Kiwifruit and health

Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 565-580

  Hunter, Denise C ^a   Skinner, Margot A ^a   Ross Ferguson, A ^a   Stevenson, Lesley M ^a  

^a THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Actinidia; Health; Kiwifruit; Nutrition.

Indexed keywords

EID: 82155161457     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374628-3.00037-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Ferguson A.R. The genus Actinidia. Kiwifruit: science and management 1990, 15-35. Ray Richards Publisher and New Zealand Society for Horticultural Science Inc, Auckland. I.J. Warrington, G.C. Weston (Eds.).
2. Ferguson A.R. The kiwifruit in China. Kiwifruit: science and management 1990, 155-164. Ray Richards Publisher and New Zealand Society for Horticultural Science, Auckland. I.J. Warrington, G.C. Weston (Eds.).
3. Motohashi N., Shirataki Y., Kawase M., Tani S., Sakagami H., Satoh K., Kurihara T., Nakashima H., Mucsi I., Varga A., Molnár J. Cancer prevention and therapy with kiwifruit in Chinese folklore medicine: a study of kiwifruit extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2002, 81:357-364.
4. Ai X.-P., Li Y.-G., Zhang M.-X. Chinese medicines against cancers 1982, Heilong-jiang Science Technology Publishers, Heilong-jiang Province.
5. Yan J.Q., Wang J.Y., Zhao M. Actinidia chinensis Planch. polysaccharide superoxide free radical hydroxyl free radical electron spin resonance. Chinese Journal of Biochemical Pharmaceutics 1995, 16:12-14.
6. Zhu C.C., Xu G.J. Actinidia rubricaulis var. coriacea polysaccharides Arps - 2 Arps - 3. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 1996, 19:623-625.
7. Sakan T., Fujino A., Murai F., Butsugan Y., Suzui A. On the structure of actinidine and matatabilactone, the effective components of Actinidia polygama. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 1959, 32:315.
8. Tang S.H., Zhang K.M. Actinidia chinensis Planch actinidine composition resistance cancer. Journal of Jishou University 1997, 18:69-71.
9. Qing Y.M., Chen X.H., Cai M.T., Hang C.S., Liu H.X. Studies on the triterpenoids constituents of indochina Actinidia root (Actinidia indochinensis). Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 1999, 30:323-326.
10. Jin Y.R., Gui M.Y., Ma B.R. Chemical constituents of Actindia arguta roots. Chinese Pharmacology Journal 1998, 33:402-404.
11. Heatherbell D.A. Identification and quantitative analysis of sugars and non-volatile organic acids in Chinese gooseberry fruit (Actindia chinensis Planch). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1975, 26:815-820.
12. Lu Y., Fan J., Zhao Y.-P., Chen S.-Y., Zheng X.-D., Yin Y.-M., Fu C.-X. Immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of Actinidia macrosperma. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007, 16(Suppl 1):261-265.
13. Ferguson A.R., Ferguson L.R. Are kiwifruit really good for you?. Acta Horticulturae 2002, 610:131-138.
14. Rassam M., Laing W.A. Variation in ascorbic acid and oxalate levels in the fruit of Actinidia chinensis tissues and genotypes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53:2322-2326.
15. Nishiyama I., Yamashita Y., Yamanaka M., Shimohashi A., Fukuda T., Oota T. Varietal difference in vitamin C content in the fruit of kiwifruit and other Actinidia species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004, 52:5472-5475.
16. Naidu K.A. Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. Nutrition Journal 2003, 2:7.
17. McGhie T.K., Ainge G.D. Color in fruit of the genus Actinidia: carotenoid and chlorophyll compositions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002, 50:117-121.
18. Montefiori M., McGhie T.K., Costa G., Ferguson A.R. Pigments in the fruit of red-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53:9526-9530.
19. Dawes H.M., Keene J.B. Phenolic composition of kiwifruit juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1999, 47:2398-2403.
