A review of age differences in the neurophysiology of nociception and the perceptual experience of pain

Clinical Journal of Pain

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 227-239

  Gibson, Stephen J ^a,b   Farrell, Michael ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b NATIONAL AGEING RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Age differences; Endogenous analgesic systems; Nociception; Pain pathophysiology; Pain threshold

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ANALGESIA; COPING BEHAVIOR; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAIN THRESHOLD; PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; AGE FACTORS; AGING; HUMANS; HYPERALGESIA; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NOCICEPTORS; PAIN; PAIN THRESHOLD; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOPHYSICS;

EID: 3042567028     PISSN: 07498047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200407000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Birren JE, Schroots JF. History, concepts, and theory in the psychology of aging. In: Birren JE, Schaie KW, eds. Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. 4th ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 1995:3-23.
2. Craig AD. The functional anatomy of lamina 1 and its role in post-stroke central pain. Prog Brain Res. 2000;129:137-151.
3. Verdu E, Ceballos D, Vilches JJ, et al. Influence of aging on peripheral nerve function and regeneration. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2000;5:191-208.
4. Ochoa J, Mair WGP. The normal sural nerve in man. 11. Changes in the axon and schwann cells due to ageing. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1969; 13:217-239.
5. O'Sullivan DJ, Swallow M. The fibre size and content of the radial and sural nerves. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1968;31:464-470.
6. Rafalowska J, Drac H, Roeinska K. Histological and electrophysiological changes of the lower motor neuron with aging. Polish Medical Science and Histology Bulletin. 1976;15:271-280.
7. Jacobs JM, Love S. Qualitative and quantitative morphology of human sural nerve at different ages. Brain. 1985;108:897-924.
8. Perl ER, Boivie JG. Neural substrates of somatic sensation. In: Hunt CC, ed. Neurophysiology. London: Butterworths; 1975:151-184.
9. Abdel-Rahman TA, Cowen T. Neurodegeneration in sweat glands and skin of aged rats. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1993;46:55-63.
10. Drac H, Babiuch M, Wisniewska W. Morphological and biochemical changes in peripheral nerves with aging. Neuropathologia Polska. 1991; 29:49-67.
11. Knox CA, Kokmen E, Dyck PJ. Morphometric alteration of rat myelinated fibres with aging. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1989;48:119-139.
12. Kakigi R. The effect of aging on somatosensory evoked potentials following stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1987;68:227-286.
13. Alder G, Nacimiento AC. Age-dependent changes in short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in healthy adults. Appl Neurophysiol. 1988;51:55-59.
14. Helme RD, McKernan S. Flare responses in man following topical application of capsaicin. In: Chahl LA, Szolcsanyi J, Lembeck F, eds. Antidromic Vasodilatation and Neurogenic Inflammation. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado; 1984:303-315.
15. Khalil Z, Ralevic V, Bassirat M, et al. Effects of ageing on sensory nerve function in rat skin. Brain Res. 1994;641:265-272.
16. Fried K. Changes in pupal nerves with aging. Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1992;88(suppl. 1):517-528.
17. Matsuda H. Changes in neuropeptides in the mouse nasal mucosa with aging. Biomed Res. 1995;16:229-234.
18. Li Y, Duckles SP. Effect of age on vascular content of calcitonin gene-related peptide and mesenteric vasodilator nerve activity in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993;236:373-378.
19. Fernandez HL, Hodges-Savola CA. Axoplasmic transport of calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat peripheral nerve as a function of age. Neurochem Res. 1994;19:1369-1377.
20. Bergman E, Johnson H, Zhang X, et al. Neuropeptides and neurotrophin receptor mRNAs in primary sensory neurons of aged rats. J Comp Neurol. 1996;375:303-319.
21. Chakour M, Gibson SJ, Bradbeer M, et al. The effect of age on A delta and C fibre thermal pain perception. Pain. 1996;64:143-152.
22. Prineas JW, Spencer PS. Pathology of the nerve cell body in disorders of the peripheral nervous system. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH, eds. Peripheral Neuropathy. Philadelphia: W B Saunders; 1975:253-295.
