.F. Three puzzles of mindreading. Other minds: How humans bridge the divide between self and others 2007, 26-43. Guilford Press, New York, NY. B.F. Malle, S.D. Hodges (Eds.).
222. Martel M.O., Thibault P., Roy C., Catchlove R., Sullivan M.J. Contextual determinants of pain judgments. Pain 2008, 139:562-568. 10.1016/j.pain.2008.06.010.
223. Maruta T., Osborne D., Swanson D.W., Halling J.M. Chronic pain patients and spouses: Marital and sexual adjustment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1981, 56:307-310.
224. McCracken L.M. Social context and acceptance of chronic pain: The role of solicitous and punishing responses. Pain 2005, 113:155-159. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.10.004.
225. McMahon S., Koltzenburg M. Melzack and Wall's textbook of pain 2005, Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA. 5th ed.
226. McWilliams L.A., Asmundson G.J. The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to pain-related fear, hypervigilance, and catastrophizing. Pain 2007, 127:27-34. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.07.020.
227. Mead G.H. Mind, self, and society 1934, CUP, Chicago, IL.
228. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975, 1:277-299. 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5.
229. Melzack R. Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends in Neurosciences 1990, 13:88-92. 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90179-E.
230. Melzack R. The tragedy of needless pain. Scientific American 1990, 262:27-33. 10.1038/scientificamerican0290-27.
231. Melzack R., Casey K.L. Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain: A new conceptual model. The skin senses 1968, 423-443. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. D.R. Kenshalo (Ed.).
232. Melzack R., Katz J. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Appraisal and current status In D. Handbook of pain assessment 1999, 35-52. Guilford Press, New York, NY. 2nd ed. C. Turk, R. Melzack (Eds.).
233. Melzack R., Katz J. The gate control theory: Reaching for the brain. Pain: Psychological perspectives 2004, 13-34. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. T. Hadjistavropoulos, K.D. Craig (Eds.).
234. Melzack R., Wall P.D. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science 1965, November 19, 150:971-979. 10.1126/science.150.3699.971.
235. Melzack R., Wall P.D. The challenge of pain 1988, Penguin Books, London, England. 2nd ed.
236. Merskey H. History of pain research and management in Canada. Pain Research and Management 1998, 3:164-173.
237. Miaskowski C., Zimmer E.F., Barrett K.M., Dibble S.L., Wallhagen M. Differences in patients' and family caregivers' perceptions of the pain experience influence patient and caregiver outcomes. Pain 1997, 72:217-226. 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00037-7.
238. Mills R.S.L., Rubin K.H. Parental ideas as influences on children's social competence. Learning about relationships 1993, 98-117. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. S.W. Duck (Ed.).
239. Mogil J.S. Animal models of pain: Progress and challenges. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009, 10:283-294. 10.1038/nrn2606.
240. Mogil J.S., Crager S.E. What should we be measuring in behavioral studies of chronic pain in animals?. Pain 2004, 112:12-15. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.028.
241. Morley S., Eccleston C., Williams A.C.d.C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 1999, 80:1-13. 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00255-3.
242. Morris D.G. Sociocultural dimensions of pain management. Bonica's management of pain 2010, 133-144. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. S.M. Fishman, J.C. Ballantyne, J.P. Rathmell (Eds.).
243. Morrison I., Lloyd D., di Pellegrino G., Robets N. Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulated cortex: Is empathy a multisensory issue?. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 2004, 4:270-278. 10.3758/CABN.4.2.270.
244. Murphy S., Creed F., Jayson M.I. Psychiatric disorder and illness behaviour in rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology 1988, 27:357-363. 10.1093/rheumatology/27.5.357.
245. Murray A.D. Infant crying as an elicitor of parental behavior. Psychological Bulletin 1979, 86:191-215. 10.1037/0033-2909.86.1.191.
246. Newton-John T.R., Williams A.C. Chronic pain couples: Perceived marital interactions and pain behaviours. Pain 2006, 123:53-63. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.009.
247. Nicassio P.M., Radojevic V. Models of family functioning and their contribution to patient outcomes in chronic pain. Motivation and Emotion 1993, 17:295-316. 10.1007/BF00992224.
