Effects of altered plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression on cardiovascular disease

Current Drug Targets

Volumn 12, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 1782-1789

  Ploplis, Victoria A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Gene knock out mice; Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; AURORA A KINASE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALVASCULIN; COCAINE; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; FIBRINOGEN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; PLASMIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UROKINASE; UROKINASE RECEPTOR; VITRONECTIN;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL FUNCTION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; OBESITY; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; THROMBOSIS;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 80054062759     PISSN: 13894501     EISSN: 18735592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138945011797635803     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Von Mourik JA, Lawrence DA, Loskutoff DJ. Purification of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator (antiactivator) synthesized by endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 14914-21.
2. Zhou A, Huntington JA, Pannu NS, Carrell RW, Read RJ. How vitronectin binds PAI-1 to modulate fibrinolysis and cell migration. Nat Struct Biol 2003; 10: 541-4.
3. Declerck PJ, DeMol M, Alessi MC, et al. Purification and characterization of a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 binding protein from human plasma. Identification as a multimeric form of S protein. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 15454-61.
4. Deng G, Curriden SA, Wang S, Rosenberg S, Loskutoff DJ. Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 the molecular switch that governs urokinase receptor-mediated cell adhesion and release? J Cell Biol 1996; 134: 1563-71.
5. Wei Y, Waltz DA, Rao N, Drummond RJ, Rosenberg S, Chapman HA. Identification of the urokinase receptor as an adhesion receptor for vitronectin. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 32380-8.
6. Tang H, Kerins DM, Hao Q, Inagami T, Vaughan DE. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins and activation of mitogen- activated protein kinase in cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 18268-72.
7. Suzuki S, Oldberg A, Hayman EG, Pierschbacher MD, Ruoslahti E. Complete amino acid sequence of human vitronectin deduced from cDNA. Similarity of cell attachment sites in vitronectin and fibronectin. EMBO J 1985; 4: 2519-24.
8. Stefansson S, Lawrence DA. The serpin PAI-1 inhibits cell migration by blocking integrin alpha V beta 3 binding to vitronectin. Nature 1996; 383: 441-3.
9. Loskutoff DJ, Curriden SA, Hu G, Deng G. Regulation of cell adhesion by PAI-1. APMIS 1999; 107: 54-61.
10. Chapman HA. Plasminogen activators, integrins, and the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion and migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997; 9: 714-24.
11. Ploplis VA, Balsara R, Sandoval-Cooper MJ, et al. Enhanced in vitro proliferation of aortic endothelial cells from plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 6143-51.
12. Balsara RD, Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. A novel function of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in modulation of the AKT pathway in wild-type and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1- deficient endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 22527-36.
13. Schleef RR, Higgins DL, Pillemer E, Levitt LJ. Bleeding diathesis due to decreased functional activity of type I plasminogen activator inhibitor. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1747-52.
14. Dieval J, Nguyen G, Gross S, Delobel J, Kruithof EK. A lifelong bleeding disorder associated with a deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I Blood 1991; 77: 528-32.
15. Fay WP, Shapiro AD, Shih JL, Schleef RR, Ginsburg D. Brief report: complete deficiency of plasminogen-activator inhibitor type I due to a frame-shift mutation. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1729-33.
16. Carmeliet P, Kieckens L, Schoonjans L, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice. I. Generation by homologous recombination and characterization. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2746-55.
17. Carmeliet P, Stassen JM, Schoonjans L, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice. II. Effects on hemostasis, thrombosis, and thrombolysis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2756-60.
18. Moriwaki H, Stempien-Otero A, Kremen M, Cozen AE, Dichek DA. Overexpression of urokinase by macrophages or deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 causes cardiac fibrosis in mice. Circ Res 2004; 95: 637-44.
19. Chan JCY, Duszczyszyn D, Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. Accelerated skin wound healing in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1681-8.
