Evaluation of traumatic brain injury: Brain potentials in diagnosis, function, and prognosis

International Journal of Psychophysiology

Volumn 82, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 24-40

  Duncan, Connie C ^a   Summers, Angela C ^a   Perla, Elizabeth J ^a   Coburn, Kerry L ^b   Mirsky, Allan F ^a  

^a UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b MERCER UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Blast injury; Cognitive control; Coma; ERP; Information processing; P300; TBI; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

AMNESIA; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BLAST INJURY; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN CONTUSION; BRAIN REGION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMA; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSCIOUSNESS; DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; ERROR RELATED NEGATIVITY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL N100 COMPONENT; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL N2B COMPONENT; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL P300 COMPONENT; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL P3A COMPONENT; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INJURY SEVERITY; LATENT PERIOD; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MISMATCH NEGATIVITY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POST ERROR POSITIVITY; POSTTRAUMATIC COMPLICATION; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGNOSIS; RESPONSE TIME; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; STROOP TEST; TASK PERFORMANCE; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BRAIN; BRAIN INJURIES; BRAIN MAPPING; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS; HUMANS; PHYSICAL STIMULATION; REACTION TIME;

EID: 80455177151     PISSN: 01678760     EISSN: 18727697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.013     Document Type: Article

References (238)

1. Anderson R.J. Shell shock: an old injury with new weapons. Mol. Interv. 2008, 8:204-218.
2. Arfanakis K., Haughton V.M., Carew J.D., Rogers B.P., Dempsey R.J., Meyerand M.E. Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2002, 23:794-802.
3. Aubry M., Cantu R., Dvorak J., Graf-Baumann T., Johnston K., Kelly J., Lovell M., McCrory P., Meeuwisse W., Schamasch P. Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries. Br. J. Sports Med. 2002, 36:6-10.
4. Basser P.J., Mattiello J., LeBihan D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys. J. 1994, 66:259-267.
5. Bazarian J.J., McClung J., Shah M.N., Cheng Y.T., Flesher W., Kraus J. Mild traumatic brain injury in the United States, 1998-2000. Brain Inj. 2005, 19:85-91.
6. Bazarian J.J., Zhong J., Blyth B., Zhu T., Kavcic V., Peterson D. Diffusion tensor imaging detects clinically important axonal damage after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. J. Neurotrauma 2007, 24:1447-1459.
7. Belliveau J.W., Kennedy D.N., McKinstry R.C., Buchbinder B.R., Weisskoff R.M., Cohen M.S., Vevea J.M., Brady T.J., Rosen B.R. Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging. Science 1991, 254:716-719.
8. Bernstein D.M. Information processing difficulty long after self-reported concussion. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2002, 8:673-682.
9. Bigler E. Neuropsychological results and neuropathological findings at autopsy in a case of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2004, 10:794-806.
10. Botvinick M.W., Nystrom L.E., Fissell K., Carter C.S., Cohen J.D. Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature 1999, 402:179-181.
11. Botvinick M.W., Braver T.S., Barch D.M., Carter C.S., Cohen J.D. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychol. Rev. 2001, 108:624-652.
12. Brain Injury Association of America Brain injury awareness month-March, 2007. Brain Injury: As Diverse as We Are 2007, [Online] Available at:, [Accessed 1 November 2010]. http://www.biausa.org/biam.htm.
13. Broglio S.P., Pontifex M.B., O'Connor P., Hillman C.H. The persistent effects of concussion on neuroelectric indices of attention. J. Neurotrauma 2009, 26:1463-1470.
14. Broglio S.P., Moore R.D., Hillman C.H. A history of sport-related concussion on event-related potential correlates of cognition. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2011, 82:16-23.
15. Brouwer W.H., Ponds R.W.H.M., Van Wolffelaar P.C., van Zomeren A.H. Divided attention 5 to 10years after severe closed head injury. Cortex 1989, 25:219-230.
16. Brouwer W.H., Withaar F.K., Tant M.L.M., van Zomeren A.H. Attention and driving in traumatic brain injury: a question of coping with time pressure. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2002, 17:1-15.
17. Bryant R.A. Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:525-527.
18. Campbell K.B., de Lugt D.R. Event-related potential measures of cognitive deficits following closed head injury. Handbook of Neuropsychology 1995, vol. 10:269-297. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
19. Campbell K., Houle S., Lorrain D., Deacon-Elliot D., Proulx G. Event-related potentials as an index of cognitive functioning in head-injured outpatients. Cerebral Psychophysiology: Studies in Event-Related Potentials, EEG Suppl 1986, vol. 38:486-488. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
20. Campbell K.B., Suffield J.B., Deacon D.L. Electrophysiological assessment of cognitive disorder in closed head-injured outpatients. EEG Suppl. 1990, vol. 41:202-215. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.M. Rossini, F. Mauguière (Eds.).
21. Capruso D.X., Levin H.S. Cognitive impairment following closed head injury. Neurol. Clin. 1992, 10:879-893.
22. Cassidy J.D., Carroll L.J., Peloso P.M., Borg J., von Holst H., Holm L., Kraus J., Coronado V.G. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Rehabil. Med. 2004, 43(Suppl):28-60.