248. Nicholas M.K., Wilson P.H., Goyen J. Comparison of cognitive-behavioral group treatment and an alternative non-psychological treatment for chronic low back pain. Pain 1992, 48:339-347. 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90082-M.
249. Oberlander T.F., Grunau R.E., Fitzgerald C., Whitfield M.F. Does parenchymal brain injury affect biobehavioral pain responses in very low birth weight infants at 32 weeks/postconceptional age?. Pediatrics 2002, 110:570-576. 10.1542/peds.110.3.570.
250. Olsson A., Phelps E.A. Social learning of fear. Nature Neuroscience 2007, 10:1095-1102. 10.1038/nn1968.
251. Osaka N., Osaka M., Morishita M., Kondo H., Fukuyama H. A word expressing affective pain activates the anterior cingulate cortex in the human brain: An fMRI study. Behavioural Brain Research 2004, 153:123-127. 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.11.013.
252. Palermo T.M., Chambers C.T. Parent and family factors in pediatric chronic pain and disability: An integrative approach. Pain 2005, 119:1-4. 10.1016/j.pain.2005.10.027.
253. Paulsen J.S., Altmaier E.M. The effects of perceived versus enacted social support on the discriminative cue function of spouses for pain behaviors. Pain 1995, 60:103-110. 0304-3959(94)00096-W[pii].
254. Paulson M., Norberg A., Soderberg S. Living in the shadow of fibromyalgic pain: The meaning of female partners' experiences. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2003, 12:235-243. 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00733.x.
255. Perquin C.W., Hazebroek-Kampschreur A.A., Hunfeld J.A., Bohnen A.M., van Suijlekom-Smit L.W., Passchier J., van der Wouden J.C. Pain in children and adolescents: A common experience. Pain 2000, 87:51-58. S0304-3959(00)00269-4[pii].
256. Petersen S., Brulin C., Bergstrom E. Recurrent pain symptoms in young schoolchildren are often multiple. Pain 2006, 121:145-150. 10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.017.
257. Picavet H.S., Vlaeyen J.W., Schouten J.S. Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia: Predictors of chronic low back pain. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002, 156:1028-1034. 10.1093/aje/kwf136.
258. Pickering G. Age differences in clinical pain states. Pain in older persons 2005, 67-86. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. S. Gibson, D. Weiner (Eds.).
259. Pincus T., Morley S. Cognitive-processing bias in chronic pain: A review and integration. Psychological Bulletin 2001, 127:599-617. 10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.599.
260. Plesker R., Mayer V. Nonhuman primates mask signs of pain. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 2008, 47:1-4.
261. Poole G.D., Craig K.D. Judgments of genuine, supressed and faked facial expressions of pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes 1992, 63:797-805. 10.1037/0022-3514.63.5.797.
262. Preston S.D., de Waal F.B. Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2002, 25:1-20. discussion 20-71. doi:10.1.1.120.7176.
263. Price D.D. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science 2000, June 9, 288:1769-1772. 10.1126/science.288.5472.1769.
264. Prkachin K.M. The consistency of facial expressions of pain: A comparison across modalities. Pain 1992, 51:297-306. 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90213-U.
265. Prkachin K.M., Craig K.D. Influencing non-verbal expressions of pain: Signal detection analyses. Pain 1985, 21:399-409. 10.1016/0304-3959(85)90168-X.
266. Prkachin K.M., Craig K.D. Social transmission of natural variations in pain behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1987, 24:571-585. 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90039-2.
267. Prkachin K.M., Craig K.D. Expressing pain: The communication and interpretation of facial pain signals. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 1995, 19:191-205. 10.1007/BF02173080.
268. Prkachin K.M., Rocha E.M. High levels of vicarious exposure bias pain judgments. The Journal of Pain 2010, 11:904-909. 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.12.015.
269. Prkachin K.M., Solomon P.E., Ross J. Underestimation of pain by health care-providers: Towards a model of the process of inferring pain in others. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 2007, 39:88-106.
270. Proctor W.R., Hirdes J.P. Pain and cognitive status among nursing home residents in Canada. Pain Research & Management 2001, 6:119-125.
271. Raber P., Devor M. Social variables affect phenotype in the neuroma model of neuropathic pain. Pain 2002, 97:139-150. 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00013-1.
