Tendon-Derived Stem Cells (TDSCs): From Basic Science to Potential Roles in Tendon Pathology and Tissue Engineering Applications

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 883-897

  Lui, Pauline Po Yee ^a,b,c   Chan, Kai Ming ^a  

^a Chinese University of Hong Kong   (Hong Kong)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Stem cell niche; Tendinopathy; Tendon healing; Tendon injury; Tendon tissue engineering; Tendon derived stem cells (TDSCs)

Indexed keywords

EID: 82355161032     PISSN: 15508943     EISSN: 15586804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9276-0     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Salingcarnboriboon, R., Yoshitake, H., Tsuji, K., et al. (2003). Establishment of tendon-derived cell lines exhibiting pluripotent mesenchymal stem-like property. Experimental Cell Research, 287, 289-300.
2. Scutt, N., Rolf, C. G., & Scutt, A. (2006). Glucocorticoids inhibit tenocyte proliferation and tendon progenitor cell recruitment. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 24(2), 173-182.
3. Strassburg, S., Smith, R., Goodship, A., Hardingham, T., & Clegg, P. (2006). Adult and late fetal equine tendons contain cell populations with weak progenitor properties in comparison to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Transection of Orthopaedic Research Society Annual Meeting, 31, 1113.
4. de Mos, M., Koevoet, W. J., Jahr, H., et al. (2007). Intrinsic differentiation potential of adolescent human tendon tissue: an in-vitro cell differentiation study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder, 8, 16.
5. Hashimoto, Y., Yoshida, G., Toyoda, H., & Takaoka, K. (2007). Generation of tendon-to-bone interface 'enthesis' with the use of recombinant BMP-2 in a rabbit model. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 25, 1415-1424.
6. Bi, Y., Ehirchiou, D., Kilts, T. M., et al. (2007). Identification of tendon stem / progenitor cells and the role of the extracellular matrix in their niche. Nature Medicine, 13(10), 1219-1227.
7. Zhang, J., & Wang, J. H. C. (2010). Characterization of differential properties of rabbit tendon stem cells and tenocytes. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder, 11, 10.
8. Rui, Y. F., Lui, P. P. Y., Li, G., Fu, S. C., Lee, Y. W., & Chan, K. M. (2010). Isolation and characterization of multi-potent rat tendon-derived stem cells. Tissue Engineering Part A, 16(5), 1549-1558.
9. Yin, Z., Chen, X., Chen, J. L., et al. (2010). The regulation of tendon stem cell differentiation by the alignment of nanofibers. Biomaterials, 31(8), 2163-2175.
10. Zhang, J., Pan, T., Liu, Y., & Wang, J. H. (2010). Mouse treadmill running enhances tendons by expanding the pool of tendon stem cells (TSCs) and TSC-related cellular production of collagen. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 28(9), 1178-1183.
11. Zhang, J., & Wang, J. H. (2010). Platelet-rich plasma releasate promotes differentiation of tendon stem cells into active tenocytes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(12), 2477-2486.
12. Colter, D. C., Clas, R., DiGirolamo, C. M., & Prockop, D. J. (2000). Rapid expansion of recycling stem cells in cultures of plastic-adherent cells from human bone marrow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(7), 3213-3218.
13. Dezawa, M., Ishikawa, H., Itokazu, Y., et al. (2005). Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science, 309(5732), 314-317.
14. Rui, Y. F., Lui, P. P. Y., Ni, M., Chan, L. S., Lee, Y. W., & Chan, K. M. (2011). Mechanical loading increased BMP-2 expression which promoted osteogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 29(3), 390-396.
15. Rui, Y. F., Lui, P. P. Y., Ni, M., et al. (2010). Higher expression of BMP receptors and BMP-2-induced osteogenesis in tendon-derived stem cells compared to bone marrow-derived stem cells. 7th Combined Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Societies. 16th-20th Oct, 2010, Kyoto International Conference Centre, Kyoto, Japan.
16. Zhou, Z., Akinbiyi, T., Xu, L., et al. (2010). Tendon-derived stem / progenitor cell aging: defective self-renewal and altered fate. Aging Cell, 9(5), 911-915.
17. Stenderup, K., Justesen, J., Eriksen, E. F., Rattan, S. I., & Kassem, M. (2001). Number and proliferative capacity of osteogenic stem cells are maintained during aging and in patients with osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 16, 1120-1129.