20. Webby R.F. Flavonoid complement of cultivars of Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa, kiwifruit. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 1990, 18:1-4.
21. Crawford K., Mellentin J. Successful superfruit strategy: how to build a superfruit business 2008, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
22. Ames B.N., Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.M. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993, 90:7915-7922.
23. Joshipura K.J., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E.B., Speizer F.E., Colditz G., Ascherio A., Rosner B., Spiegelman D., Willett W.C. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001, 134:1106-1114.
24. Block G., Patterson B., Subar A. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutrition and Cancer 1992, 18:1-29.
25. Ozgen M., Reese R.N., Tulio A.Z.J., Scheerens J.C., Miller A.R. Modified 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method to measure antioxidant capacity of selected small fruits and comparison to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2?-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2006, 54:1151-1157.
26. Wang H., Cao G.-H., Prior R.L. Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1996, 44:701-705.
27. Chun O.K., Kim D.-O., Smith N., Schroeder D., Han J.T., Lee C.Y. Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruit and vegetables in the American diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2005, 85:1715-1724.
28. United States Department of Agriculture. (2007). Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods - 2007 (United States Department of Agriculture, Ed.) pp. 1-34, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville.
29. Wu X.-L., Beecher G.R., Holden J.M., Haytowitz D.B., Gebhardt S.E., Prior R.L. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004, 52:4026-4037.
30. Wu X.-L., Gu L.-W., Holden J., Haytowitz D.B., Gebhardt S.E., Beecher G.R., Prior R.L. Development of a database for total antioxidant capacity in foods: a preliminary study. Journal of Food Composition Analysis 2004, 17:407-422.
31. Du G., Li M., Ma F., Liang D. Antioxidant capacity and the relationship with polyphenol and vitamin C in Actinidia fruits. Food Chemistry 2009, 113:557-562.
32. Hunter D.C., Denis M., Parlane N.A., Buddle B.M., Stevenson L.M., Skinner M.A. Feeding ZESPRI™ GOLD Kiwifruit puree to mice enhances serum immunoglobulins specific for ovalbumin and stimulates ovalbumin-specific mesenteric lymph node cell proliferation in response to orally administered ovalbumin. Nutrition Research (NY) 2008, 28:251-257.
33. Guo C.-J., Yang J.-J., Wei J.-Y., Li Y.-F., Xu J., Jiang Y.-G. Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determined by FRAP assay. Nutrition Research (NY) 2003, 23:1719-1726.
34. Hunter D.C., Zhang J., Stevenson L.M., Skinner M.A. Fruit-based functional foods II: the process for identifying potential ingredients. International of Journal of Food Science and Technology 2008, 43:2123-2129.
35. Ma A.-G., Zhang Y., Han X.-X., Lan J., Gao Y.-H. Effect of kiwifruit extract on antioxidant activity and erythrocyte membrane fluidity in rats. The FASEB Journal 2006, 20:A429.
36. Liao J.-C., Lin K.-H., Cheng H.-Y., Wu J.-B., Hsieh M.-T., Peng W.-H. Actinidia rubricaulis attenuates hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2007, 35:81-88.
37. Skinner M.A., Hunter D.C., Denis M., Parlane N., Zhang J., Stevenson L.M., Hurst R. Health benefits of ZESPRI™ GOLD Kiwifruit: effects on muscle performance, muscle fatigue and immune responses (abstract). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007, 16:S31.
38. Skinner M.A., Hunter D.C., Denis M., Parlane N., Zhang J., Stevenson L.M., Hurst R. Health benefits of ZESPRI™ GOLD Kiwifruit: effects on muscle performance, muscle fatigue and immune responses. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand 2007, 32:49-59.
39. Ko S.-H., Choi S.-W., Ye S.-K., Cho B.-L., Kim H.-S., Chung M.-H. Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nine different fruits in human plasma. Journal of Medicinal Food 2005, 8:41-46.