20. [20] Ploplis VA, Cornelissen I, Sandova-Cooper M, Weeks L, Noria FA, Castellino FJ. Remodeling of the vessel wall after copperinduced injury is highly attenuated in mice with a total deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 107-17.
21. Bajou K, Noël A, Gerard RD, et al. Absence of host plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 prevents cancer invasion and vascularization. Nat Med 1998; 4: 923-8.
22. Gutierrez LS, Schulman A, Brito-Robinson T, Noria F, Ploplis VA, Castellino, FJ. Tumor development is retarded in mice lacking the gene for urokinase-type plasminogen activator or its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 5839-47.
23. Bajou K, Maillard C, Jost M, et al. Host-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentration is critical for in vivo tumoral angiogenesis and growth. Oncogene 2004; 23: 6986-90.
24. Lakka TA, Lakka HM, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Abdominal obesity is associated with accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154: 497-504.
25. Després JP. Health consequences of visceral obesity. Ann Med 2001; 33: 534-41.
26. See R, Abdullah SM, McGuire DK, et al. The association of differing measures of overweight and obesity with prevalent atherosclerosis: the Dallas Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 752-9.
27. Semenkovich CF, Heinecke JW. Perspectives in diabetes: the mystery of diabetes and atherosclerosis. Diabetes 1997; 46: 327-34.
28. Griffin E, Re A, Hamel N, Fu C, Bush H, McCaffrey T, Asch AS. A link between diabetes and atherosclerosis: Glucose regulates expression of CD36 at the level of translation. Nat Med 2001; 7: 840-6.
29. Tamada H, Nishikawa H, Mukai S, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus in angiographically silent coronary atherosclerosis. Cir J 2003; 67: 423-6.
30. Baudouin-Legros M, Meyer P. Hypertension and atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 15: S1-6.
31. Alexander RW. Hypertension and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress and the mediation of arterial inflammatory response: A new perspective. Hypertension 1995; 25: 155-61.
32. Li J-J, Chen J-L. Inflammation may be a bridge connecting hypertension and atherosclerosis. Medical Hypothesis 2005; 64: 925-9.
33. McGill Jr HC, McMahan A, Malcom GT, Oalmann MC, Strong JP. Effects of serum lipoproteins and smoking on atherosclerosis in young men and women. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 95-106.
34. Howard G, Wagenknecht LE, Burke GL, et al. Cigarette smoking and progression of atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. JAMA 1998; 279: 119-24.
35. Ambrose JA, Barau RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1731-7.
36. Nora JJ, Lortscher RH, Spangler RD, Nora AH, Kimberling WJ. Genetic-epidemiologic study of early onset ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1980; 61: 503-8.
37. Juhan-Vague I, Pyke SD, Alessi MC, Jespersen J, Haverkate F, Thompson SG. Fibrinolytic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. ECAT study group. European concerted action on thrombosis and disabilities. Circulation 1996; 94: 2057-63.
38. Hamsten A, Wiman B, de Faire U, Blomback M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1557-63.
39. Hamsten A, de Faire U, Walldius G. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 1987; 2: 3-9.
40. Vaughan DE, Lazos SA, Tong K. Angiotensin II regulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured endothelial cells. A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 995-1001.
41. Dawson SJ, Wiman B, Hamsten A. The two allele sequence of a common polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene responds differently to IL-1 in HEPG2 cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 10739-45.
42. Margaglione M, Cappucci G, Colaizzo D, et al. The PAI-1 gene locus 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with a family history of coronary artery disease. Arteroscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 152-6.
43. Kathiresan S, Gabriel SB, Yang Q, et al. Comprehensive survey of common genetic variation at the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 locus and relations to circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Circulation 2005; 112: 1728-35.
44. Ding J, Nicklas BJ, Fallin MD, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels but not with myocardial infarction or stroke. Am Heart J 2006; 152: 1109-15.
45. Su S, Chen S, Zhao J, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene: selection of tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms and association with coronary heart disease. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 948-54.