18. Pittenger, M. F., Mackay, A. M., Beck, S. C., et al. (1999). Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science, 284, 143-047.
19. Halfon, S., Abramov, N., Grinblat, B., & Ginis, I. (2011). Markers distinguishing mesenchymal stem cells from fibroblasts are downregulated with passaging. Stem Cells and Development, 20(1), 53-66.
20. Rombouts, W. J., & Ploemacher, R. E. (2003). Primary murine MSC show highly efficient homing to the bone marrow but lose homing ability following culture. Leukemia, 17(1), 160-170.
21. Azizi, S. A., Stokes, D., Augelli, B. J., DiGirolamo, C., & Prockop, D. J. (1998). Engraftment and migration of human bone marrow stromal cells implanted in the brains of albino rats-similarities to astrocyte grafts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 3908-3913.
22. Kopen, G. C., Prockop, D. J., & Phinney, D. G. (1999). Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 10711-10716.
23. Fukuda, K. (2002). Molecular characterization of regenerated cardiomyocytes derived from adult mesenchymal stem cells. Congenital Anomalies (Kyoto), 42, 1-9.
24. Makino, S., Fukuda, K., Miyoshi, S., et al. (1999). Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 103, 697-705.
25. Kuo, T. K., Ho, J. H., & Lee, O. K. (2009). Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for nonmusculoskeletal diseases: emerging applications. Cell Transplantation, 18, 1013-1028.
26. Wang, J. S., Shum-Tim, D., Galipeau, J., Chedrawy, E., Eliopoulos, N., & Chiu, R. C. (2000). Marrow stromal cells for cellular cardiomyoplasty: feasibility and potential clinical advantages. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 120, 999-1005.
27. Lee, K. D., Kuo, T. K., Whang-Peng, J., et al. (2004). In vitro hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Hepatology, 40, 1275-1284.
28. Izadpanah, R., Kaushal, D., Kriedt, C., et al. (2008). Long-term in vitro expansion alters the biology of adult mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Research, 68(11), 4229-4238.
29. Izadpanah, R., Trygg, C., Patel, B., et al. (2006). Biologic properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 99, 1285-1297.
30. Jiang, Y., Jahagirdar, B. N., Reinhardt, R. L., et al. (2002). Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature, 418(6893), 41-49.
31. Bonab, M. M., Alimoghaddam, K., Talebian, F., Ghaffari, S. H., Ghavamzadeh, A., & Nikbin, B. (2006). Aging of mesenchymal stem cell in vitro. BMC Cell Biology, 7, 14.
32. Muraglia, A., Cancedda, R., & Quarto, R. (2000). Clonal mesenchymal progenitors from human bone marrow differentiate in vitro according to a hierarchical model. Journal of Cell Science, 113(Pt. 7), 1161-1166.
33. Banfi, A., Muraglia, A., Dozin, G., Mastrogiacomo, M., Cancedda, R., & Quarto, R. (2000). Proliferation kinetics and differentiation potential of ex vivo expanded human bone marrow stromal cells: implications for their use in cell therapy. Experimental Hematology, 28, 707-715.
34. Bruder, S. P., Jaiswal, N., & Haynesworth, S. E. (1997). Growth kinetics, self-renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 64, 278-294.
35. Baxter, M. A., Wynn, R. F., Jowitt, S. N., Wraith, J. E., Fairbairn, L. J., & Bellantuono, I. (2004). Study of telomere length reveals rapid aging of human marrow stromal cells following in vitro expansion. Stem Cells, 22, 675-682.
36. Tan, Q., Rui, Y. F., Lee, Y. W., & Lui, P. P. Y. (2011). Effect of in vitro passages on the biological properties of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs)-Implication in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. In Proceedings of International Symposium of Ligament and Tendon (ISL&T) XI, 12th January, 2011, Long Beach, California, USA.
37. Levesque, J. P., Helwani, F. M., & Winkler, I. G. (2010). The endosteal 'osteoblastic' niche and its role in hematopoietic stem cell homing and mobilization. Leukemia, 24(12), 1979-1992.
38. Zhang, J., & Wang, J. H. C. (2010). Mechanical response of tendon stem cells: implications of tendon homeostasis and pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 28(5), 639-643.