23. Cernak I., Savic J., Ignjatovic D., Jevtic M. Blast injury from explosive munitions. J. Neurotrauma 1999, 47:96-103.
24. Cernak I., Wang Z., Jiang J., Bian X., Savic J. Cognitive deficits following blast injury-induced neurotrauma: possible involvement of nitric oxide. Brain Inj. 2001, 15:593-612.
25. Cernak I., Wang Z., Jiang J., Bian X., Savic J. Ultrastructural and functional characteristics of blast injury-induced neurotrauma. J. Trauma 2001, 50:695-706.
26. Cernich A., Reeves D., Sun W., Bleiberg J. Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics sports medicine battery. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2007, 22(Suppl. 1):S101-S114.
27. Cicerone K.D., Wood J.C. Planning disorder after closed head injury: a case study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1987, 68:111-115.
28. Clark C.R., O'Hanlon A.P., Wright M.J., Geffen G.M. Event related potential measurement of deficits in information processing following moderate to severe closed head injury. Brain Inj. 1992, 6:509-520.
29. Coelho C.A., Liles B.Z., Duffy B.Z. Discourse analyses with closed head injured adults: evidence for differing patterns of deficits. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1991, 72:465-468.
30. Coelho C.A., Liles B.Z., Duffy R.J. Impairments of discourse abilities and executive functions in traumatically brain injured adults. Brain Inj. 1995, 9:471-477.
31. Coelho C.A., Youse K.M., Le K.N. Conversational discourse in closed-head injured and non-brain-injured adults. Aphasiology 2002, 16:659-672.
32. Coldren R.L., Kelly M.P., Parish R.V., Dretsch M., Russell M.L. Evaluation of the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation for use in combat operations more than 12 hours after injury. Mil. Med. 2010, 175:477-481.
33. Collins M.W., Grindel S.H., Lovell M.R., Dede D.E., Moser D.J., Phalin B.R., Nogle S., Wasik M., Cordry D., Daugherty K.M., Sears S.F., Nicolette G., Indelicato P., McKeag D.B. Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA 1999, 282:964-970.
34. Corrigan J.D., Bogner J. Initial reliability and validity of the Ohio State University TBI Identification Method. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2007, 22:318-329.
35. Courchesne E., Hillyard S.A., Galambos R. Stimulus novelty, task relevance and the visual evoked potential in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1975, 39:131-143.
36. Czigler I., Csibra G., Ambró A. Aging, stimulus identification and the effect of probability: an event-related potential study. Biol. Psychol. 1996, 43:27-40.
37. Daltrozzo J., Wioland N., Mutschler V., Kotchoubey B. Predicting coma and other low responsive patients outcome using event-related brain potentials: a meta-analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007, 118:606-614.
38. Davis G.A., Coelho C.A. Referential cohesion and logical coherence of narration after closed head injury. Brain Lang. 2004, 89:508-523.
39. Davis H., Zerlin S. Acoustic relations of the human vertex potential. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1966, 39:109-116.
40. Dawson D.R., Catanzaro A.M., Chan M., Haley M., Nguyen T.A., Schwartz M., Williams N., Winocur G., Stuss D.T. Changes in life attitude following traumatic brain injury and their relationship to community integration. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2004, 85:E8.
41. Deacon D., Campbell K.B. Decision-making following closed-head injury: can response speed be retrained?. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1991, 13:639-651.
42. Deacon-Elliott D.L., Campbell K.B. P3 evoked by visual feedback in normal and closed head-injured subjects. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1987, 40:664-669. Suppl.
43. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE) information paper [Online] Available at:, [Accessed 1 November 2010]. http://www.dvbic.org/images/pdfs/providers/MACE-Information-Paper-V3.aspx.
44. DePalma R.G., Burris D.G., Campion H.R., Hodgson M.J. Blast injuries. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:1335-1342.
45. Dien J., Spencer K.M., Donchin E. Parsing the late positive complex: mental chronometry and the ERP components that inhabit the neighborhood of the P300. Psychophysiology 2004, 41:665-678.
46. Dikmen S.S., McLean A., Temkin N. Neuropsychological and psychosocial consequences of minor head injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1986, 49:1227-1232.
47. Dikmen S.S., Machamer J.E., Winn H.R., Temkin N.R. Neuropsychological outcome at 1-year post head injury. Neuropsychology 1995, 9:80-90.
48. Doi R., Morita K., Shigemori M., Tokutomi T., Maeda H. Characteristics of cognitive function in patients after traumatic brain injury assessed by visual and auditory event-related potentials. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2007, 86:641-649.
49. Donchin E. Presidential address, 1980. Surprise!...Surprise?. Psychophysiology 1981, 18:493-513.
50. Duncan C.C., Mirsky A.F. The attention battery for adults: a systematic approach to assessment. Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment 2004, vol. 1:263-276. Wiley, New York.
51. Duncan C.C., Rumsey J.M., Wilkniss S.M., Denckla M.B., Hamburger S.D., Odou-Potkin M. Developmental dyslexia and attention dysfunction in adults: brain potential indices of information processing. Psychophysiology 1994, 31:386-401.
52. Duncan C.C., Kosmidis M.H., Mirsky A.F. Event-related potential assessment of information processing after closed head injury. Psychophysiology 2003, 40:45-59.
53. Duncan C.C., Kosmidis M.H., Mirsky A.F. Closed head injury-related information processing deficits: an event-related potential analysis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2005, 58:133-157.
