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Informed consent was obtained from right-handed participants recruited from the community (seven males and five females, with an age range of 18 to 30 years). Ninety-six trials were obtained for each subject (see Fig. 1 for paradigm). Each trial began with a 1500-ms instruction: "word," indicating that the stimulus should be read aloud, or "color," indicating that the color of the stimulus should be named (50% of trials for each instruction). After an 11-s delay, a colored word stimulus was presented for 1500 ms, to which subjects verbally responded. Half of the trials were congruent (the word was printed in the same color), and half were incongruent (the word was printed in a different color). Four colors were used: green, blue, red, and purple. There were 24 trials in each combination of instruction and congruency, equally represented and randomized within each block. Verbal responses were recorded and subsequently coded for accuracy and reaction time. For equipment-related reasons, one subject could not be scored for reaction time. There were <3% errors in all conditions, and there was no overall difference in accuracy between color-naming and word-reading trials [F(1, 11) = 0.10, not significant]. Trimmed reaction time (150 ms < RT < 1500 ms) was examined for correct trials only for 11 subjects. Mean RT was 821 ms (SD = 100) in the congruent and 937 ms (SD = 91) in the incongruent color-naming condition, leading to an overall Stroop effect of 116 ms [the RT difference between incongruent and congruent color naming was F(1, 10) = 8.18, P < 0.01]. In the word-reading condition, the mean RT was 810 ms (SD = 121) in the congruent and 904 ms (SD = 140) in the incongruent word-reading condition.
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This work was supported by a K08 Award from the National Institute of Mental Health and a National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression Young Investigator Award to C.S.C. We are especially indebted to L. Ross and J. Larson, as well as to other members of the Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, and to the staff of the Department of Radiology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center for their assistance.
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