39. Wang, J. C., & Thampatty, B. P. (2008). Mechanobiology of adult of stem cells. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, 271, 297-342.
40. Chuen, F. S., Chuk, C. Y., Ping, W. Y., Nar, W. W., Kim, H. L., & Ming, C. K. (2004). Immunohistochemical characterization of cells in adult human patella tendons. Journal of Histochemisty & Cytochemistry, 52(9), 1151-1157.
41. Yoshizawa, T., Takizawa, F., Iizawa, F., et al. (2004). Homeobox protein MSX2 acts as a molecular defense mechanism for preventing ossification in ligament fibroblasts. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 24, 3460-3472.
42. Hoffmann, A., Pelled, G., Turgeman, G., et al. (2006). Neotendon formation induced by manipulation of the Smad8 signalling pathway in mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116, 940-952.
43. McNeilly, C. M., Banes, A. J., Benjamin, M., & Ralphs, J. R. (1996). Tendon cells in vivo form a three dimensional network of cell processes linked by gap junctions. Journal of Anatomy, 189(Pt 3), 593-600.
44. Luo, Q., Song, G., Song, Y., Xu, B., Qin, J., & Shi, Y. (2009). Indirect co-culture with tenocytes promotes proliferation and mRNA expression of tendon/ligament related genes in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotechnology, 61(1-2), 1-10.
45. Crisan, M., Yap, S., Casteilla, L., et al. (2008). A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell, 3(11), 301-313.
46. Caplan, A. I. (2008). All MSCs are pericytes? Cell Stem Cell, 3(3), 229-230.
47. da Silva Meirelles, L., Chagastelles, P. C., & Nardi, N. B. (2006). Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. Journal of Cell Science, 119(Pt 11), 2204-2213.
48. Tempfer, H., Wagner, A., Gehwolf, R., et al. (2009). Perivascular cells of the supraspinatus tendon express both tendon- and stem cell-related markers. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 131, 733-741.
49. Helm, G. A., Li, J. Z., Alden, T. D., et al. (2001). A light and electron microscopic study of ectopic tendon and ligament formation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-13 adenoviral gene therapy. Journal of Neurosurgery, 95, 298-307.
50. Wong, Y. P., Fu, S. C., Cheuk, Y. C., Lee, K. M., Wong, M. W., & Chan, K. M. (2005). Bone morphogenetic protein 13 stimulates cell proliferation and production of collagen in human patellar tendon fibroblasts. Acta Orthopaedica, 76(3), 421-427.
51. Theobald, P., Benjamin, M., Nokes, L., & Pugh, N. (2005). Review of the vascularisation of the human Achilles tendon. Injury, 36(11), 1267-1272.
52. Arnoczky, S. P., Lavagnino, M., & Egerbacher, M. T. (2007). The response of tendon cells to changing loads: Implications in the etiopathogenesis of tendinopathy. In S. L. Y. Woo, P. A. F. H. Renstrom, & S. P. Arnoczky (Eds.), Tendinopathy in athletes (pp. 46-59). USA: Blackwell.
53. Riley, G. P., Harrall, R. L., Constant, C. R., Cawston, T. E., & Hazlman, B. L. (1996). Prevalence and possible pathological significance of calcium phosphate salt accumulation in tendon matrix degeneration. Annals of the Rheummatic Diseases, 55, 109-115.
54. Fu, S. C., Chan, B. P., Wang, W., Pau, H. M., Chan, K. M., & Rolf, C. G. (2002). Increase expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1(MMP1) in 11 patients with patellar tendinosis. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 73(6), 658-662.
55. Fu, S. C., Wang, W., Pau, H. M., Wong, Y. P., Chan, K. M., & Rolf, C. G. (2002). Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in patellar tendinosis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 400, 174-183.
56. Jones, G. C., Corps, A. N., Pennington, C. J., et al. (2006). Expression profiling of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in normal and degenerate human Achilles tendon. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 54(3), 832-842.
57. Maffulli, N., Reaper, J., Ewen, S. W. B., Waterston, S. W., & Barrass, V. (2006). Chondral metaplasia in calcific tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 16, 329-334.
58. Karousou, E., Ronga, M., Vigetti, D., Passi, A., & Maffulli, N. (2008). Collagens, proteoglycans, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMPs in human Achilles tendon rupture. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 466, 1577-1582.