54. Duncan C.C., Barry R.J., Connolly J.F., Fischer C., Michie P.T., Näätänen R., Polich J., Reinvang I., Van Petten C. Event-related potentials in clinical research: guidelines for eliciting, recording, and quantifying mismatch negativity, P300, and N400. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2009, 120:1883-1908.
55. Duncan-Johnson C.C. P300 latency: a new metric of information processing. Psychophysiology 1981, 18:207-215.
56. Duncan-Johnson C.C., Donchin E. On quantifying surprise: the variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability. Psychophysiology 1977, 14:456-467.
57. Duncan-Johnson C.C., Donchin E. The P300 component of the event-related brain potential as an index of information processing. Biol. Psychol. 1982, 14:1-52.
58. Duncan-Johnson C.C., Kopell B.S. The Stroop effect: brain potentials localize the source of interference. Science 1981, 214:938-940.
59. Elder G.A., Christian A. Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury: mechanisms of injury and impact on clinical care. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 2009, 76:111-118.
60. Ellemberg D., Leclerc S., Couture S., Daigle C. Prolonged neuropsychological impairments following a first concussion in female university soccer athletes. Clin. J. Sport Med. 2007, 17:369-374.
61. Ellis C., Peach R.K. Sentence planning following traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2009, 24:255-266.
62. Elting J.W., van der Naalt J., van Weerden T.W., De Keyser J., Maurits N.M. P300 after head injury: pseudodelay caused by reduced P3A amplitude. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2005, 116:2606-2612.
63. Elting J.W., Maurits N., van Weerden T., Spikman J., De Keyser J., van der Naalt J. P300 analysis techniques in cognitive impairment after brain injury: comparison with neuropsychological and imaging data. Brain Inj. 2008, 22:870-881.
64. Evans R.W. The postconcussion syndrome and the sequelae of mild head injury. Neurol. Clin. 1992, 10:815-847.
65. Falik D. New IOM report predicts long-term health problems, including neurological disorders, for returning Gulf War vets. Neurol. Today 2009, 9:10-11.
66. Falkenstein M., Hohnsbein J., Hoormann J., Blanke L. Effects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components. II Error processing in choice reaction tasks. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1991, 78:447-455.
67. Faul M., Xu L., Wald M.M., Coronado V.G. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002-2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta 2010, 1-72.
68. Filley C.M. Neurobehavioral aspects of cerebral white matter disorders. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2005, 28:685-700.
69. Finkel M.F. The neurological consequences of explosives. J. Neurol. Sci. 2006, 249:63-67.
70. Fischer C., Luauté J. Evoked potentials for the prediction of vegetative state in the acute stage of coma. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 2005, 15:372-380.
71. Fischer C., Morlet D., Giard M. Mismatch negativity and N100 in comatose patients. Audiol. Neurootol. 2000, 5:192-197.
72. Fischer C., Luauté J., Adeleine P., Morlet D. Predictive value of sensory and cognitive evoked potentials for awakening from coma. Neurology 2004, 63:669-673.
73. Fischer C., Dailler F., Morlet D. Novelty P3 elicited by the subject's own name in comatose patients. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2008, 119:2224-2230.
74. Fischer C., Luauté J., Morlet D. Event-related potentials (MMN and novelty P3) in permanent vegetative or minimally conscious states. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2010, 121:1032-1042.
75. Flashman L.A., McAllister T.W. Lack of awareness and its impact in traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2002, 17:285-296.
76. Ford N.L., Rosenfeld J.V. Mild traumatic brain injury and bomb blast: stress, injury, or both?. ADF Health 2008, 9:68-73.
77. Gaetz M., Weinberg H. Electrophysiological indices of persistent post-concussion symptoms. Brain Inj. 2000, 14:815-832.
78. Gaetz M., Goodman D., Weinberg H. Electrophysiological evidence for the cumulative effects of concussion. Brain Inj. 2000, 14:1077-1088.
79. Gallagher C.N., Hutchinson P.J., Pickard J.D. Neuroimaging in trauma. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2007, 20:403-409.
80. Gawryluk J.R., D'Arcy R.C.N., Connolly J.F., Weaver D.F. Improving the clinical assessment of consciousness with advances in electrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques. BMC Neurol. 2010, 10:11-17.
81. Gehring W.J., Goss B., Coles M.G.H., Meyer D.E., Donchin E. A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol. Sci. 1993, 4:385-390.
82. Gentilini M., Nichelli P., Schoenhuber R. Assessment of attention in mild head injury. Mild Head Injury 1989, 163-175. Oxford University Press, New York. H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg, A.L. Benton (Eds.).
83. Goldstein K. Aftereffects of Brain Injuries in War 1942, Grune and Stratton, New York.
84. Grace J., Malloy P.F. Frontal Systems Behavior Scale Professional Manual 2001, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Lutz, FL.
85. Gronwall D. Performance changes during recovery from closed head injury. Proc. Aust. Assoc. Neurol. 1976, 13:143-147.
86. Gronwall D. Cumulative and persisting effects of concussion on attention and cognition. Mild Head Injury 1989, 153-162. Oxford University Press, New York. H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg, A.L. Benton (Eds.).
87. Gronwall D., Wrightson P. Memory and information processing capacity after closed head injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1981, 44:889-895.
88. Gurdjan E., Gurdjan E. Cerebral contusions: reevaluation of the mechanisms of their development. J. Trauma 1976, 16:35-51.