272. Rainville P. Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 2002, 12:195-204. S0959438802003136[pii].
273. Rainville P., Doucet J.C., Fortin M.C., Duncan G.H. Rapid deterioration of pain sensory-discriminative information in short-term memory. Pain 2004, 110:605-615. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.04.024.
274. Rainville P., Duncan G.H., Price D.D., Carrier B., Bushnell M.C. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science 1997, August 15, 277:968-971. 10.1126/science.277.5328.968.
275. Rashiq D., Schopflocher D., Taenzer P., Jonsson E. Chronic pain: A health policy perspective 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, Germany.
276. Reis H., Shaver P. Intimacy as an interpersonal process. Handbook of interpersonal relationships 1988, 367-389. Wiley, Chichester, England. S. Duck (Ed.).
277. Rice G.E., Gainer P. " Altruism" in the albino rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1962, 55:123-125. 10.1037/h0042276.
278. Rinn W.E. The neuropsychology of facial expression: A review of the neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial expressions. Psychological Bulletin 1984, 95:52-77. 10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.52.
279. Robinson M.E., Riley J.L.I. Models of pain. Handbook of pain syndromes: Biopsychosocial perspectives 1999, 23-40. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. A.R. Block, E.F. Kremer, E. Fernandez (Eds.).
280. Romano J.M., Jensen M.P., Turner J.A., Good A.B., Hops H. Chronic pain patient-partner interactions: Further support for a behavioral model of chronic pain. Behavior Therapy 2000, 31:415-440. 10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80023-4.
281. Romano J.M., Turner J.A., Friedman L.S., Bulcroft R.A. Observational assessment of chronic pain patient-spouse behavioral interactions. Behavior Therapy 1991, 22:549-567. 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80345-4.
282. Romano J.M., Turner J.A., Friedman L.S., Bulcroft R.A., Jensen M.P., Hops H., Wright S.F. Sequential analysis of chronic pain behaviors and spouse responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992, 60:777-782. 10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.777.
283. Romano J.M., Turner J.A., Jensen M.P., Friedman L.S., Bulcroft R.A., Hops H., Wright S.F. Chronic pain patient-spouse behavioral interactions predict patient disability. Pain 1995, 63:353-360. 0304395995000623[pii].
284. Rosenthal R. Conducting judgement studies. Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research 1982, 287-361. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. K. Scherer, P. Ekman (Eds.).
285. Rowat K.M., Knafl K.A. Living with chronic pain: The spouse's perspective. Pain 1985, 23:259-271. 10.1016/0304-3959(85)90104-6.
286. Saarela M.V., Hlushchuk Y., Williams A.C., Schurmann M., Kalso E., Hari R. The compassionate brain: Humans detect intensity of pain from another's face. Cerebral Cortex 2007, 17:230-237. 10.1093/cercor/bhj141.
287. Schiavenato M., Craig K.D. Pain assessment as a social transaction: Beyond the " gold standard. " The Clinical Journal of Pain 2010, 26:667-676.
288. Schofield C.A., Coles M.E., Gibb B.E. Social anxiety and interpretation biases for facial displays of emotion: Emotion detection and ratings of social cost. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:2950-2963. 10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.006.
289. Shotter J. Social accountability and selfhood 1984, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, England.
290. Simon D., Craig K.D., Gosselin F., Belin P., Rainville P. Recognition and discrimination of prototypical dynamic expressions of pain and emotions. Pain 2007, 135:55-64. 0.1016/j.pain.2007.05.008.
291. Simon D., Craig K.D., Miltner W.H., Rainville P. Brain responses to dynamic facial expressions of pain. Pain 2006, 126:309-318. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.033.
292. Singer T., Seymour B., O'Doherty J., Kaube H., Dolan R.J., Frith C.D. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004, February 20, 303:1157-1162. 10.1126/science.1093535.
293. Singer T., Seymour B., O'Doherty J.P., Stephan K.E., Dolan R.J., Frith C.D. Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature 2006, January 26, 439:466-469. 10.1038/nature04271.
294. Sneddon L.U., Braithwaite V.A., Gentle M.J. Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system. Proceedings of the Biological Sciences: The Royal Society 2003, 270:1115-1121. 10.1098/rspb.2003.2349.