59. Karousou, E., Ronga, M., Vigetti, D., Passi, A., & Maffulli, N. (2010). Molecular interactions in extracellular matrix of tendon. Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition), 2, 1-12.
60. Fu, S. C., Chan, K. M., & Rolf, C. G. (2007). Increased deposition of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in human patellar tendinopathy. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(2), 129-134.
61. Fenwick, S., Harrall, R., Hackney, R., et al. (2002). Endochondral ossification in Achilles and patella tendinopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford), 41, 474-476.
62. Rui, Y. F., Lui, P. P. Y., Chan, L. S., Chan, K. M., Fu, S. C., & Li, G. (2011). Does erroneous differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells contribute to the pathogenesis of calcifying tendinopathy? Chinese Medical Journal (English), 124(4), 606-610.
63. Lui, P. P. Y., Fu, S. C., Chan, L. S., Hung, L. K., & Chan, K. M. (2009). Chondrocyte phenotype and ectopic ossification in collagenase-induced tendon degeneration. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 57(2), 91-100.
64. Rui, Y. F., Lui, P. P. Y., Wong, Y. M., et al. (2011). Impaired differentiation and proliferation of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) isolated from collagenase-induced tendon injury model-A potential mechanism for the chondro-ossification and failed healing tendinopathy. In Proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 13th-16th January, 2011, Long Beach, California, USA.
65. Archambault, J. M., Jelinsky, S. A., Lake, S. P., Hill, A. A., Glaser, D. L., & Soslowsky, L. J. (2007). Rat supraspinatus tendon expresses cartilage markers with overuse. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 25, 617-624.
66. Clegg, P. D., Strassburg, S., & Smith, R. K. (2007). Cell phenotypic variation in normal and damaged tendons. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 88, 227-235.
67. Speer, M. Y., Yang, H. Y., Brabb, T., et al. (2009). Smooth muscle cells give rise to osteochondrogenic precursors and chondrocytes in calcifying arteries. Circulation Research, 104(6), 733-741.
68. Kim, S. Y., Choi, H. Y., Myung, K. B., & Choi, Y. W. (2008). The expression of molecular mediators in the idiopathic cutaneous calcification and ossification. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, 35(9), 826-831.
69. Lounev, V. Y., Ramachandran, R., Wosczyna, M. N., et al. (2009). Identification of progenitor cells that contribute to heterotopic skeletogenesis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American, 91(3), 652-663.
70. Bajada, S., Marshall, M. J., Wright, K. T., Richardson, J. B., & Johnson, W. E. (2009). Decreased osteogenesis, increased cell senescence and elevated Dickkopf-1 secretion in human fracture nonunion stromal cells. Bone, 45(4), 726-735.
71. Langberg, H., Skovgaard, D., Karamouzis, M., Bulow, J., & Kjaer, M. (1999). Metabolism and inflammatory mediators in the peritendinous space measured by microdialysis during intermittent isometric exercise in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 515(Pt 3), 919-927.
72. Zhang, J., & Wang, J. H. (2010). Production of PGE(2) increases in tendons subjected to repetitive mechanical loading and induces differentiation of tendon stem cells into non-tenocytes. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 28(2), 198-203.
73. Kuo, C. K., & Tuan, R. S. (2008). Mechanoactive tenogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Engineering Part A, 14(10), 1615-1627.
74. Almekinders, L. C., Banes, A. J., & Ballenger, C. A. (1993). Effects of repetitive motion on human fibroblasts. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25, 603-607.
75. Wang, J. H., Jia, F., Yang, G., et al. (2003). Cyclic mechanical stretching of human tendon fibroblasts increases the production of prostaglandin E(2) and levels of cyclooxygenase expression: a novel in vitro model study. Connective Tissue Research, 44, 128-133.
76. Rodeo, S. A., Suzuki, K., Deng, X. H., Wozney, J., & Warren, R. F. (1999). Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to enhance tendon healing in a bone tunnel. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 476-488.
77. Ma, C. B., Kawamura, S., Deng, X. H., et al. (2007). Bone morphogenetic proteins-signaling plays a role in tendon-to-bone healing: a study of rhBMP-2 and noggin. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35, 597-604.
78. Tang, Y., Tang, W., Lin, Y., et al. (2008). Combination of bone tissue engineering and BMP-2 gene transfection promotes bone healing in osteoporotic rats. Cell Biology International, 32, 1150-1157.