89. Hagen C. Language disorders in head trauma. Language Disorders in Adults: Recent Advances (Speech, Language, and Hearing Disorders Series) 1984, 245-281. College Hill, San Diego. A. Holland (Ed.).
90. Halbauer J.D., Ashford J.W., Zeitzer J.M., Adamson M.M., Lew H.L., Yesavage J.A. Neuropsychiatric diagnosis and management of chronic sequellae of war-related mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2009, 46:757-796.
91. Heilman K.M., Safran A., Geschwind N. Closed head trauma and aphasia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1971, 34:265-269.
92. Hoge C.W., McGurk D., Thomas J.L., Cox A.L., Engel C.C., Castro C.A. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:453-463.
93. Holland A.L. When is aphasia aphasia? The problem of closed head injury. Clinical Aphasiology: Conference Proceedings 1982, 345-349. BRK Publishers, Minneapolis. R.H. Brookshire (Ed.).
94. Holroyd C.B., Coles M.G. The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol. Rev. 2002, 109:679-709.
95. Holroyd C.B., Nieuwenhuis S., Yeung N., Cohen J.D. Errors in reward predication are reflected in the event-related potential. NeuroReport 2003, 14:2481-2484.
96. Hurley R.A., McGowan J.C., Arfanakis K., Taber K.H. Traumatic axonal injury: novel insights into evolution and identification. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004, 16:1-7.
97. Inglese M., Makani S., Johnson G., Cohen B.A., Silver J.A., Gonen O., Grossman R.I. Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J. Neurosurg. 2005, 103:298-303.
98. Jarvie H. Problem-solving deficits following wounds on the brain. J. Ment. Sci. 1960, 106:1377-1382.
99. Jennett B., Teasdale G. Management of Head Injuries 1981, F. A. Davis, Philadelphia.
100. Johnson R. Auditory and visual P300s in temporal lobectomy patients: evidence for modality dependant generators. Psychophysiology 1989, 26:633-650.
101. Johnson R. Developmental evidence for modality-dependent P300 generators: a normative study. Psychophysiology 1989, 26:651-667.
102. Johnson R., Donchin E. P300 and stimulus categorization: two plus one is not so different from one plus one. Psychophysiology 1980, 17:167-178.
103. Jones E., Fear N.T., Wessely S. Shell shock and mild traumatic brain injury: a historical review. Am. J. Psychiatry 2007, 164:1641-1645.
104. Kaipio M.-L., Alho K., Winkler I., Escera C., Surma-aho O., Näätänen R. Event-related brain potentials reveal covert distractibility in closed head injuries. NeuroReport 1999, 10:2125-2129.
105. Kaipio M.-L., Cheour M., Čeponiene R., Öhman J., Alku P., Näätänen R. Increased distractibility in closed head injury as revealed by event-related potentials. NeuroReport 2000, 11:1463-1468.
106. Kane N.M., Curry S.H., Rowlands C.A., Manara A.R., Lewis T., Moss T., Cummins B.H., Butler S.R. Event-related potentials-neurophysiological tools for predicting emergence and early outcome from traumatic coma. Intensive Care Med. 1996, 22:39-46.
107. Kennedy J.E., Jaffee M.S., Leskin G.A., Stokes J.W., Leal F.O., Fitpatrick P.J. Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2007, 44:895-920.
108. Keren O., Ben-Dror S., Stern M.J., Goldberg G., Groswasser Z. Event-related potentials as an index of cognitive function during recovery from severe closed head injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 1998, 13:15-30.
109. Knight R.T. Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1984, 59:9-20.
110. Knight R.T., Nakada T. Cortico-limbic circuits and novelty: a review of EEG and blood flow data. Rev. Neurosci. 1998, 9:57-70.
111. Knight R.T., Grabowecky M.F., Scabini D. Role of human prefrontal cortex in attention control. Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Frontal Lobe 1995, 21-36. Raven Press, Ltd., New York. H.H. Jasper, S. Riggio, P.S. Goldman-Rakic (Eds.).
112. Kok A. On the utility of P3 amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. Psychophysiology 2001, 38:557-577.
113. Krpan K.M., Levine B., Stuss D.T., Dawson D.R. Executive function and coping at one-year post traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2007, 29:36-46.
114. Kutas M., McCarthy G., Donchin E. Augmenting mental chronometry: the P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation. Science 1977, 197:792-795.
115. LaChapelle J., Bolduc-Teasdale J., Ptito A., McKerral M. Deficits in complex visual information processing after mild TBI: electrophysiological markers and vocational outcome prognosis. Brain Inj. 2008, 22:265-274.
116. Larson M.J., Perlstein W.M. Awareness of deficits and error processing after traumatic brain injury. NeuroReport 2009, 20:1486-1490.
117. Larson M.J., Kaurfman D.A.S., Schmalfuss I.M., Perslstein W.M. Performance monitoring, error processing, and evaluative control following severe TBI. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2007, 13:961-971.
118. Larson M.J., Kelly K.G., Kaufman D.A.S., Schmalfuss I.M., Perlstein W.M. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2007, 13:1-11.
119. Larson M.J., Kaufman D.A.S., Kellison I.L., Schmalfuss I.M., Perlstein W.M. Double jeopardy! The additive consequences of negative affect on performance-monitoring decrements following traumatic brain injury. J. Neuropsychol. 2009, 23:433-444.