23. Ko ML, King MA, Gordon TL, et al. The effects of aging on spinal neurochemistry in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 1997;42:95-98.
24. Hukkanen M, Platts LA, Corbett SA, et al. Reciprocal age-related changes in GAP-43/B-50, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in rat primary sensory neurones and their terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and subintima of the knee synovium. Neurosci Res. 2002;42:251-260.
25. Iwata K, Fukuoka T, Kondo E, et al. Plastic changes in nociceptive transmission of the rat spinal cord with advancing age. J Neurophysiol. 2002; 87:1086-1093.
26. Laporte AM, Doyen C, Nevo IT, et al. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors in the aged human spinal cord. J Chem Neuroanat. 1996;11:67-75.
27. Iwata K, Kanda K, Tsuboi Y, et al. Fos induction in the medullary dorsal horn and C1 segment of the spinal cord by acute inflammation in aged rats. Brain Res. 1995;678:127-139.
28. Ma W, Bisby MA. Increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the axonal fibers of the gracile nuclei of adult and aged rats after complete and partial sciatic nerve injuries. Exp Neurol. 1998;152: 137-149.
29. Ma W, Bisby MA. Partial sciatic nerve ligation induced more dramatic increase of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive axonal fibers in the gracile nucleus of middle-aged rats than in young adult rats. J Neurosci Res. 2000;60:520-530.
30. Pakkenberg B, Gundersen HJ. Neocortical neuron number in humans: effect of sex and age. J Comp Neurol. 1997;384:312-320.
31. Robinson DS. Changes in MAO and monoamines with human development. Fed Proc. 1975;34:103-107.
32. Grote SS, Moses SG, Robins E, et al. A study of selected catecholamine metabolising enzymes: a comparison of depressive suicides and alcoholic suicides with controls. J Neurochem. 1974;23:791-802.
33. McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Neurotransmitter metabolism in the ageing brain. In: Terry RD, Gershon S, eds. Neurobiology of Aging. New York: Raven Press; 1976:389-401.
34. Barili P, De Carolis G, Zaccheo D, et al. Sensitivity to ageing of the limbic dopaminergic system: a review. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998;106: 57-92.
35. Spokes GS. An analysis of factors influencing measurements of dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetylase in human post mortem brain tissue. Brain. 1979;102:333-346.
36. Amenta F, Zaccheo D, Collier WL. Neurotransmitters, neuroreceptors and aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 1991;61:249-273.
37. Kakiuchi T, Nishiyama S, Sato K, et al. Age-related reduction of [11C]MDL100,907 binding to central 5-HT(2A) receptors: PET study in the conscious monkey brain. Brain Res. 2000;883:135-142.
38. Sheline YI, Mintun MA, Moerlein SM, et al. Greater loss of 5-HT(2A) receptors in midlife than in late life. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:430-435.
39. Buck SH, Burks TF, Yamamura HL. Neuropeptide alterations in the central nervous system in aging. Gerontology. 1982;28(suppl. 1):25-34.
40. Mileusnic D, Magnuson DJ, Hejna MJ, et al. Age and species-dependent differences in the neurokinin B system in rat and human brain. Neurobiol Aging. 1999;20:19-35.
41. Gottfries CG. Amine metabolism in normal ageing and in dementia disorders. In: Roberts PJ, ed. Biochemistry of Dementia. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1980:213-239.
42. Rogers J, Bloom FE. Neurotransmitter metabolism and function in the aging nervous system. In: Finch CE, Schnieder EL, eds. Handbook of the Biology of Aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1985:645-662.
43. White P, Hiley CR, Goodhardt MH, et al. Neocortical cholinergic neurons in elderly people. Lancet. 1977;1:668-670.
44. De Kosky ST, Scheff SW, Markesbery WR. Laminar organisation of cholinergic circuits in human frontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Neurology. 1985;35:1425-1431.
45. Marcusson J, Morgan DG, Winblad B, et al. Serotonin-2 binding sites in human frontal cortex and hyppocampus: selective loss of s-2A sites with age. Brain Res. 1984;311:51-56.
46. Wong DF, Wagner HNJ, Dannals RF, et al. Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by Positron Tomography in the living human brain. Science. 1984;226:1393-1396.