79. Martinek, V., Latterman, C., Usas, A., et al. (2002). Enhancement of tendon-bone integration of anterior cruciate ligament grafts with bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene transfer: a histological and biomechanical study. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery American, 84, 1123-1131.
80. Chen, C. H., Liu, H. W., Tsai, C. L., Yu, C. M., Lin, I. H., & Hsiue, G. H. (2008). Photoencapsulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and periosteal progenitor cells improve tendon graft healing in a bone tunnel. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36, 461-473.
81. Jiang, Y., Chen, L. K., Zhu, D. C., et al. (2010). The inductive effect of bone morphogenetic protein-4 on chondral-lineage differentiation and in situ cartilage repair. Tissue Engineering Part A, 16(5), 1621-1632.
82. Neuwirth, J., Fuhrmann, R. A. E., Veit, A., et al. (2006). Expression of bioactive bone morphogenetic proteins in the subacromial bursa of patients with chronic degeneration of the rotator cuff. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8, R92.
83. Sato, R., Uchida, K., Kobayashi, S., et al. (2007). Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine: histopathological findings around the calcification and ossification front. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 7, 174-183.
84. Li, H., Jiang, L. S., & Dai, L. Y. (2007). Hormones and growth factors in the pathogenesis of spinal ligament ossification. European Spine Journal, 16, 1075-1084.
85. Tanno, M., Furukawa, K. I., Ueyama, K., Harata, S., & Motomura, S. (2003). Uniaxial cyclic stretch induces osteogenic differentiation and synthesis of bone morphogenetic proteins of spinal ligament cells derived from patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments. Bone, 33, 475-484.
86. Lui, P. P. Y., Chan, L. S., Cheuk, Y. C., Lee, Y. W., & Chan, K. M. (2009). Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the chondrogenic and ossifying sites of calcific tendinopathy and traumatic tendon injury rat models. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 21(4), 27.
87. Yee Lui, P. P., Wong, Y. M., Rui, Y. F., Lee, Y. W., Chan, L. S., & Chan, K. M. (2011). Expression of osteogenic BMPs in calcified failed tendon healing model of tendinopathy. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 29(6): 816-821.
88. Rui, Y. F., Lui, P. P. Y., Rolf, C. G., Wong, Y. M., Lee, Y. W., & Chan, K M. (2011). Expression of chondro-osteogenic BMPs in clinical samples of calcifying and uncalcifying patellar tendinopathy-A histopathological study. In Proceedings of International Symposium of Ligament and Tendon (ISL&T) XI, 12th January, 2011, Long Beach, California, USA.
89. Csiszar, A., Smith, K. E., Koller, A., Kaley, G., Edwards, J. G., & Ungvari, Z. (2005). Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression in endothelial cells: role of nuclear factor-kappaB activation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, H2O2, and high intra-vascular pressure. Circulation, 111, 2364-2372.
90. Csiszar, A., Labinskyy, N., Smith, K. E., et al. (2007). Downregulation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression in coronary arterial endothelial cells-Role of shear stress and the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 27, 776-782.
91. Rath, B., Nam, J., Knobloch, T. J., Lannutti, J. J., & Agarwal, S. (2008). Compressive forces induce osteogenic gene expression in calvarial osteoblasts. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(5), 1095-1103.
92. Lui, P. P. Y., Chan, L. S., Lee, Y. W., Fu, S. C., & Chan, K. M. (2010). Sustained expression of proteoglycans and collagen type III / Type I ratio in a calcified tendinopathy model. Rheumatology, 49(2), 231-239.
93. Seib, F. P., Franke, M., Jing, D., Werner, C., & Bornhauser, M. (2009). Endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins in human bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. European Journal of Cell Biology, 88, 257-271.
94. Lui, P. P. Y., Chan, L. S., Fu, S. C., & Chan, K. M. (2010). Expression of sensory neuropeptides in tendon is associated with failed healing and activity-related tendon pain in collagenase-induced tendon injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(4), 757-764.
95. Shih, C., & Bernard, G. W. (1997). Neurogenic substance P stimulates osteogenesis in vitro. Peptides, 18, 323-326.
96. Xu, Y., & Murrell, G. A. (2008). The basic science of tendinopathy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 466, 1528-1538.