40. Prior R.L., Gu L., Wu X., Jacob R.A., Sotoudeh G., Kader A.A., Cook R.A. Plasma antioxidant capacity changes following a meal as a measure of the ability of a food to alter in vivo antioxidant status. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2007, 26:170-181.
41. Ferguson L.R., Philpott M., Karunasinghe N. Dietary cancer and prevention using antimutagens. Toxicology 2004, 198:147-159.
42. Bunzel M., Ralph J. NMR characterization of lignins isolated from fruit and vegetable insoluble dietary fiber. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2006, 54:8352-8361.
43. Funk C., Braune A., Grabber J.H., Steinhart H., Bunzel M. Model studies of lignified fiber fermentation by human fecal microbiota and its impact on heterocyclic aromatic amine adsorption. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 2007, 624:41-48.
44. Bartsch H., Ohshima H., Pignatelli B. Inhibitors of endogenous nitrosation mechanisms and implications in human cancer prevention. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 1988, 202:307-324.
45. Ikken Y., Morales P., Martinez A., Marin M.L., Haza A.I., Cambero M.I. Antimutagenic effect of fruit and vegetable ethanolic extracts against N-nitrosamines evaluated by the Ames test. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1999, 47:3257-3264.
46. Normington K.W., Baker I., Molina M., Wishnok J.S., Tannenbaum S.R., Puju S. Characterization of a nitrite scavenger, 3-hydroxy-2-pyranone, from Chinese wild plum juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1986, 34:215-217.
47. Collins A.R., Gaivao I. DNA base excision repair as a biomarker in molecular epidemiology studies. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2007, 28:307-322.
48. Torbergsen A.C., Collins A.R. Recovery of human lymphocytes from oxidative DNA damage; the apparent enhancement of DNA repair by carotenoids is probably simply an antioxidant effect. European Journal of Nutrition 2000, 39:80-85.
49. Rush E., Ferguson L.R., Cumin M., Thakur V., Karunasinghe N., Plank L. Kiwifruit consumption reduces DNA fragility: a randomized controlled pilot study in volunteers. Nutrition Research (NY) 2006, 26:197-201.
50. Collins A.R., Harrington V., Drew J., Melvin R. Nutritional modulation of DNA repair in a human intervention study. Carcinogenesis 2003, 24:511-515.
51. Motohashi N., Shirataki Y., Kawase M., Tani S., Sakagami H., Satoh K., Kurihara T., Nakashima H., Wolfard K., Miskolci C., Molnár J. Biological activity of kiwifruit peel extracts. Phytotherapy Research 2001, 15:337-343.
52. Xin H.-L., Yue X.-Q., Xu Y.-F., Wu Y.-C., Zhang Y.-N., Wang Y.-Z., Ling C.-Q. Two new polyoxygenated triterpenoids from Actinidia valvata. Helvetica Chimica Acta 2008, 91:575-580.
53. Chang J., Case R. Cytotoxic phenolic constituents from the root of Actinidia chinensis. Planta Medica 2005, 71:955-959.
54. Park Y.H., Chun E.M., Bae B.A., Seu Y.B., Song K.S., Kim Y.H. Induction of apoptotic cell death in human Jurkat T cells by a chlorophyll derivative (Cp-D) isolated from Actinidia arguta Planchon. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2000, 10:27-34.
55. Gentile P., Epremian B.E. Approaches to ablating the myelotoxicity of chemotherapy. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 1987, 7:71-87.
56. Danova M., Aglietta M. Cytokine receptors, growth factors and cell cycle in human bone marrow and peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors. Haematologica 1997, 82:622-629.
57. Hisha H., Yamada H., Sakurai M.H., Kiyohara H., Li Y., Yu C.-Z., Takemoto N., Kawamura H., Yamaura K., Shinohara S., Komatsu Y., Aburada M., Ikehara S. Isolation and identification of hematopoietic stem cell-stimulating substances from Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, Juzen-Taiho-To. Blood 1997, 90:1022-1030.
