Shadows of the truth in patients with spinal pain: A review

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 44-48

  Giles, Lynton G F ^a,b   Crawford, Colin M ^a  

^a TOWNSVILLE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

diagnosis; histopathology; imaging; malingering; pain; spine

Indexed keywords

BACKACHE; HUMAN; MALINGERING; PSYCHOGENESIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0030937096     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674379704200106     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Kirkaldy-Willis WH. The site and nature of the lesion. In: Kirkaldy-Willis WH, editor. Managing low back pain. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1988. p 133-54.
2. Huskisson EC. Back pain. In: Kumar PJ, Clark ML, editors. Clinical medicine: a text-book for medical students and doctors. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1990. p 410.
3. Deyo RA, Tsui-Wu Y-J. Descriptive epidemiology of low back pain and its related medical care in the United States. Spine 1987;12:264-8.
4. Murtagh JE. The non pharmacological treatment of back pain. Australian Prescriber 1994;17:9-12.
5. Althoff I, Brinckmann P, Frobin W, Sandover J, Burton K. An improved method of stature measurement for quantitative determination of spinal loading. Spine 1992;17:682-93.
6. Meade TW, Dyer S, Brown W, Townsend T, Frank AO. Low back pain of mechanical origin: randomised comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient treatment. BMJ 1990;300:1431-7.
7. Meade TW, Dyer S, Brown W, Frank AO. Randomised comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient management for low back pain: results from extended follow up. BMJ 1995;311:349-51.
8. Frymoyer JW, Cats-Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22:263-71.
9. Werneke MW, Harris DE, Lichter RL. Clinical effectiveness of behavioral signs for screening chronic low-back pain patients in a work-oriented physical rehabilitation program. Spine 1993;18:2412-8.
10. Allan DB, Waddell G. An historical perspective on low back pain and disability. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1989;234:1-23.
11. Nachemson AL. Spinal disorders: overall impact on society and the need for orthopedic resources. Acta Orthop Scand 1991;62:17-22.
12. Ghormley RK. An etiologic study of back pain. Radiology 1958;70:549-52.
13. Peters D, Davies P, Pietroni P. Musculoskeletal clinic in general practice: study of one year's referrals. Br J Gen Pract 1944;44:25-9.
14. Tyrer SP. Basic concepts of pain. In: Tyrer SP, editor. Psychology, psychiatry and chronic pain. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992. p 3-15.
15. Merskey H, Chandarana P. Chronic pain problems and psychiatry. In: Tyrer SP, editor. Psychology, Psychiatry and chronic pain. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992. p 45-56.
16. Mendelson G. 'Compensation neurosis': an invalid diagnosis. Med J Aust 1985; 142:561-4.
17. Herron L, Turner J, Weiner P. Does the MMPI predict chemonucleolysis outcome? Spine 1988;143:84-7.
18. Leavitt F, Garron DC, McNeill TW, and others. Organic status, psychological disturbance, and pain characteristics in low-back pain patients on compensation. Spine 1982;7:398-102.
19. Pelz M, Merskey HA. A description of the psychological effects of chronic painful lesions. Pain 1982;14:293-301.
20. Melzack R, Katz J, Jeans ME. The role of compensation in chronic pain: analysis using a new method of scoring the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 1985; 23:101-12.
21. Mendelson G. Measurement of conscious symptom exaggeration by questionnaire: a clinical study. J Psychosom Res 1987;31:703-11.
22. Hewson D, Halcrow J, Brown CS. Compensable back pain and migrants. Med J Aust 1987;147:280-4.
23. Resnick P. Malingering. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 1994;5:1-4.
24. Lilius G. Ryggrehabilitering i Finlan - effekt pa sjukskrivning och. Nord Med 1993;108:319-20.
25. Waddell G, Pilowsky I, Bond M. Clinical assessment and interpretation of abnormal illness behaviour in low back pain. Pain 1989;39:41.