47. Segovia G, Del Arco A, Prieto L, et al. Glutamate-glutamine cycle and aging in striatum of the awake rat: effects of a glutamate transporter blocker. Neurochem Res. 2001;26:37-41.
48. Grachev ID, Swarnkar A, Szeverenyi NM, et al. Aging alters the multichemical networking profile of the human brain: an in vivo (1)H-MRS study of young versus middle-aged subjects. J Neurochem. 2001;77: 292-303.
49. Grachev ID, Fredrickson BE, Apkarian AV. Abnormal brain chemistry in chronic back pain: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Pain. 2000;89:7-18.
50. Hunt TE. Pain and the aged patient. In: Smith WL, Mersky H, Gross SC, eds. Pain: Meaning and Measurement. New York: S P Medical & Scientific; 1980:143-157.
51. Burchinsky SG. Changes in the functional interactions of neurotransmitter systems during aging: neurochemical and clinical aspects: a review. J Clin Exp Gerontol. 1985;7:1-30.
52. Kwentus JA, Harkins SW, Lignon N, et al. Current concepts of geriatic pain and its treatment. Geriatrics. 1985;40:48-57.
53. Gibson SJ, Helme RD. Age differences in pain perception and report: a review of physiological, psychological laboratory and clinical studies. Pain Rev. 1995;2:111-137.
54. Watkins LR, Mayer DJ. The neural organisation of endogenous opiate and nonopiate pain control systems. Science. 1982;216:1185-1192.
55. Watkins LR, Mayer DJ. Multiple endogenous opiate and non-opiate analgesia systems: evidence for their existence and clinical applications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1986;467:273-299.
56. Hamm RJ, Knisely JS. Environmentally-induced analgesia: an age-related decline in a neurally-mediated, nonopioid system. Psychol Aging. 1986;1:195-201.
57. Hamm RJ, Knisely JS. Environmentally induced analgesia: an age-related decline in an endogenous opioid system. J Gerontol. 1985;40: 268-274. 559.
58. Bodnar RJ, Romero MT, Kramer E. Organismic variables and pain inhibition: roles of gender and aging. Brain Res Bull. 1988;21:947-953.
59. Knisely JS, Hamm RJ. Physostigmine-induced analgesia in young, middle-aged, and senescent rats. Exp Aging Res. 1989;15:3-11.
60. Hamm RJ, Knisely JS. The analgesia produced by food deprivation in 4-month old, 14-month old and 24-month old rats. Life Sci. 1986;39: 1509-1515.
61. Girardot MN, Holloway FA. Effect of age and long-term stress experience on adaptation to stress analgesia in mature rats: role of opioids. Behav Neurosci. 1985;99:411-422.
62. Kramer E, Bodnar RJ. Age-related decrements in the analgesic response to cold water swims. Physiol Behav. 1986;36:875-880.
63. Hamm RJ, Knisely JS, Watson A. Environmentally-induced analgesia: age related differences in a hormonally-mediated, nonopioid system. J Gerontol. 1986;41:336-341.
64. Washington LL, Gibson SJ, Helme RD. Age-related differences in the endogenous analgesic response to repeated cold water immersion in human volunteers. Pain. 2000;89:89-96.
65. Chapman CR, Casey KL, Dubner R, et al. Pain measurement: an overview. Pain. 1985;22:1-31.
66. Gracely RH, Lota L, Walter DJ, et al. A multiple random staircase method of psychophysical pain assessment. Pain. 1988;32:55-63.
67. Lautenbacher S, Nielsen J, Bar S, et al. Pain processing and somatosensation in young and elderly individuals. In: Abstracts of the 10th IASP World Congress on Pain; August 17-22, 2002; San Diego, CA.
68. Pickering G, Jourdan D, Eschalier A, et al. Impact of age, gender and cognitive functioning on pain perception. Gerontology. 2002;48:112-118.
69. Collins LG, Stone LA. Pain sensitivity, age and activity level in chronic schizophrenics and in normals. Br J Psychiatry. 1966;112:33-35.