58. Takano F., Tanaka T., Tsukamoto E., Yahagi N., Fushiya S. Isolation of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin from Actinidia arguta as bone marrow cell proliferation promoting compounds. Planta Medica 2003, 69:321-326.
59. Rush E.C., Patel M., Plank L.D., Ferguson L.R. Kiwifruit promotes laxation in the elderly. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002, 11:164-168.
60. Chan A.O., Leung G., Tong T., Wong N.Y. Increasing dietary fiber intake in terms of kiwifruit improves constipation in Chinese patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007, 13:4771-4775.
61. Fourie P.C., Hansmann C.F. Fruit composition of four South African-grown kiwifruit cultivars. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 1992, 20:449-452.
62. Rupérez P., Bartolomé A.P., Fernández-Serrano M.I. Dietary fibre in Spanish kiwifruit. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995, 49(Suppl 3):S274-S276.
63. Hallett I.C., MacRae E.A., Wegrzyn T.F. Changes in kiwifruit cell wall ultrastructure and cell packing during postharvest ripening. International Journal of Plant Science 1992, 153:49-60.
64. Cummings J.H., Antoine J.-M., Azpiroz F., Bourdet-Sicard R., Brandtzaeg P., Calder P.C., Gibson G.R., Guarner F., Isolauri E., Pannemans D., Shortt C., Tuijtelaars S., Watzl B. PASSCLAIM - Gut health and immunity. European Journal of Nutrition 2004, 43(Suppl 2):II/118-II/173.
65. Gibson G.R., Roberfroid M.B. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 1995, 125:1401-1412.
66. Lund E.D., Smoot J.M., Hall N.T. Dietary fiber content of eleven tropical fruits and vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1983, 31:1013-1016.
67. Martín-Cabrejas M.A., Esteban R.M., López-Andreu F.J., Waldron K., Selvendran R.R. Dietary fiber content of pear and kiwi pomaces. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1995, 43:662-666.
68. Ying D.Y., Parkar S., Luo X.X., Seelye R., Sharpe J.C., Barker D., Saunders J., Pereira R., Schröder R. Microencapsulation of probiotics using kiwifruit polysaccharide and alginate chitosan. Acta Horticulturae 2007, 753:801-808.
69. Molan A.L., Kruger M.C., Drummond L.N. The ability of kiwifruit to positively modulate key markers of gastrointestinal function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand 2007, 32:66-71.
70. Lim C.C., Ferguson L.R., Tannock G.W. Dietary fibres as 'prebiotics': Implications for colorectal cancer. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2005, 49:609-619.
71. Wang H., Ng T.B. Isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from kiwi fruits. Phytochemistry 2002, 61:1-6.
72. Xia L., Ng T.B. Actinchinin, a novel antifungal protein from the gold kiwi fruit. Peptides 2004, 25:1093-1098.
73. Lu Y., Zhao Y.P., Wang Z.C., Chen S.Y., Fu C.X. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Actinidia macrosperma from China. Natural Product Research 2007, 21:227-233.
74. Basile A., Vuotto M.L., Violante U., Sorbo S., Martone G., Castaldo-Cobianchi R. Antibacterial activity in Actinidia chinensis, Feijoa sellowiana and Aberia caffra. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 1997, 8:199-203.
75. Calder P.C., Kew S. The immune system: a target for functional foods?. The British Journal of Nutrition 2002, 88(Suppl 2):S165-S176.
76. Cser M.A., Majchrzak D., Rust P., Sziklai-László I., Kovács I., Bocskai E., Elmadfa I. Serum carotenoid and retinol levels during childhood infections. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2004, 48:156-162.
77. van der Horst-Graat J.M., Kok F.J., Schouten E.G. Plasma carotenoid concentrations in relation to acute respiratory infections in elderly people. British Journal of Nutrition 2004, 92:113-118.