46. Bavenholm P, de Faire U, Landou C, et al. Progression of coronary artery disease in young male post-infarction patients is linked to disturbances of carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism and to impaired fibrinolytic function. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 402-10.
47. Anand SS, Yi Q, Gerstein H, et al.; Study of health assessment and risk in ethnic groups: Study of health assessment and risk evaluation in aboriginal peoples investigators. Relationship of metabolic syndrome and fibrinolytic dysfunction to cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2003; 108: 420-5.
48. Zaman AK, Fujii S, Schneider DJ, Taatjes DJ, Lijnen HR, Sobel BE. Deleterious effects of lack of cardiac PAI-1 after coronary occlusion in mice and their pathophysiologic determinants. Histochem Cell Biol 007; 128: 135-45.
49. Zaman AK, French CJ, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE. A profibrotic effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in heart. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234: 246-54.
50. Fuser V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 242-50.
51. Vague P, Juhan-Vague I, Aillaud MF, et al. Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism 1986; 35: 250-3.
52. Auwerx J, Bouillon R, Collen D, Geboers J. Tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor in diabetes mellitus. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 68-72.
53. Juhan-Vague I, Vague P, Alessi MC, et al. Relationships between plasma insulin triglyceride, body mass index, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Diabete Metab 1987; 13: 331-6.
54. Schneiderman J, Sawdey MS, Keeton MR, et al. Increased type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene expression in atherosclerotic human arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 6998-7002.
55. Chomiki N, Henry M, Alessi MC, Anfosso F, Juhan-Vague I. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human liver and healthy or atherosclerotic vessel walls. Thromb Haemost 1994; 72: 44-53.
56. Naito M, Funaki C, Hayashi T, et al. Substrate-bound fibrinogen, fibrin, and other cell attachment-promoting proteins as a scaffold for cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1992; 96: 227-34.
57. Naito M, Hayashi T, Kuzuya M, Funaki C, Asai K, Kuzuya F. Effects of fibrinogen and fibrin on the migration of vascular smooth cells in vitro. Atherosclerosis 1990; 83: 9-14.
58. Escaned J, de Jong M, Violaris AG, et al. Clinical and histological determinants of smooth-muscle cell outgrowth in cultured atherectomy specimens: Importance of thrombus organization. Coronary Artery Dis 1993; 4: 883-90.
59. Smith EB, Cochran S. Factors influencing the accumulation in fibrous plaques of lipid derived from low density lipoprotein. II. Preferential immobilization of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). Atherosclerosis 1990; 84: 173-81.
60. Diebold I, Kraicun D, Bonello S, Görlach A. The 'PAI-1 paradox' in vascular remodeling. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 984-91.
61. Gabbiani G. The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases. J Pathol 2003; 200: 500-3.
62. Leask A. Potential therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis. TGFβ, angiotensin, endothelin, CCN2, and PDGF, partners in fibroblast activation. Circ Res 2010; 106: 1675-80.
63. Zeisberg EM, Tarnavski O, Zeisberg M, et al. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. Nat Med 2007; 13: 952-61.
64. Petrov VV, Pelt JF, Vermeesch JR, et al. TGF-beta 1-induced cardiac myofibroblasts are nonproliferating functional cells carrying DNA damages. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314: 1480-94.
65. Lyons RM, Gentry LE, Purchio AF, Moses HL. Mechanism of activation of latent recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 by plasmin. J Cell Biol 1990; 110: 1361-7.
66. Crawford SE, Stellmach V, Murphy-Ulrich JE, et al. Thrombospondin-1 is a major activator of TGF-beta 1 in vivo. Cell 1998; 93: 1159-70.
67. Assoian RK, Komoriya A, Meyers CA, Miller DM, Sporn MB. Transforming growth factor-β in human platelets. Identification of a major storage site, purification, and characterization. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 7155-60.