70. Sakamoto M, Sugasawa M, Kaga K, et al. Average thresholds in the 8 to 20 kHz range as a function of age. Scand Audiol. 1998;27:189-192.
71. Mojet J, Christ-Hazelhof E, Heidema J. Taste perception with age: generic or specific losses in threshold sensitivity to the five basic tastes? Chem Senses. 2001;26:845-860.
72. Grove GL. Physiologic changes in older skin. Clin Geriatr Med. 1989;5: 115-125.
73. Kaminer MS, Gilchrest BA. Aging of the skin. In: Hazzard WR, Bierman EL, Blass JP, et al, eds. Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill Inc; 1994:411-429.
74. Procaci P, Della Corte M, Zoppi M, et al. Pain threshold measurement in man. In: Bonica JJ, Procaci P, Pagoni C, eds. Recent Advances on Pain: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1974.
75. Cauna N. The effects of aging on the receptor organs of the human dermis. Adv Biol Skin. 1965;6:63-96.
76. Meliala A, Gibson SJ, Helme RD. The effect of stimulation site on the detection and pain thresholds in young and older adults. In: Abstracts of the 9th IASP World Congress on Pain; August 22-27,1999; Vienna, Austria.
77. Lautenbacher S, Strian F. Similarities in age differences in heat pain perception and thermal sensitivity. Funct Neurol. 1991;6:129-135.
78. Cain WS, Spatial discrimination of warmth. Am J Psychol. 1973;86: 169-181.
79. Mertz H, Fullerton S, Naliboff B, et al. Symptoms and visceral perception in severe functional and organic dyspepsia. Gut. 1998;42:814-822.
80. Lasch H, Castell DO, Castell JA. Evidence for diminished visceral pain with aging: studies using graded intraeophageal ballon distension. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:g1-g3.
81. Farrell MJ, Gorman MM, McMeeken J, et al. Validation of a mechanical stimulator. XIIth World Congress of the International Federation of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1995:12.
82. Handwerker HO, Adriaesen H, Gybels J, et al. Nocieptor discharges and pain sensations: results and questions. In: Bromm B, ed. Neurophysiological Correlates of Pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 1984:55-64.
83. Willis WD. From nociceptor to cortical activity. In: Bromm B, Desmedt JE, eds. Pain and the Brain: From Nociception to Cognition. New York: Raven Press; 1995:1-19.
84. Khalili N, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Kennedy WR, et al. Influence of thermode size for detecting heat pain dysfunction in a capsaicin model of epidermal nerve fiber loss. Pain. 2001;91:241-250.
85. Gibson SJ, LeVasseur SA, Helme RD. Cerebral event-related responses induced by CO2 laser stimulation in subjects suffering from cervicobrachial brachial syndrome. Pain. 1991;47:173-182.
86. Helme RD, Farrell MJ, Meliala A, et al. Decreasing stimulus duration accentuates ageing differences in pain threshold. In: Abstracts from the 9th IASP World Congress on Pain; August 17-22, 2002; San Diego, CA.
87. Scudds RJ, Scudds RA. A comparison of hot and cold pain thresholds between young subjects and young-elderly, middle-elderly and old-elderly subjects. In: Abstracts from the 9th IASP World Congress on Pain; August 22-27, 1999; Vienna, Austria. 560.
88. Harkins SW, Price DD, Martelli M. Effects of age on pain perception: thermonociception. J Gerontol. 1986;41:58-63.
89. Kenshalo DR. Somesthetic sensitivity in young and elderly humans. J Gerontol. 1986;41:732-742.
90. Meh D, Denislic M. Quantitative assessment of thermal and pain sensitivity. J Neurol Sci. 1994;127:164-169.
91. Yarnitsky D, Sprecher E, Zaslansky R, et al. Heat pain thresholds: normative data and repeatability. Pain. 1995;60:329-332.
92. Liou JT, Lui PW, Lo YL, et al. Normative data of quantitative thermal and vibratory thresholds in normal subjects in Taiwan: gender and age effect. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1999;62:431-437.
93. Edwards RR, Fillingim RB. Age-associated differences in responses to noxious stimuli. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M180-M185.
