Tocotrienols: The lesser known form of natural vitamin E

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 49, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 732-738

  Patel, Viren ^a   Rink, Cameron ^a   Khanna, Savita ^a   Sen, Chandan K ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arteriogenesis; MMP2; Neuroprotection; TIMP1; Tocotrienols; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ALPHA TOCOTRIENOL; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT;

ANIMAL; BIOAVAILABILITY; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); HUMAN; REVIEW; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; TOCOTRIENOLS; VITAMIN E;

EID: 80054044687     PISSN: 00195189     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Sen CK, Rink C & Khanna S, Palm oil-derived natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol in brain health and disease, J Am Coll Nutr, 29 (2010) 314S.
2. Wolf G, The discovery of the antioxidant function of vitamin E: The contribution of Henry A. Mattill, J Nutr, 135 (2005) 363.
3. Bunyan J, McHale D, Green J & Marcinkiewicz S, Biological potencies of epsilon- and zeta-1-tocopherol and 5-methyltocol, Br J Nutr, 15 (1961) 253.
4. Sen CK, Khanna S, Rink C & Roy S, Tocotrienols: The emerging face of natural vitamin E, Vitam Horm, 76 (2007) 203.
5. Sen CK, Khanna S & Roy S, Tocotrienol: The natural vitamin E to defend the nervous system?, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1031 (2004) 127.
6. Sen CK, Khanna S & Roy S, Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols, Life Sci, 78 (2006) 2088.
7. Sen CK, Khanna S & Roy S, Tocotrienols in health and disease: The other half of the natural vitamin E family, Mol Aspects Med, 28 (2007) 692.
8. Khanna S, Patel V, Rink C, Roy S & Sen CK, Delivery of orally supplemented alpha-tocotrienol to vital organs of rats and tocopherol-transport protein deficient mice, Free Radic Biol Med, 39 (2005) 1310.
9. Sylvester PW, Kaddoumi A, Nazzal S & El Sayed KA, The value of tocotrienols in the prevention and treatment of cancer, J Am Coll Nutr, 29 324S.
10. Aggarwal B B, Sundaram C, Prasad S & Kannappan R, Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: Its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases, Biochem Pharmacol, 80 (2010) 1613.
11. Husain K, Francois R A, Hutchinson S Z, Neuger A M, Lush R, Coppola D, Sebti S & Malafa M P, Vitamin E deltatocotrienol levels in tumor and pancreatic tissue of mice after oral administration, Pharmacology, 83 (2009) 157.
12. Khanna S, Roy S, Slivka A, Craft T K, Chaki S, Rink C, Notestine M A, DeVries A C, Parinandi N L & Sen C K, Neuroprotective properties of the natural vitamin E alphatocotrienol, Stroke, 36 (2005) 2258.
13. Serbinova E, Kagan V, Han D & Packer L, Free radical recycling and intramembrane mobility in the antioxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol, Free Radic Biol Med, 10 (1991) 263.
14. Serbinova E A & Packer L, Antioxidant properties of alphatocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol, Meth Enzymol, 234 (1994) 354.
15. Suzuki Y J, Tsuchiya M, Wassall S R, Choo Y M, Govil G, Kagan V E & Packer L, Structural and dynamic membrane properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol: Implication to the molecular mechanism of their antioxidant potency, Biochemistry, 32 (1993) 10692.
16. Park S K, Sanders B G & Kline K, Tocotrienols induce apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines via an endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent increase in extrinsic death receptor signaling, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 124 (2010) 361.
17. Shah S & Sylvester P W, Tocotrienol-induced caspase-8 activation is unrelated to death receptor apoptotic signaling in neoplastic mammary epithelial cells, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 229 (2004) 745.
18. Rickmann M, Vaquero E C, Malagelada J R & Molero X, Tocotrienols induce apoptosis and autophagy in rat pancreatic stellate cells through the mitochondrial death pathway, Gastroenterology, 132 (2007) 2518.