295. Stanford E.A., Chambers C.T., Craig K.D. A normative analysis of the development of pain-related vocabulary in children. Pain 2005, 114:278-284. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.029.
296. Staud R., Craggs J.G., Robinson M.E., Perlstein W.M., Price D.D. Brain activity related to temporal summation of C-fiber evoked pain. Pain 2007, 129:130-142. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.10.010.
297. Stevens B.J., Johnston C.C., Horton L. Factors that influence the behavioral pain responses of premature infants. Pain 1994, 59:101-109. 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90053-1.
298. Sullivan M.J.L. Toward a biopsychomotor conceptualization of pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2008, 24:281-290. 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318164bb15.
299. Sullivan M.J.L., Adams H., Sullivan M.E. Communicative dimensions of pain catastrophizing: Social cueing effects on pain behaviour and coping. Pain 2004, 107:220-226. 10.1016/j.pain.2003.11.003.
300. Sullivan M.J.L., Bishop S.R., Pivik J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment 1995, 7:524-532. 10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.524.
301. Sullivan M.J.L., Feuerstein M., Gatchel R., Linton S.J., Pransky G. Integrating psychosocial and behavioral interventions to achieve optimal rehabilitation outcomes. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2005, 15:475-489. 10.1007/s10926-005-8029-9.
302. Sullivan M.J.L., Martel M.O., Tripp D.A., Savard A., Crombez G. Catastrophic thinking and heightened perception of pain in others. Pain 2006, 123:37-44. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.007.
303. Sullivan M.J.L., Martel M.O., Tripp D., Savard A., Crombez G. The relation between catastrophizing and the communication of pain experience. Pain 2006, 122:282-288. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.001.
304. Sullivan M.J.L., Stanish W.D. Psychologically based occupational rehabilitation: The Pain-Disability Prevention Program. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2003, 19:97-104. 10.1097/00002508-200303000-00004.
305. Sullivan M.J.L., Thibault P., Savard A., Catchlove R., Kozey J., Stanish W.D. The influence of communication goals and physical demands on different dimensions of pain behavior. Pain 2006, 125:270-277. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.019.
306. Sullivan M.J.L., Thorn B., Haythornthwaite J., Keefe F., Martin M., Bradley L., Lefebvre J.C. Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain 2001, 17:52-64. 10.1097/00002508-200103000-00008.
307. Sullivan M.J.L., Tripp D., Santor D. Gender differences in pain and pain behavior: The role of catastrophizing. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2000, 24:121-134. 10.1023/A:1005459110063.
308. Tait R.C., Chibnall J.T., Kalauokalani D. Provider judgements of patients in pain: Seeking symptom certainty. Pain Medicine 2009, 10:11-34. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2008.00527.x.
309. Taylor S.E., Klein L.C., Lewis B.P., Gruenewald T.L., Gurung R.A., Updegraff J.A. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review 2000, 107:411-429. 10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411.
310. Thibault P., Loisel P., Durand M.J., Catchlove R., Sullivan M.J. Psychological predictors of pain expression and activity intolerance in chronic pain patients. Pain 2008, 139:47-54. 10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.029.
311. Tooby J., Cosmides L. Friendship and the banker's paradox: Other pathways to the evolution of adaptations for altruism. Proceedings of the British Academy 1996, 88:119-143.
312. Turk D.C., Meichenbaum D., Genest M. Pain and behavioral medicine: A cognitive-behavioral perspective 1983, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
313. Turk D.C., Okifuji A.O. Psychological factors in chronic pain: Evolution and revolution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002, 70:678-690. 10.1037/0022-006X.70.3.678.
314. Turner R.J., Noh S. Physical disability and depression: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1988, 29:23-37. 10.2307/2137178.
315. Valeriani M., Betti V., Le Pera D., De Armas L., Miliucci R., Restuccia D., Aglioti S.M. Seeing the pain of others while being in pain: A laser-evoked potentials study. NeuroImage 2008, 40:1419-1428. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.056.
316. Van Damme S., Crombez G., Lorenz J. Pain draws visual attention to its location: Experimental evidence for a threat-related bias. The Journal of Pain 2007, 8:976-982. 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.07.005.
317. Verbunt J.A., Sieben J., Vlaeyen J.W., Portegijs P., Knottnerus A.J. A new episode of low back pain: Who relies on bed rest?. European Journal of Pain 2008, 12:508-516. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.08.001.