97. Tsuzaki, M., Bynum, D., Almekinders, L., Yang, X., Faber, J., & Banes, A. J. (2003). ATP modulates load-inducible IL-1beta, COX2, and MMP-3 gene expression in human tendon cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 89(3), 556-562.
98. Wang, J. H., Jia, F., Yang, G., et al. (2003). Cyclic mechanical stretching of human tendon fibroblasts increases the production of prostaglandin E2 and levels of cyclooxygenase expression: a novel in vitro model study. Connective Tissue Research, 44(3-4), 128-133.
99. Riley, G. (2004). The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective. Rheumatology (Oxford), 43(2), 131-142.
100. Gotoh, M., Hamada, K., Yamakawa, H., Inoue, A., & Fukuda, H. (1998). Increased substance P in subacromial bursa and shoulder pain in rotator cuff diseases. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 16(8), 618-621.
101. Lian, O., Dahl, J., Ackermann, P. W., Frihagen, F., Engebretsen, I., & Bahr, R. (2006). Pronociceptive and antinociceptive neuromediators in patellar tendinopathy. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, 1801-1808.
102. Schubert, T. E., Weidler, C., Lerch, K., Hofstadter, F., & Straub, R. H. (2005). Achilles tendinosis is associated with sprouting of substance P positive nerve fibers. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 64, 1083-1086.
103. Lerner, U. H. (2002). Neuropeptidergic regulation of bone resorption and bone formation. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions, 2, 440-447.
104. Maffulli, N., Wong, J., & Almekinders, L. C. (2003). Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 22(4), 675-692.
105. Butler, D. L., Juncosa, N., & Dressler, M. R. (2004). Functional efficacy of tendon repair processes. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 6, 303-329.
106. Proctor, C. S., Jackson, D. W., & Simon, T. M. (1997). Characterization of the repair tissue after removal of the central one-third of the patellar ligament: an experimental study in a goat model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume, 79(7), 997-1006.
107. Hampson, K., Forsyth, N. R., El Haj, A., & Maffulli, N. (2008). Tendon tissue engineering. In N. Ashammakhi, R. Reis & F. Chiellini (Ed.), E-book: Topics in tissue engineering Vol 4 (chapter 3). http://www.oulu.fi/spareparts/ebook_topics_in_t_e_vol4/index.html.
108. Awad, H. A., Butler, D. L., Boivin, G. P., et al. (1999). Autologous mesenchymal stem cell-mediated repair of tendon. Tissue Engineering, 5(3), 267-277.
109. Awad, H. A., Butler, D. L., Dressler, M. R., Smith, F., Boivin, G. P., & Young, R. G. (2003). Repair of patellar tendon injuries using mesenchymal stem cells and collagen scaffolds. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 21(3), 420-431.
110. Young, R. G., Butler, D. L., Weber, W., Caplan, A. I., Gordon, S. L., & Fink, D. J. (1998). Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 16(4), 406-413.
111. Ouyang, H. W., Goh, J. C., Thambyah, A., Teoh, S. H., & Le, E. H. (2003). Knitted poly-lactide-co-glycolide scaffold loaded with bone marrow stromal cells in repair and regeneration of rabbit Achilles tendon. Tissue Engineering, 9(3), 431-439.
112. Kryger, G. S., Chong, A. K., Costa, M., Pham, H., Bates, S. J., & Chang, J. A. (2007). Comparison of tenocytes and mesenchymal stem cells for use in flexor tendon tissue engineering. Journal of Hand Surgery American Volume, 32(5), 597-605.
113. Juncosa-Melvin, N., Boivin, G. P., Galloway, M. T., Gooch, C., West, J. R., Sklenka, A. M., et al. (2005). Effects of cell-to-collagen ratio in mesenchymal stem cell-seeded implants on tendon repair biomechanics and histology. Tissue Engineering, 11(3-4), 448-457.
114. Juncosa-Melvin, N., Boivin, G. P., Gooch, C., et al. (2006). The effect of autologous mesenchymal stem cells on the biomechanics and histology of gel-collagen sponge constructs used for rabbit patellar tendon repair. Tissue Engineering, 12(2), 369-379.
115. Chong, A. K., Ang, A. D., Goh, J. C., Hui, J. H., Lim, A. Y., Lee, E. H., et al. (2007). Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells influence early tendon-healing in a rabbit Achilles tendon model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume, 89(1), 74-81.