19. Srivastava J K & Gupta S, Tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis selectively in human prostate cancer cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 346 (2006) 447.
20. Agarwal M K, Agarwal M L, Athar M & Gupta S, Tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil activates p53, modulates Bax/Bcl2 ratio and induces apoptosis independent of cell cycle association, Cell Cycle, 3 (2004) 205.
21. Weng-Yew W, Selvaduray K R, Ming C H & Nesaretnam K, Suppression of tumor growth by palm tocotrienols via the attenuation of angiogenesis, Nutr Cancer, 61 (2009) 367.
22. Shibata A, Nakagawa K, Sookwong P, Tsuduki T, Tomita S, Shirakawa H, Komai M & Miyazawa T, Tocotrienol inhibits secretion of angiogenic factors from human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells by suppressing hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, J Nutr, 138 (2008) 2136.
23. Miyazawa T, Shibata A, Sookwong P, Kawakami Y, Eitsuka T, Asai A, Oikawa S & Nakagawa K, Antiangiogenic and anticancer potential of unsaturated vitamin E (tocotrienol), J Nutr Biochem, 20 (2009) 79.
24. Nakagawa K, Eitsuka T, Inokuchi H & Miyazawa T, DNA chip analysis of comprehensive food function: Inhibition of angiogenesis and telomerase activity with unsaturated vitamin E, tocotrienol, Biofactors, 21 (2004) 5.
25. Shibata A, Nakagawa K, Sookwong P, Tsuduki T, Oikawa S & Miyazawa T, delta-Tocotrienol suppresses VEGF induced angiogenesis whereas alpha-tocopherol does not, J Agric Food Chem, 57 (2009) 8696.
26. Pearce B C, Parker R A, Deason M E, Dischino D D, Gillespie E, Qureshi A A, Volk K & Wright JJ, Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 2. Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of benzopyran and tetrahydronaphthalene analogues of the tocotrienols, J Med Chem, 37 (1994) 526.
27. Pearce BC, Parker RA, Deason ME, Qureshi AA & Wright JJ, Hypocholesterolemic activity of synthetic and natural tocotrienols, J Med Chem, 35 (1992) 3595.
28. Khanna S, Roy S, Ryu H, Bahadduri P, Swaan P W, Ratan RR & Sen CK, Molecular basis of vitamin E action: Tocotrienol modulates 12-lipoxygenase, a key mediator of glutamate-induced neurodegeneration, J Biol Chem, 278 (2003) 43508.
29. Khanna S, Parinandi NL, Kotha SR, Roy S, Rink C, Bibus D & Sen CK, Nanomolar vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol inhibits glutamate-induced activation of phospholipase A2 and causes neuroprotection, J Neurochem, 112 (2010) 1249.
30. Rasool AH, Rahman AR, Yuen KH & Wong AR, Arterial compliance and vitamin E blood levels with a selfemulsifying preparation of tocotrienol rich vitamin E, Arch Pharm Res, 31 (2008) 1212.
31. Qureshi AA, Sami S A, Salser WA & Khan FA, Synergistic effect of tocotrienol-rich fraction [TRF(25)] of rice bran and lovastatin on lipid parameters in hypercholesterolemic humans, J Nutr Biochem, 12 (2001) 318.
32. Park HA, Kubicki N, Gnyawali S, Chan YC, Roy S, Khanna S & Sen CK, Natural Vitamin E a-Tocotrienol Protects Against Ischemic Stroke by Induction of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1, Stroke, (2011) (in press).
33. Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson J E, Hennekens CH & Buring JE, Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: A randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 294 (2005) 56.
34. Gee PT, Unleashing the untold and misunderstood observations on vitamin E, Genes Nutr, 6 (2011) 5.
35. Dotan Y, Lichtenberg D & Pinchuk I, No evidence supports vitamin E indiscriminate supplementation, Biofactors, 35 (2009) 469.