120. Larson M.J., Kaufman D.A.S., Perlstein W.M. Conflict adaptation and cognitive control adjustments following traumatic brain injury. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2009, 15:927-937.
121. Lashley K.S. In search of the engram. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1950, 4:454-482.
122. Laureys S., Perrin F., Faymonville M.E., Schnakers C., Boly M., Bartsch V., Majerus S., Moonen G., Maquet P. Cerebral processing in the minimally conscious state. Neurology 2004, 63:916-918.
123. Levin H.S., Grafman J., Eisenberg H.M. Neurobehavioral Recovery from Head Injury 1987, Oxford University Press, New York.
124. Levin H.S., Gary H.E., Eisenberg H.M., Ruff R.M., Barth J.T., Kreutzer J., High W.M., Portman S., Foulkes M.A., Jane J.A., Marmarou A., Marshall L.F. Neurobehavioral outcome 1year after severe head injury: experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J. Neurosurg. 1990, 73:699-709.
125. Levine B., Fujiwara E., O'Connor C., Richard N., Kovacevic N., Mandic M., Restagno A., Easdon C., Robertson I.H., Graham S.J., Cheung G., Gao F., Schwartz M.L., Black S.E. In vivo characterization of traumatic brain injury neuropathology with structural and functional neuroimaging. J. Neurotrauma 2006, 23:1396-1411.
126. Lew H.L., Dikmen S., Slimp J., Temkin N., Lee E.H., Newell D., Robinson L.R. Use of somatosensory-evoked potentials and cognitive event-related potentials in predicting outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2003, 82:53-61.
127. Lew H.L., Lee E.H., Pan S.S., Date E.S. Electrophysiologic abnormalities of auditory and visual information processing in patients with traumatic brain injury. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2004, 83:428-433.
128. Lew H.L., Poole J.H., Alverez S., Moore W. Soldiers with occult traumatic brain injury. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005, 84:393-398.
129. Lew H.L., Poole J.H., Chiang J.Y., Lee E.H., Date E.S., Warden D. Event-related potential in facial affect recognition: potential clinical utility in patients with traumatic brain injury. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2005, 42:29-34.
130. Lew H.L., Poole J., Castaneda A., Slaerno R.M., Gray M. Prognostic value of evoked and event-related potentials in moderate to severe brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006, 21:350-360.
131. Lew H.L., Gray M., Poole J.H. Temporal stability of auditory event-related potentials in healthy individuals and patients with traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007, 24:392-397.
132. Lew H.L., Jerger J.F., Guillory S.B., Henry J.A. Auditory dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2007, 44:921-928.
133. Lew H.L., Thomander D., Gray M., Poole J.H. The effects of increasing stimulus complexity in event-related potentials and reaction time testing: clinical applications in evaluating patients with traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007, 24:398-404.
134. Lew H.L., Gray M., Poole J.H. Simultaneous measurement of perceptual and motor cortical potentials: implications for assessing information processing in traumatic brain injury. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2009, 88:1-6.
135. Lezak M.D., Howieson D.B., Loring D.W. Neuropsychological Assessment 2004, Oxford University Press, New York. Fourth Edn.
136. Lombardi W.J., Andreason P.J., Sirocco K.Y., Rio D.E., Gross R.E., Umhau J.C., Hommer D.W. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance following head injury: dorsolateral fronto-striatal circuit activity predicts perseveration. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1999, 21:2-16.
137. Luauté J., Fischer C., Adeleine P., Morlet D., Tell L., Boisson D. Late auditory and event-related potentials can be useful to predict good functional outcome after coma. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005, 86:917-923.
138. Luria A.R. Restoration of Brain Functions after War Injuries 1948, Izd. Akad. Med. Nauk, Moscow.
139. MacDonald A.W., Cohen J.D., Stenger V.A., Carter C.S. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitive control. Science 2000, 288:1835-1838.
140. Management of Concussion/mTBI Working Group VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) [Online] Available at:, [Accessed 1 November 2010]. http://www.healthquality.va.gov/mtbi/concussion_mtbi_full_1_0.pdf.
141. Mathias J.L., Wheaton P. Changes in attention and information-processing speed following severe traumatic brain injury: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 2007, 21:212-223.
142. Mazzini L., Zaccala M., Gareri F., Giordano A., Angelino E. Long-latency auditory-evoked potentials in severe traumatic brain injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2001, 82:57-65.
143. McAllister T.W., Sparling M.B., Flashman L.A., Saykin A.J. Neuroimaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2001, 23:775-791.
144. McAvinue L., O'Keeffe F.M., McMackin D., Robertson I.H. Impaired sustained attention and error awareness in traumatic brain injury: implications for insight. Neuropschol. Rehabil. 2005, 15:569-587.
145. McCarthy G., Donchin E. A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. Science 1981, 211:77-80.
146. McDonald C.G., Gabbay F.H., Rietschel J.C., Duncan C.C. Evidence for a new late positive ERP component in an attended novelty oddball task. Psychophysiology 2010, 47:809-813.
147. Mirsky A.F., Duncan C.C. Pathophysiology of mental illness: view from the fourth ventricle. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2005, 58:162-178.
148. Mirsky A.F., Anthony B.J., Duncan C.C., Ahearn M.B., Kellam S.G. Analysis of the elements of attention: a neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychol. Rev. 1991, 2:109-145.