68. Moustakas A. Smad signaling network. J Cell Sci 2002; 115: 3355-6.
69. Lee AA, Dillmann WH, McCulloch AD, Villarreal FJ. Angiotensin II stimulates the autocrine production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. J mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27: 2347-57.
70. Campbell SE, Katwa LC. Angiotensin II stimulated expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. L Mol Cell Cardiol 1997; 29: 1947-58.
71. Chen Y, Blom IE, Sa S, Goldschmeding R, Abraham DJ, Leask A. CTGF expression in mesangial cells: involvement of SMADs, MAP kinase, and PKC. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1149-59.
72. Leask A, Holmes A, Black CM, Abraham DJ. CTGF gene regulation requirements for its induction by TGFβ in fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 13008-15.
73. Stratton R, Rajikumar V, Ponticos M, et al. Prostacyclin derivatives prevent the fibrotic response to TGF-beta by inhibiting the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway. FASEB J 2002; 16: 1949-51.
74. Chen Y, Shiwen X, van Beek J, et al. Matrix contraction by dermal fibroblasts requires transforming growth factor-beta/activin-linked kinase 5, heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycans, and MEK/ERK: insights into pathological scarring in chronic fibrotic disease. Am J Pathol 2005; 167: 1699-711.
75. Chen Y, Abraham DJ, Shi-Wen X, et al. CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor) promotes fibroblast adhesion to fibronectin. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 5635-46.
76. Shi-Wen X, Chen Y, Denton CP, et al. Endothelin-1 promotes myofibroblast induction through the ETA receptor via a rac/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway and is essential for the enhanced contractile phenotype of fibrotic fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 2707-19.
77. Shi-Wen X, Howat SL, Renzoni EA, et al. Endothelin-1 induces expression of matrix-associated genes in lung fibroblasts through MEK/ERK. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 23098-103.
78. Shi-Wen X, Rodriguez-Pascual F, Lamas S, et al. Constitutive ALK5-independent c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation contributes to endothelin-1 overexpression in pulmonary fibrosis: evidence of an autocrine endothelin loop operating through the endothelin A and B receptors. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26: 5518-27.
79. Vassalli J, Sappino A, Belin D. The plasminogen activator/plasmin system. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1067-1072.
80. Pedrozo HA, Schwartz Z, Robinson M, et al. Potential mechanisms for the plasmin-mediated release and activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta 1 from the extracellular matrix of growth plate chondrocytes. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 5806-16.
81. Odekon LE, Blasi F, Rifkin DB. Requirement for receptor-bound urokinase in plasmin-dependent cellular conversion of latent TGF- beta to TGF-beta. J Cell Physiol 1994; 158: 398-407.
82. DePoli P, Bacon-Baguley T, Kendra-Franczak S, Cederholm MT, Walz DA. Thrombospondin interaction with plasminogen. Evidence for binding to a specific region of the kringle structure of plasminogen. Blood 1989; 73: 976-82.
83. Silverstein RL, Leung LL, Harpel PC, Nachman RL. Complex formation of platelet thrombospondin with plasminogen. Modulation of activation by tissue activator. J CLin Invest 1984; 74: 1625-33.
84. Yamamoto K, Takeshita K, Kojima T, Takamatsu J, Saito H. Aging and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulation: implication in the pathogenesis of thrombotic disorders in the elderly. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 66: 276-85.
85. Sobel BE, Lee Y-H, Pratley RE, Schneider DJ. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in the heart as a function of age. Life Sci 2006; 79: 1600-5.
86. Xu Z, Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is cardioprotective in mice by maintaining microvascular integrity and cardiac architecture. Blood 2010; 115: 2038-47.
87. Ghosh AK, Bradham WS, Gleaves LA, et al. Genetic deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes cardiac fibrosis in aged mice. Involvement of constitutive transforming growth factor-β signaling and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Circulation 2010; 122: 1200-9.