116. Hankemeier, S., van Griensven, M., Ezechieli, M., et al. (2007). Tissue engineering of tendons and ligaments by human bone marrow stromal cells in a liquid fibrin matrix in immunodeficient rats: results of a histologic study. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 127(9), 815-821.
117. Chen, X., Song, X., Yin, Z., et al. (2009). Stepwise differentiation of human embryonic stem cells promotes tendon regeneration by secreting fetal tendon matrix and differentiation factors. Stem Cells, 27(6), 1276-1287.
118. Harris, M. T., Butler, D. L., Boivin, G. P., Florer, J. B., Schantz, E. J., & Wenstrup, R. J. (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells used for rabbit tendon repair can form ectopic bone and express alkaline phosphatase activity in constructs. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 22(5), 998-1003.
119. Tasso, R., Augell, A., Carida, M., et al. (2009). Development of sacromas in mice implanted with mesenchymal stem cells seeded onto bioscaffolds. Carcinogenesis, 30(1), 150-157.
120. Sakaguchi, Y., Sekiya, I., Yagishita, K., & Muneta, T. (2005). Comparison of human stem cells derived from various mesenchymal tissues: superiority of synovium as a cell source. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 52(8), 2521-2529.
121. Deans, T. L., & Elisseeff, J. H. (2009). Stem cells in musculoskeletal engineered tissue. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 20, 537-544.
122. Baksh, D., Yao, R., & Tuan, R. S. (2007). Comparison of proliferative and multilineage differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord and bone marrow. Stem Cells, 25, 1384-1392.
123. Hayashi, O., Katsube, Y., Hirose, M., Ohgushi, H., & Ito, H. (2008). Comparison of osteogenic ability of rat mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, periosteum, and adipose tissue. Calcified Tissue International, 82, 238-247.
124. Lin, L., Shen, Q., Wei, X., et al. (2009). Comparison of osteogenic potentials of BMP4 transduced stem cells from autologous bone marrow and fat tissue in a rabbit model of calvarial defects. Calcified Tissue International, 85, 55-65.
125. Singh, S., Dhaliwal, N., Crawford, R., & Xiao, Y. (2009). Cellular senescence and longevity of osteophyte-derived mesenchymal stem cells compared to patient-matched bone marrow stromal cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 108, 839-850.
126. Wang, L., Tran, I., Seshareddy, K., Weiss, M. L., & Detamore, M. S. (2009). A comparison of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part A, 15(8), 2259-2266.
127. Kolambkar, Y. M., Peister, A., Soker, S., Atala, A., & Guldberg, R. E. (2007). Chondrogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. Journal of Molecular Histology, 38, 405-413.
128. Kern, S., Eichler, H., Stoeve, J., Kluter, H., & Bieback, K. (2006). Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells, 24, 1294-1301.
129. Cheng, M. T., Liu, C. L., Chen, T. H., & Lee, O. K. (2010). Comparison of potentials between stem cells isolated from human anterior cruciate ligament and bone marrow for ligament tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part A, 16(7), 2237-2235.
130. Yoshimura, H., Muneta, T., Nimura, A., Yokoyama, A., & Koga, H. (2007). Comparison of rat mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, synovium periosteum, adipose tissue, and muscle. Cell and Tissue Research, 327, 449-462.
131. Matsubara, T., Tsutsumi, S., Pan, H., et al. (2004). A new technique to expand human mesenchymal stem cells using basement membrane extracellular matrix. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 313, 503-508.
132. Lui, P. P. Y., Rui, Y. F., Ni, M., et al. (2011). Comparison of potentials of stem cells isolated from tendon and bone marrow for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. In Proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 13th-16th January, 2011, Long Beach, California, USA.
133. Ni, M., Lui, P. P. Y., Rui, Y. F., et al. (2011). Allogenic Tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) promoted tendon regeneration. In Proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 13th-16th January, 2011, Long Beach, California, USA.
134. Ni, M., Lui, P. P. Y., Rui, Y. F., et al. (2011). Tendon-derived stem cell (TDSC): A better stem cell source compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) for tendon regeneration? In Proceedings of International Symposium of Ligament and Tendon (ISL&T) XI, 12th January, 2011, Long Beach, California, USA.