149. Mirsky A.F., Duncan C.C., Levav M. Neuropsychological studies in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neuropsychology of Childhood Epilepsy 2001, 141-150. Plenum, New York. I. Jambaque, M. Lassonde, O. Dulac (Eds.).
150. Multi-Society Task Force on Persistent Vegetative State Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 330:1499-1508.
151. Multi-Society Task Force on Persistent Vegetative State Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 330:1572-1579.
152. Murray G.D., Teasdale G.M., Braakman R., Cohadon F., Dearden M., Iannotti F., Karimi A., Lapierre F., Maas A., Ohman J., Persson L., Servadei F., Stocchetti N., Trojanowski T., Unterberg A. The European Brain Injury Consortium survey of head injuries. Acta Neurochir. 1999, 141:223-236.
153. Näätänen R. The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behav. Brain Sci. 1990, 13:201-288.
154. Näätänen R., Alho K. Mechanisms of attention in audition as revealed by the event-related potentials of the brain. Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention 2004, 194-206. Guilford Press, New York. M.I. Posner (Ed.).
155. Näätänen R., Picton T.W. N2 and automatic and controlled processes. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 1986, 38:169-186.
156. Näätänen R., Picton T. The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology 1987, 24:375-425.
157. Näätänen R., Winkler I. The concept of auditory stimulus representation in cognitive neuroscience. Psychol. Bull. 1999, 125:826-859.
158. Näätänen R., Gaillard A.W., Mäntysalo S. Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. Acta Psychol. (Amst.) 1978, 42:313-329.
159. Näätänen R., Paavilainen P., Rinne T., Alho K. The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007, 118:2544-2590.
160. Naito Y., Ando H., Yamaguchi M. Assessment of traumatic brain injury patients by WAIS-R, P300, and performance on oddball task. Kobe J. Med. Sci. 2005, 51:95-105.
161. Neil J., Miller J., Mukherjee P., Hüppi P.S. Diffusion tensor imaging of normal and injured developing human brain-a technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002, 15:543-552.
162. Nieuwenhuis S., Ridderinkhof K.R., Blom J., Band G.P., Kok A. Error-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: evidence from an antisaccade task. Psychophsiology 2001, 38:752-760.
163. O'Keeffe F.M., Dockree P.M., Moloney P., Carton S., Robertson I.H. Characterising error-awareness of attentional lapses and inhibitory control failures in patients with traumatic brain injury. Exp. Brain Res. 2004, 180:59-67.
164. O'Keeffe F.M., Dockree P.M., Robertson I.H. Poor insight in traumatic brain injury mediated by impaired error processing? Evidence from electrodermal activity. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 2007, 22:101-112.
165. Oddy M., Coughlan T., Tyerman A., Jenkins D. Social adjustment after closed head injury: a further follow-up seven years after injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1985, 48:564-568.
166. Olbrich H.M., Nau H.E., Lodemann E., Zerbin D., Eng M., Schmit-Neuerburg K.P. Evoked potential assessment of mental function during recovery from severe head injury. Surg. Neurol. 1986, 26:112-118.
167. Overbeek T.J.M., Niewuwenhuis S., Ridderinkhof K.R. Dissociable components of error processing on the functional significance of the Pe vis-à-vis the ERN/Ne. J. Psychophysiol. 2005, 19:319-329.
168. Pennardt A., Lavonas E.J. Blast injuries. eMedicine 2010, [Online] Available at:, [Accessed 1 November 2010]. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/TOPIC63.HTM.
169. Perlstein W.M., Cole M.A., Demery J.A., Seignourel P.J., Dixit N.K., Larson M.J., Briggs R.W. Parametric manipulation of working memory load in traumatic brain injury: behavioral and neural correlates. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2004, 10:724-741.
170. Perlstein W.M., Larson M.J., Dotson V.M., Kelly K.G. Temporal dissociation of components of cognitive control dysfunction in severe TBI: ERPs and the cued-Stroop task. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:260-274.
171. Perrin F., Schnakers C., Schabus M., Degueldre C., Goldman S., Brédart S., Faymonville M.E., Lamy M., Moonen G., Luxen A., Maquet P., Laureys S. Brain response to one's own name in vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and locked-in syndrome. Arch. Neurol. 2006, 63:562-569.
172. Picton T.W., Bentin S., Berg P., Donchin E., Hillyard S.A., Johnson R., Miller G.A., Ritter W., Ruchkin D.S., Rugg M.D., Taylor M.J. Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: recording standards and publication criteria. Psychophysiology 2000, 37:127-152.
173. Polich J. Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007, 118:2128-2148.
174. Ponsford J., Kinsella G. Attentional deficits following closed head injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1992, 14:822-838.
175. Povlishock J.T., Katz D.I. Update of neuropathology and neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005, 20:76-94.
176. Pritchard W., Shappell S., Brandt M. Psychophysiology of N200/N400: a review and classification scheme. Advances in Psychophysiology 1991, vol. 4:43-106. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London.
177. Reichenbach J.R., Haacke E.M. High-resolution BOLD venographic imaging: a window into brain function. NMR Biomed. 2001, 14:453-467.
178. Reitan R.M., Wolfson D. The neuropsychological similarities of mild and more severe head injury. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2000, 15:433-442.
179. Renault B., Ragot R., Lesevre N., Remond A. Onset and offset of brain events as indices of mental chronometry. Science 1982, 215:1413-1415.