78. Albers R., Antoine J.-M., Bourdet-Sicard R., Calder P.C., Gleeson M., Lesourd B., Semartín S., Sanderson I.R., Van Loo J., Vas Dias F.W., Watzl B. Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies. British Journal of Nutrition 2005, 94:452-481.
79. Ma A.-G., Han X.-X., Zhang Y., Gao Y.-H., Lan J. Effect of kiwifruit extract supplementation on levels of serum immunoglobulins and phagocytosis activity in mice. The FASEB Journal 2006, 20:A1057.
80. Shu Q., De Silva U.M., Chen S., Peng W.-D., Ahmed M., Lu G.-J., Yin Y.-J., Liu A.-H., Drummond L. Kiwifruit extract enhances markers of innate and acquired immunity in a murine model. Food and Agricultural Immunology 2008, 19:149-161.
81. H2 cytokines by PG102 isolated from Actinidia arguta. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2005, 116:1151-1157.
82. Park E.J., Park K.C., Eo H., Seo J., Son M., Kim K.H., Chang Y.S., Cho S.H., Min K.U., Jin M., Kim S. Suppression of spontaneous dermatitis in NC/Nga murine model by PG102 isolated from Actinidia arguta. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007, 127:1154-1160.
83. Lee Y.-C., Kim S.-H., Seo Y.-B., Roh S.-S., Lee J.-C. Inhibitory effects of Actinidia polygama extract and cyclosporine A on OVA-induced eosinophilia and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. International Immunopharmacology 2006, 6:703-713.
84. Forastiere F., Pistelli R., Sestini P., Fortes C., Renzoni E., Rusconi F., Dell'Orco V., Ciccone G., Bisanti L. Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children. Thorax 2000, 55:283-288. and SIDRRIA Collaborative Group Italy.
85. Kim Y.K., Kang H.J., Lee K.T., Choi J.G., Chung S.H. Anti-inflammation activity of Actinidia polygama. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2003, 26:1061-1066.
86. Ren J., Han E.J., Chung S.H. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of ?-linolenic acid isolated from Actinidia polygama fruits. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2007, 30:708-714.
87. Ren J., Chung S.H. Anti-inflammatory effect of ?-linolenic acid and its mode of action through the inhibition of nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression via NF?B and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007, 55:5073-5080.
88. Philpott M., Mackay L., Ferguson L.R., Forbes D., Skinner M.A. Cell culture models in developing nutrigenomics foods for inflammatory bowel disease. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanism of Mutagenesis 2007, 622:94-102.
89. Farr J.M., Hurst S.M., Skinner M.A. Anti-inflammatory effects of kiwifruit. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand 2007, 32:20-25.
90. Wang M. Distribution of important flavour precursors in Actinidia: long chain fatty acids. Acta Horticulturae 2007, 753:427-432.
91. Miura K., Greenland P., Stamler J., Liu K., Daviglus M.L., Nakagawa H. Relation of vegetable, fruit, and meat intake to 7-year blood pressure change in middle-aged men: The Chicago Western Electric Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004, 159:572-580.
92. Lauretani F., Semba R.D., Dayhoff-Brannigan M., Corsi A.M., Di Iorio A., Buiatti E., Bandinelli S., Guralnik J.M., Ferrucci L. Low total plasma carotenoids are independent predictors of mortality among older persons. The InCHIANTI study. European Journal of Nutrition 2008, 47:335-340.
93. Emsaillzadeh A., Azadbakht L. Dietary flavonoid intake and cardiovascular mortality. The British Journal of Nutrition 2008, 100:695-697.
94. Jung K.-A., Song T.-C., Han D.-S., Kim I.-H., Kim Y.-E., Lee C.-H. Cardiovascular protective properties of kiwifruit extracts in vitro. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2005, 28:1782-1785.
95. Duttaroy A.K. Kiwifruits and the cardiovascular health. Acta Horticulturae 2007, 753:819-824.
96. Duttaroy A.K., Jørgensen A. Effects of kiwi fruit consumption on platelet aggregation and plasma lipids in healthy human volunteers. Platelets 2004, 15:287-292.