88. Haq S, Choukroun G, Lim H, et al. Differential activation of signal transduction pathways in human hearts with hypertrophy versus advanced heart failure. Circulation 2001; 103:670-7.
89. Meadows KN, Iyer S, Stevens MV, et al. Akt promotes endocardial -mesenchyme transition. J Angiogenes Res 2009; 1: 2.
90. Stratton JR, Chandler WL, Schwartz RS, et al. Effects of physical conditioning on fibrinolytic variables and fibrinogen in young and old healthy adults. Circulation 1991; 83: 1692-7.
91. Killewich LA, Macko RF, Montgomery PS, Wiley LA, Gardner AW. Exercise training enhances endogenous fibrinolysis in peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40: 741-5.
92. Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Walker M, Lennon L. Physical activity and hemostatic and inflammatory variables in elderly men. Circulation 2002; 105: 1785-90.
93. DeSouza CA, Dengel DR, Rogers MA, Cox K, Macko RF. Fibrinolytic responses to acute physical activity in older hypertensive men. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1765-70.
94. Skurk T, Hauner H. Obesity and impaired fibrinolysis: role of adipose production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1357-64.
95. McGill HCJ, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, et al. Pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in young men. Circulation 2002; 105: 2712-8.
96. Mertens I, Van Gaal LF. Obesity, haemostasis and the fibrinolytic system. Obes Rev 2002; 3: 85-101.
97. Vaughan DE, Rouleau JL, Ridker PM, Arnold JM, Menapace FJ, Pfeffer MA; Heart study investigators. Effects of ramipril on plasma fibrinolytic balance in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 96: 442-7.
98. Wei J, Ma C, Wang X. Simvastatin inhibits tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression of glomerular mesangial cells in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Biomed Res 2006; 27: 149-55.
99. Qu HY, Xiao YW, Jiang GH, Wang ZY, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Effect of atorvastin versus rosuvastatin on levels of serum lipids, inflammatory markers and adiponectin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Pharm Res 2009; 26: 958-64.
100. Kruszynska YT, Yu JG, Olefsky JM, Sobel BE. Effects of troglitazone on blood concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and in lean and obese normal subjects. Diabetes 2000; 49: 633-9.
101. Gottschling-Zeller H, Rohrig K, Hauner H. Troglitazone reduces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and secretion in cultured human adipocytes. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 377-83.
102. Takeshita Y, Takamura T, Hamaguchi E, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and its regulation by pioglitazone and cerivastatin in a nonmalignant human hepatocyte cell line. Metabolism 2006; 55: 1464-72.
103. Witkowski P, Seki T, Xiang G, et al. A DNA enzyme against plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 (PAI-1) limits neointima formation after angioplasty in an obese diabetic rodent model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50: 633-40.
104. Elokdah H, Abou-Gharbia M, Hennan JK, et al. Tiplaxtinin, a novel orally efficacious inhibitor-1: Design, synthesis, and preclinical characterization. J Med Chem 2004; 47: 3491-4.
105. Gorlatova NV, Cale JM, Elokdah H, et al. Mechanism of inactivation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by a small molecule inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 9288-96.
106. Izuhara Y, Takahashi S, Nangaku M, et al. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Its mechanism and effectiveness on coagulation and fibrosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 672-7.
107. Izuhara Y, Yamaoka N, Kodama H, et al. A novel inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 provides antithrombotic benefits devoid of bleeding effect in nonhuman primates. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30: 904-12.
108. Gardell SJ, Krueger JA, Antrilli TA, et al. Neutralization of plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI-1) by the synthetic antagonist PAI-749 via a dual mechanism of action. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72: 897-906.
109. El-Ayache NC, Li S-H, Warnock M, Lawrence DA, Emal CD. Novel bis-arylsulfonamides and aryl sulfonimides as inactivators of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20: 966-70.
110. Cale JM, Li S-H, Warnock M, et al. Characterization of a novel class of polyphenolic inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 7892-902.