180. Reza F., Ikoma K., Chuma T., Mano Y. Correlations between neuropsychological test results and P300 latency during silent-count and button-press tasks in post-traumatic brain injury patients. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2006, 13:917-22.
181. Reza M.F., Ikoma K., Ito T., Ogawa T., Mano Y. N200 latency and P300 amplitude in depressed mood post-traumatic brain injury patients. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 2007, 17:723-734.
182. Riggins B.R., Polich J. Habituation of P3a and P3b from visual stimuli. Korean J. Think. Probl. Solving 2002, 12:71-81.
183. Ritter W., Simson R., Vaughan H.G., Friedman D. A brain event related to the making of a sensory discrimination. Science 1979, 203:1358-1361.
184. Ritter W., Simson R., Vaughan H.G., Macht M. Manipulation of event-related potential manifestations of information processing stages. Science 1982, 218:909-911.
185. Roche R.A., Dockree P.M., Garavan H., Foxe J.J., Robertson I.H., O'Mara S.M. EEG alpha power changes reflect response inhibition deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 362:1-5.
186. Rosvold H.E., Mirsky A.F., Sarason I., Bransome E.D., Beck L.H. A continuous performance test of brain damage. J. Consult. Psychol. 1956, 20:343-350.
187. Rousseff R.T., Tzvetanov P., Atanassova P.A., Volkov I., Hristova I. Correlation between cognitive P300 changes and the grade of closed head injury. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2006, 46:275-277.
188. Ruchkin D.S., Sutton S., Tueting P. Emitted and evoked P300 potentials and variation in stimulus probability. Psychophysiology 1975, 12:591-595.
189. Ruchsow M., Grothe J., Spitzer M., Kiefer M. Human anterior cingulate cortex is activated by negative feedback: evidence from event-related potentials in a guessing task. Neurosci. Lett. 2002, 325:203-206.
190. Ruff R.M., Levin H.S., Mattis S., High W.M., Marshall L.F., Eisenberg H.M., Tabaddor K. Recovery of memory after mild head injury: a three-center study. Mild Head Injury 1989, 176-188. Oxford University Press, New York. H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg, A.L. Benton (Eds.).
191. Rugg M.D., Cowan C.P., Nagy M.E., Milner A.D., Jacobson I., Brooks D.N. Event related potentials from closed head injury patients in an auditory "oddball" task: evidence of dysfunction in stimulus categorisation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1988, 51:691-698.
192. Rushby J.A., Barry R.J., Doherty R.J. Separation of the components of the late positive complex in an ERP dishabituation paradigm. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2005, 116:2363-2380.
193. Saljo A., Bao F., Haglid K.G., Hansson H.A. Blast exposure causes redistribution of phosphorylated neurofilament subunits in neurons of the adult rat brain. J. Neurotrauma 2000, 17:719-726.
194. Sams M., Paavilainen P., Alho K., Näätänen R. Auditory frequency discrimination and event-related potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1985, 62:437-448.
195. Sangal R.B., Sangal J.M. Closed head injury patients with mild cognitive complaints without neurological or psychiatric findings have abnormal visual P300 latencies. Biol. Psychiatry 1996, 39:305-307.
196. Sarno S., Erasmus L.P., Frey M., Lippert G., Lipp B. Electrophysiological correlates of active and passive attentional states after severe traumatic brain injury. Funct. Neurol. 2006, 21:21-29.
197. Scheibel R.S., Newsome M.R., Steinberg J.L., Pearson D.A., Rauch R.A., Mao H., Troyanskaya M., Sharma R.G., Levin H.S. Altered brain activation during cognitive control in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2007, 21:36-45.
198. Scherg M., Picton T.W. Separation and identification of event-related potential components by brain electric source analysis. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 1991, 42:24-37.
199. Schnakers C., Perrin F., Schabus M., Majerus S., Ledoux D., Damas P., Boly M., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Bruno M.A., Moonen G., Laureys S. Voluntary brain processing in disorders of consciousness. Neurology 2008, 71:1614-1620.
200. Segalowitz S.J., Dywan J., Unsal A. Attentional factors in response time variability after traumatic brain injury: an ERP study. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 1997, 3:95-107.
201. Segalowitz S.J., Bernstein D.M., Lawson S. P300 event-related potential decrements in well-functioning university students with mild head injury. Brain Cogn. 2001, 45:342-356.
202. Sherer M., Bergloff P., Levin E., High J., Oden K.E., Nick T.G. Impaired awareness and employment outcome after traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 1998, 13:52-61.
203. Sivák S., Kurca E., Hladká M., Zelenák K., Turcanová-Koprusáková M., Michalik J. Early and delayed auditory oddball ERPs and brain MRI in patients with MTBI. Brain Inj. 2008, 22:193-197.
204. Snyder E., Hillyard S.A. Long-latency evoked potentials to irrelevant, deviant stimuli. Behav. Biol. 1976, 16:319-331.
205. Soeda A., Nakashima T., Okumura A., Kuwata K., Shinoda J., Iwama T. Cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using the Stroop task. Neuroradiology 2005, 47:501-506.
206. Solbakk A.K., Reinvang I., Nielsen C., Sundet K. ERP indicators of disturbed attention in mild closed head injury: a frontal lobe syndrome?. Psychophysiology 1999, 36:802-817.