26. Haldeman S. Why one cause of back pain? In: Buerger AA, Tobis TS, editors. Approaches to the validation of manipulation therapy. Springfield (IL): Charles C Thomas; 1977. p 187-97.
27. El-Khoury GY, Renfrew DL. Percutaneous procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of lower back pain: diskography, facet-joint injection, and epidural injection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991;157:685-91.
28. Deyo RA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine: terrific test or tar baby [editorial]? N Engl J Med 1994;331:115-6.
29. MacMillan J, Schaffer JL, Kambin P. Routes and incidence of communication of lumbar discs with surrounding neural structures. Spine 1991;16:167-71.
30. Merz B. The honeymoon is over: spinal surgeons begin to divorce themselves from chemonucleolysis. JAMA 1986;256:317-9.
31. Watts C, Dickhaus E. Chemonucleolysis: a note of caution. Surg Neurol 1986; 26:236-7.
32. Bernard TN. Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. In: Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Burton CV, editors. Managing low back pain. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1992. p 149-70.
33. Mixter WJ, Barr JS. Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal. N Engl J Med 1934;211:210-5.
34. Crock HV. Isolated lumbar disk resorption as a cause of nerve root canal stenosis. Clin Orthop 1976;115:109-15.
35. Wiesel SW, Tsourmas N, Feffer HL, and others. A study of computer-assisted tomography, 1: the incidence of positive CAT scans in an asymptomatic group of patients. Spine 1984;9:549-51.
36. Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med 1994;331:69-73.
37. Heliovaara M, Vanharanta H, Korpi J. Herniated lumbar disc syndrome and vertebral canals. Spine 1986;11:433-5.
38. Lehmann TR, Spratt KF, Lehmann KK. Predicting long-term disability in low back injured workers presenting to a spine consultant. Spine 1993;18:1103-12.
39. Saal JA, Saal JS. Nonoperative treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc with radiculopathy: an outcome study. Spine 1989;14:431-7.
40. Nachemson AL. Chronic pain - the end of the welfare state? Qual Life Res 1994;1(3 Suppl):S11-S17.
41. Yang KH, King AI. Mechanism of facet load transmission as a hypothesis for low back pain. Spine 1984;9:559-65.
42. Chusid JG. Correlative neuroanatomy and functional neurology. 19th ed. Los Altos (CA): Lange Medical Publications; 1985.
43. Bogduk N. The anatomy and physiology of lumbar back disability. Bulletin of the Post-Grad Committee in Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia 1980; 36:2-17.
44. Rauschning W. Topographic and functional anatomy of the lumbar zygapophysial joints [abstract]. In: International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine; Dallas, 1986 May 29-30.
45. Shirazi-Adl A, Drouin G. A quantitative analysis of the load-bearing role of the lumbar facets in compression: the effects of posture and nucleus dissolution [abstract]. In: International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine; Dallas. 1986.
46. Giles LGF, Taylor JR. Innervation of human lumbar zygapophysial joint synovial folds. Acta Orthop Scand 1987;58:43-7.
47. Giles LGF, Taylor JR. Human zygapophysial joint capsule and synovial fold innervation. Br J Rheumatol 1987;26:93-8.
48. Eisenstein SM, Parry CR. The lumbar facet arthrosis syndrome: clinical presentation and articular surface changes. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1987;69:3-7.
49. Jayson MIV. Back pain, spondylosis and disc disorders. In: Scott JT, editor. Copeman's textbook of rheumatic diseases. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1976. p 960-85.
50. Bogduk K, Marsland A. The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. Spine 1988;13:610-7.
51. Aprill C, Bogduk N. The prevalence of cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Spine 1992;17:744-7.
52. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Cassidy JD. Toward a more precise diagnosis of low back pain. In: Genant HK, editor. Spine update 1984: perspectives in radiology, orthopaedic surgery, and neurosurgery. San Francisco: Radiology Research and Education Foundation; 1984. p 5-16.