94. Yong HH, Gibon SJ, Horne DJ, et al. Development of a pain attitudes questionnaire to assess stoicism and cautiousness for possible age differences. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2001;56:P279-P284.
95. Harkins SW, Chapman CR. The perception of induced dental pain in young and elderly women. J Gerontol. 1977;32:428-435.
96. Harkins SW, Chapman CR. Detection and decision factors in pain perception in young and elderly men. Pain. 1976;2:253-264.
97. Clark WC, Mehl L. Thermal pain: a sensory decision theory analysis of the effect of age and sex on d', various response criteria, and 50% pain threshold. J Abnorm Psychol. 1971;78:202-212.
98. Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivational and central control determinants of pain. In: Kenshalo DR, ed. The Skin Senses. Springfield: C C Thomas; 1968:423-443.
99. Price DD. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science. 2000;288:1769-1772.
100. Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD, et al. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science. 1997;277: 968-971.
101. Tolle TR, Kaufmann T, Siessmeier T, et al. Region-specific encoding of sensory and affective components of pain in the human brain: a positron emission tomography correlation analysis. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:40-47.
102. Neumann W, Kugler J, Seelbach H, et al. Effects of nondirective suggestions on pain tolerance, pain threshold and pain intensity perception. Percept Mot Skills. 1997;84(3 Pt 1):963-966.
103. van den Hout JH, Vlaeyen JW, Peters ML, et al. Does failure hurt? The effects of failure feedback on pain report, pain tolerance and pain avoidance. EurJPain. 2000;4:335-346.
104. de Wied M, Verbaten MN. Affective pictures processing, attention, and pain tolerance. Pain. 2001;90:163-172.
105. Edwards RR, Doleys DM, Fillingim RB, et al. Ethnic differences in pain tolerance: clinical implications in a chronic pain population. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:316-323.
106. Weisenberg M, Tepper I, Schwarzwald J. Humor as a cognitive technique for increasing pain tolerance. Pain. 1995;63:207-212.
107. Neri M, Agazzani E. Aging and right-left asymmetry in experimental pain measurement. Pain. 1984;19:43-48.
108. Walsh NE, Schoenfeld L, Ramamurthy S, et al. Normative model for cold pressor test. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;68:6-11.
109. Woodrow KM, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB, et al. Pain tolerance: differences according to age, sex and race. Psychosom Med. 1972;34:548-556.
110. Gagliese L, Melzack R. Age differences in nociception and pain behaviours in the rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000;24:843-854.
111. Novak JC, Lovell JA, Stuesse SL, et al. Aging and neuropathic pain. Brain Res. 1999;833:308-310.
112. Cruce WL, Lovell JA, Crisp T, et al. Effect of aging on the substance P receptor, NK-1, in the spinal cord of rats with peripheral nerve injury. Somatosens Mot Res. 2001;18:66-75.
113. Maggi CA, Meli A. The sensory-efferent function of capsaicin sensitive sensory neurons. Gen Pharmacol. 1988;19:1-43.
114. Khalil Z, Khodr B. A role for free radicals and nitric oxide in delayed recovery in aged rats with chronic constriction nerve injury. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;31:430-439.
115. Levine JD, Coderre TJ, Basbaum AI. The peripheral nervous system and the inflammatory process. In: Dubner R, Gebhart GF, Bond MR, eds. Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 1988:33-43.
116. Helme RD, McKernan S. Neurogenic flare responses following topical application of capsaicin in humans. Ann Neurol. 1985;18:505-509.
117. Morris GC, Gibson SJ, Helme RD. Capsaicin-induced flare and vasodilatation in patients with post herpetic neuralgia. Pain. 1995;63:93-101.
118. Zheng Z, Gibson SJ, Khalil Z, et al. Age-related differences in the time course of capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. Pain. 2000;85:51-58.
119. Khalil Z, Helme R. Sensory peptides as neuromodulators of wound healing in aged rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51:B354-B361.
120. Woolf CJ. Windup and central sensitization are not equivalent. Pain. 1996;66:105-108.
121. Harkins SW, Davis MD, Bush FM, et al. Suppression of first pain and slow temporal summation of second pain in relation to age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51:M260-M265.