207. Solbakk A.K., Reinvang I., Andersson S. Assessment of P3a and P3b after moderate to severe brain injury. Clin. Electroencephalogr. 2002, 3:102-110.
208. Solbakk A.K., Reinvang I., Svebak S., Nielsen C.S., Sundet K. Attention to affective pictures in closed head injury: event-related brain potentials and cardiac responses. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2005, 27:205-223.
209. Spencer K.M., Dien J., Donchin E. Spatiotemporal analysis of the late ERP responses to deviant stimuli. Psychophysiology 2001, 38:343-358.
210. Spikman J.M., van der Naalt J., van Weerden T.W., van Zomeren A.H. Indices of slowness of information processing in head injury patients: tests for selective attention related to ERP latencies. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2004, 10:851-861.
211. Squires N.K., Squires K.C., Hillyard S.A. Two varieties of long latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1975, 38:387-401.
212. Stout C.E., Yorkston K.M., Pimenthal J.I. Discourse production following mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot comparison of two tasks. J. Med. Speech Lang. Pathol. 2000, 8:15-25.
213. Stroop J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 1935, 18:643-662.
214. Stuss D.T., Stethem L.L., Picton T.W., Leech E.E., Pelchat G. Traumatic brain injury, aging, and reaction time. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1986, 16:161-167.
215. Stuss D.T., Stethem L.L., Hugenholtz H., Picton T., Pivik J., Richard M.T. Reaction time after head injury: fatigue, divided and focused attention, and consistency of performance. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1989, 52:742-748.
216. Sundgren P.C., Dong Q., Gómez-Hassan D., Mukherji S.K., Maly P., Welsh R. Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain: review of clinical applications. Neuroradiology 2004, 46:339-350.
217. Sutton S., Ruchkin D.S. The late positive complex. Advances and new problems. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1984, 425:1-23.
218. Sutton S., Braren M., Zubin J., John E.R. Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 1965, 150:1187-1188.
219. Taber K.H., Warden D.L., Hurley R.A. Blast-related traumatic brain injury: what is known?. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2006, 18:141-145.
220. Teasdale G., Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974, 2:81-84.
221. Temkin N., Holubkov A.L., Machamer J.E., Winn H.R., Dikmen S. Classification and regression trees (CART) for prediction of function at 1year following head trauma. J. Neurosurg. 1995, 82:764-771.
222. Trudeau D.L., Anderson J., Hansen L.M., Shagalov D.N., Schmoller J., Jugenr S., Barton S. Findings of mild traumatic brain injury in combat veterans with PTSD and a history of blast concussion. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1998, 10:308-313.
223. van Meel C.S., Oosterlaan J., Heslenfeld D.J., Sergeant J.A. Telling good from bad news: ADHD differentially affects processing of positive and negative feedback during guessing. Neuropsychologia 2005, 43:1946-1954.
224. Wang J.T., Young G.B., Connolly J.F. Prognostic value of evoked responses and event-related brain potentials in coma. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2004, 31:438-450.
225. Wayland S., Taplin J.E. Feature-processing deficits following brain injury. II. Classification learning, categorical decision making, and feature production. Brain Cogn. 1985, 4:356-376.
226. West R. Neural correlates of cognitive control and conflict detection in the Stroop and digit-location tasks. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:1122-1135.
227. West R., Alain C. Event-related neural activity associated with the Stroop task. Brain Res. 1999, 8:157-164.
228. West R., Alain C. Effect of task context and fluctuations of attention on neural activity supporting the Stroop task. Brain Res. 2000, 873:102-111.
229. Wickens C., Kramer A., Vanasse L., Donchin E. Performance of concurrent tasks: a psychophysiological analysis of the reciprocity of information-processing resources. Science 1983, 221:1080-1082.
230. Wickens C.D., Kramer A.F., Donchin E. The event-related potential as an index of the processing demands of a complex target acquisition task. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1984, 425:295-299.
231. Wiig E.H., Alexander E.W., Secord W. Linguistic competence and level of cognitive functioning in adults with traumatic closed head injury. Neuropsychological Studies of Nonfocal Brain Injury 1988, 186-201. Springer-Verlag, New York. H. Whitaker (Ed.).
232. Wijnen V.J.M., van Boxtel G.J.M., Eilander H.J., de Gelder B. Mismatch negativity predicts recovery from the vegetative state. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007, 118:597-605.
233. Willmott C., Ponsford J., Hocking C., Schönberger M. Factors contributing to attentional impairments after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:424-432.
234. Wilson J.T., Pettigrew L.E., Teasdale G.M. Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: guidelines for their use. J. Neurotrauma 1998, 15:573-585.
235. Wirsén A., Stenberg G., Rosén I., Ingvar D.H. Quantified EEG and cortical evoked responses in patients with chronic traumatic frontal lesions. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1992, 84:127-138.
236. Xydikis M.S., Bebarta V.S., Harrison C.D., Connor J.C., Grant G.A., Robbins A.S. Tympanic membrane perforation as a marker of concussive brain injury in Iraq. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357:830-831.
237. Yang F.G., Fuller J., Khodaparast N., Krawczyk D.C. Figurative language processing after traumatic brain injury in adults: a preliminary study. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48:1923-1929.
238. Yeung N., Cohen J.D., Botvinick M. The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity. Psychol. Rev. 2004, 111:931-954.