318. Vervoort T., Craig K.D., Goubert L., Dehoorne J., Joos R., Matthys D., Crombez G. Expressive dimensions of pain catastrophizing: A comparative analysis of school children and children with clinical pain. Pain 2008, 134:59-68. 10.1016/j.pain.2007.03.038.
319. Vervoort T., Goubert L., Crombez G. The relationship between high catastrophizing children's facial display of pain and parental judgment of their child's pain. Pain 2009, 142:142-148. 10.1016/j.pain.2008.12.028.
320. Vervoort T., Goubert L., Eccleston C., Vandenhende M., Claeys O., Clarke J., Crombez G. Expressive dimensions of pain catastrophizing: An observational study in adolescents with chronic pain. Pain 2009, 146:170-176.
321. Vervoort T., Goubert L., Eccleston C., Verhoeven K., De Clercq A., Buysse A., Crombez G. The effects of parental presence upon the facial expression of pain: The moderating role of child pain catastrophizing. Pain 2008, 138:277-285. 10.1016/j.pain.2007.12.013.
322. Vlaeyen J.W., Hanssen M., Goubert L., Vervoort T., Peters M., van Breukelen G., Morley S. Threat of pain influences social context effects on verbal pain report and facial expression. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009, 47:774-782. S0005-7967(09)00134-X[pii]10.1016/j.brat.2009.05.008.
323. Vlaeyen J.W., Linton S.J. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art. Pain 2000, 85:317-332. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00242-0.
324. von Baeyer C.L., Johnson M.E., MacMillan M.J. Consequences of nonverbal expression of pain: Patient distress and observer concern. Social Science & Medicine 1984, 19:1319-1324. 10.1016/0277-9536(84)90019-4.
325. Waddell G. A new clinical model for the treatment of low back pain. Spine 1987, 12:632-644. 10.1097/00007632-198709000-00002.
326. Waddell G. Low back disability. A syndrome of Western civilization. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 1991, 2:719-738.
327. Waddell G. Biopsychosocial analysis of low back pain. Clinical Rheumatology 1992, 6:523-557.
328. Waddell G. The back pain revolution 1998, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, Scotland.
329. Walker L.S. The evolution of research on recurrent abdominal pain: History, assumptions, and new directions. Chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents 1999, 141-172. IASP Press, Seattle, WA. P.J. McGrath, G.A. Finley (Eds.).
330. Walsh J.D., Blanchard E.B., Kremer J.M., Blanchard C.G. The psychosocial effects of rheumatoid arthritis on the patient and the well partner. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:259-271. 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00128-4.
331. Watanabe S., Ono K. An experimental analysis of " empathic" response: Effects of pain reactions of pigeon upon other pigeon's operant behavior. Behavioural Processes 1986, 13:269-277. 10.1016/0376-6357(86)90089-6.
332. Watzalawick P., Beavin J., Jackson D. Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes 1967, Norton, New York, NY.
333. Williams A.C. Facial expression of pain: An evolutionary account. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2002, 25:439-488. 10.1017/S0140525X02000080.
334. Xu X., Zuo X., Wang X., Han S. Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses. The Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:8525-8529. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2418-09.2009.
335. Yamada M., Decety J. Unconscious affective processing and empathy: An investigation of subliminal priming on the detection of painful facial expressions. Pain 2009, 143:71-75. 10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.028.
336. Yang C.Y., Decety J., Lee S., Chen C., Cheng Y. Gender differences in the mu rhythm during empathy for pain: An electroencephalographic study. Brain Research 2009, 1251:176-184. 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.062.
337. Yong H.H., Gibson S.J., Horne D.J., Helme R.D. Development of a pain attitudes questionnaire to assess stoicism and cautiousness for possible age differences. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2001, 56:P279-P284. 10.1093/geronb/56.5.P279.
338. Zeman J., Garber J. Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: It depends on who is watching. Child Development 1996, 67:957-973. 10.2307/1131873.
339. Zeskind P.S., Sale J., Maio M.L., Huntington L., Weiseman J.R. Adult perceptions of pain and hunger cries: A synchrony of arousal. Child Development 1985, 56:549-554. 10.2307/1129744.