122. Edwards RR, Fillingim RB. Effects of age on temporal summation and habituation of thermal pain: clinical relevance in healthy older and younger adults. J of Pain. 2001;2:307-317.
123. Gibson SJ, Chang WC, Farrell MJ. Age interacts with frequency in the temporal summation of painful electrical stimuli. In: Abstracts from the 9th IASP World Congress on Pain; August 17-22, 2002; San Diego, CA.
124. Chapman WP. Measurements of pain sensitivity in normal control subjects and in psychoneurotic patients. Psychosom Med. 1944;6:252-255.
125. Chapman BW, Jones CM. Variations in cutaneous and visceral pain sensitivity in normal subjects. J Clin Invest. 1944;23:81-91.
126. Hall KRL, Stride E. The varying response to pain in psychiatric disorders: a study in abnormal psychology. Br J Med Psychiatry. 1954;27:48.
127. Sherman ED, Robillard E. Sensitivity to pain in the aged. Can Med Assoc J. 1960;83:944-947.
128. Schuldermann E, Zubek JP. Effect of age on pain sensitivity. Percept Mot Skills. 1962;14:295-301.
129. Sherman ED, Robillard E. Sensitivity to pain in relationship to age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1964;12:1037-1044.
130. Procacci P. A study of the cutaneous pricking pain threshold in normal man. In: Soulairac A, Cahn J, Charpentier J, eds. Pain. London: Academic Press; 1968:223-224.
131. Procacci P, Bozza G, Buzzelli G, et al. The cutaneous pricking pain threshold in old age. Gerontol Clin. 1970;12:213-218.
132. Procacci P. Methods for the study of pain threshold in man. In: Bonica JJ, Liebeskind JC, Albe-Fessard DG, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol. 3. New York: Raven Press; 1979:781-790.
133. Tremblay N, Allard N, Veillette Y. Effect of age on pain perception: preliminary results. In: Abstracts from the 7th IASP World Congress on Pain. 1993:98.
134. Heft MW, Cooper BY, O'Brien KK, et al. Aging effects on the perception of noxious and non-noxious thermal stimuli applied to the face. Aging Clin Exp Res. 1996;8:35-41.
135. Dyck PJ, Karnes J, O'Brien PC, et al. Detection thresholds of cutaneous sensation in humans. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH, et al, eds. Peripheral Neuropathy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1984:1103-1138.
136. Schumacher GA, Goodell H, Hardy JD, et al. Uniformity of the pain threshold in man. Science. 1940;92:110-112.
137. Hardy JD, Wolff HG, Goodell H. The pain threshold in man. Am J Psychiatry. 1943;99:744-751.
138. Birren JE, Schapiro HB, Miller JH. The effect of salicylate upon pain sensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1950;100:61-71.
139. Jensen R, Rasmussen BK, Pedersen B, et al. Cephalic muscle tenderness and pressure pain threshold in a general population. Pain. 1992;48:197-203.
140. Tucker MA, Andrew MF, Ogle SJ, et al. Age-associated change in pain threshold measured by transcutaneous neuronal electrical stimulation. Age Ageing. 1989;18:241-246.
141. Mumford JM. Pain perception threshold and adaptation of normal human teeth. Arch Oral Biol. 1965;10:957-968.
142. Mumford JM. Pain perception in man on electrically stimulating the teeth. In: Soulairac A, Cahn J, Charpentier J, eds. Pain. London: Academic Press; 1968:224-229.
143. Harkins SW, Chapman CR. Age and sex differences in pain perception. In: Anderson B, Matthews B, eds. Pain in the Trigeminal Region. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press; 1977:435-441.
144. Notermans SLH. Measurement of pain threshold determined by electrical stimulation and its clinical application. Part 1. Method and factors possibly influencing the pain threshold. Neurology. 1966;16:1071-1086.
145. Laitinen LV, Eriksson AT. Electrical stimulation in the measurement of cutaneous sensibility. Pain. 1985;22:139-150.
146. Lucantoni C, Marinelli S, Refe A, et al. Course of pain sensitivity in aging: pathological aspects of silent cardiopathy. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1997;24:281-286.