53. Aprill C. Lumbar facet joint arthrography and injection in the evaluation of painful disorders of the low back [abstract]. In: International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine; Dallas, 1986.
54. Lewinnik GE, Warfield CA. Facet joint degeneration as a cause of low back pain. Clin Orthop 1986;213:216-22.
55. Harvey GR. The engineering aspects of the human trunk. Engineering aspects of the spine. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications; 1980. p 97-102.
56. White AA, Gordon SL. Synopsis: workshop on idiopathic low back pain. Spine 1982;7:141-9.
57. Chila AG, Jeffries RR, Levin SM. Is manipulation for your practice? Patient Care 1990 May 15:77-92.
58. Carroll GJ. Spectrophotometric measurement of proteoglycans in osteoarthritic synovial fluid. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:375-9.
59. Stockwell RA. A pre-clinical view of osteoarthritis: a Sir John Struthers lecture. Teviot Place (Edinburgh): The Medical School; 1985.
60. Chafetz NI, Mani JR, Genant HK, and others. CT in low back pain syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am 1985;16:395-416.
61. LaMasters DL, Dorwart RH. High-resolution, cross-sectional computed tomography of the normal spine. Orthop Clin North Am 1985;16:359-79.
62. Giles LGF. Anatomical basis of low back pain. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1989.
63. Giles LGF. Zygapophysial (facet) joints. In: Giles LGF, Singer KP, editors. Clinical anatomy and management of low back pain. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1996.
64. Giles LGF. Ligaments traversing the intervertebral canals of the human lower lumbosacral spine. Neuro-orthopædics 1992;13:25-38.
65. Yu S, Sether L, Haughton VM. Facet joint menisci of the cervical spine: correlative MR imaging and cryomicrotomy study. Radiology 1987;164:79-82.
66. Nowicki BH, Haughton VM. Neural foraminal ligaments of the lumbar spine: appearance at CT and MR imaging. Radiology 1992;183:257-64.
67. Giles LGF, Kaveri MJP. Some osseous and soft tissue causes of human intervertebral canal (foramen) stenosis. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1471-81.
68. Giles LGF, Harvey AR. Immunohistochemical demonstration of nociceptors in the capsule and synovial folds of human zygapophyseal joints. Br J Reumatol 1987;26:362-4.
69. Giles LGF. Innervation of zygapophyseal joint synovial folds in low-back pain [letter]. Lancet 1987;8560:692.
70. Gronblad M, Korkala O, Konttinen YT, Nederstrom A, Hukkanen M, Tolvanen E, and others. Silver impregnation and immunohistochemical study of nerves in lumbar facet joint plical tissue. Spine 1991;16:34-8.
71. Gronblad M, Weinstein JN, Santavirta S. Immunohistochemical observations on spinal tissue innervation. Acta Orthop Scand 1991;62:614-22.
72. Kirkaldy-Willis WH. The relationship of structural pathology to the nerve root. Spine 1984;9:49-52.
73. Giles LGF, Taylor JR. Intra-articular synovial protrusions in the lower lumbar apophyseal joints. Bull Hosp J Dis Orthop Inst 1982;42:248-55.
74. Giles LGF. A review and description of some possible causes of back pain of mechanical origin in homo sapiens. Proceedings of the Australasian Society for Human Biology 1991;4:193-212
75. Nathan H. Osteophytes of the spine compressing the sympathetic trunk and splanchnic nerves in the thorax. Spine 1987;12:527-32.
76. Jinkins JR, Whittemore AR, Bradley WG. The anatomic basis of vertebrogenic pain and the autonomie syndrome associated with lumbar disk extrusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10:219-31.
77. Giles LGF. Paraspinal autonomic ganglion distortion due to vertebral body osteophytosis: a cause of vertebrogenic autonomic syndromes? J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15:551-5.
78. Triano JJ. Interaction of spinal biomechanics and physiology. In: Haldeman S, editor. Principles and practice of chiropractic. 2nd ed. East Norwalk: Appleton & Lange; 1992. p 225-57.
79. Taylor JR. Pathology of the lumbar disc prolapse. In: Twomey LT, editor. Low back pain. Proceedings of a conference on low back pain; 1974 Sept 14-15. Perth: Western Australia Institute of Technology; 1974. p 27-35.
80. Taylor JR, Kakulas BA. Neck injuries [letter]. Lancet 1991;338:1343.