97. Jang D.S., Lee G.Y., Kim J., Lee Y.M., Kim J.M., Kim Y.S., Kim J.S. A new pancreatic lipase inhibitor isolated from the roots of Actinidia arguta. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2008, 31:666-670.
98. Deters A.M., Schröder K.R., Hensel A. Kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis L.) polysaccharides exert stimulating effects on cell proliferation via enhanced growth factor receptors, energy production, and collagen synthesis of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and skin equivalents. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2005, 202:717-722.
99. Shirosaki M., Koyama T., Yazawa K. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of kiwifruit leaf (Actinidia deliciosa) in mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2008, 72:1099-1102.
100. Thomas L., Low C., Webb C., Ramos E., Panarese A., Clarke R. Naturally occurring fruit juices dislodge meat bolus obstruction in vitro. Clinical Otolaryngology 2004, 29:694-697.
101. Karanjia N.D., Rees M. The use of Coca-Cola in the management of bolus obstruction in benign oesophageal stricture. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1993, 75:94-95.
102. Ciardiello M.A., Meleleo D., Saviano G., Crescenzo R., Carratore V., Camardella L., Gallucci E., Micelli S., Tancredi T., Picone D., Tamburrini M. Kissper, a kiwi fruit peptide with channel-like activity: Structural and functional features. Journal of Peptide Science 2008, 14:742-754.
103. Lucas J.S.A., Lewis S.A., Hourihane J.O.B. Kiwi fruit allergy: A review. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2003, 14:420-428.
104. Alemán A., Sastre J., Quirce S., de las Heras M., Carnés J., Fernández-Caldas E., Pastor C., Blázquez A.B., Vivanco F., Cuesta-Herranz J. Allergy to kiwi: A double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge study in patients from a birch-free area. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004, 113:543-550.
105. Lucas J.S.A., Atkinson R.G. What is a food allergen?. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2008, 38:1095-1099.
106. Lucas J.S.A., Nieuwenhuizen N.J., Atkinson R.G., MacRae E.A., Cochrane S.A., Warner J.O., Hourihane J.O.B. Kiwifruit allergy: actinidin is not a major allergen in the United Kingdom. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2007, 37:1340-1348.
107. Nishiyama I., Fukuda T., Oota T. Varietal differences in actinidin concentration and protease activity in the fruit juice of Actinidia arguta and Actinidia rufa. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 2004, 73:157-162.
108. Bublin M., Mari A., Ebner C., Knulst A., Scheiner O., Hoffmann-Sommergruber K., Breiteneder H., Radauer C. IgE sensitization profiles toward green and gold kiwifruits differ among patients allergic to kiwifruit from 3 European countries. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004, 114:1169-1175.
109. Perera C.O., Hallett I.C., Nguyen T.T., Charles J.C. Calcium oxalate crystals: the irritant factor in kiwifruit. Journal of Food Science 1990, 55:1066-1069.
110. Walker S., Prescott J. Psychophysical properties of mechanical oral irritation. Journal of Sensory Studies 2003, 18:325-346.
111. Watanabe K., Takahashi B. Determination of soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and related species. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 1998, 67:299-305.
112. Rassam M., Bulley S.M., Laing W.A. Oxalate and ascorbate in Actinidia fruit and leaves. Acta Horticulturae 753 2007, 479-484.
113. Siener R., Hönow R., Seidler A., Voss S., Hesse A. Oxalate contents of species of the Polygonaceae, Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae families. Food Chemistry 2006, 98:220-224.
114. Massey L.K. Dietary influences on urinary oxalate and risk of kidney stones. Frontiers in Bioscience 2003, 8:s584-s594.
115. Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Gluud L.L., Simonetti R.G., Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, 2:1-188.
116. Van Duyn M.A.S., Pivonka E. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: Selected literature. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2000, 100:1511-1521.