36. Blatt DH, Leonard SW & Traber MG, Vitamin E kinetics and the function of tocopherol regulatory proteins, Nutrition, 17 (2001) 799.
37. Kaempf-Rotzoll DE, Traber MG & Arai H, Vitamin E and transfer proteins, Curr Opin Lipidol, 14 (2003) 249.
38. Traber M G & Arai H, Molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport, Annu Rev Nutr, 19 (1999) 343.
39. Stocker A, Molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1031 (2004) 44.
40. Hosomi A, Arita M, Sato Y, Kiyose C, Ueda T, Igarashi O, Arai H & Inoue K, Affinity for alpha-tocopherol transfer protein as a determinant of the biological activities of vitamin E analogs, FEBS Lett, 409 (1997) 105.
41. Panagabko C, Morley S, Hernandez M, Cassolato P, Gordon H, Parsons R, Manor D & Atkinson J, Ligand specificity in the CRAL-TRIO protein family, Biochemistry, 42 (2003) 6467.
42. Traber MG, Burton GW & Hamilton RL, Vitamin E trafficking, Annals N Y Acad Sci, 1031 (2004) 1.
43. Podda M, Weber C, Traber MG & Packer L, Simultaneous determination of tissue tocopherols, tocotrienols, ubiquinols, and ubiquinones, J Lipid Res, 37 (1996) 893.
44. O'Byrne D, Grundy S, Packer L, Devaraj S, Baldenius K, Hoppe P P, Kraemer K, Jialal I & Traber MG, Studies of LDL oxidation following alpha-, gamma-, or deltatocotrienyl acetate supplementation of hypercholesterolemic humans, Free Radic Biol Med, 29 (2000) 834.
45. Khosla P, Patel V, Whinter J M, Khanna S, Rakhkovskaya M, Roy S & Sen C K, Postprandial levels of the natural vitamin E tocotrienol in human circulation, Antioxid Redox Signal, 8 (2006) 1059.
46. Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S & Packer L, Molecular basis of vitamin E action. Tocotrienol potently inhibits glutamateinduced pp60(c-Src) kinase activation and death of HT4 neuronal cells, J Biol Chem, 275 (2000) 13049.
47. Jishage K, Arita M, Igarashi K, Iwata T, Watanabe M, Ogawa M, Ueda O, Kamada N, Inoue K, Arai H & Suzuki H, Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein is important for the normal development of placental labyrinthine trophoblasts in mice, J Biol Chem, 276 (2001) 1669.
48. Terasawa Y, Manabe H, Yoshida N, Uemura M, Sugimoto N, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T & Kondo M, Alpha-tocopherol protects against monocyte Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) expression and Mac-1-dependent adhesion to endothelial cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein, Biofactors, 11 (2000) 221.
49. Ouahchi K, Arita M, Kayden H, Hentati F, Ben Hamida M, Sokol R, Arai H, Inoue K, Mandel JL & Koenig M, Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency is caused by mutations in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein, Nat Genet, 9 (1995) 141.
50. Gotoda T, Arita M, Arai H, Inoue K, Yokota T, Fukuo Y, Yazaki Y & Yamada N, Adult-onset spinocerebellar dysfunction caused by a mutation in the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein, N Engl J Med, 333 (1995) 1313.
51. Yokota T, Shiojiri T, Gotoda T & Arai H, Retinitis pigmentosa and ataxia caused by a mutation in the gene for the alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein, N Engl J Med, 335 (1996) 1770.
52. Schuelke M, Mayatepek E, Inter M, Becker M, Pfeiffer E, Speer A, Hubner C & Finckh B, Treatment of ataxia in isolated vitamin E deficiency caused by alpha-tocopherol transfer protein deficiency, J Pediatr, 134 (1999) 240.
53. Cahoon EB, Hall SE, Ripp KG, Ganzke TS, Hitz WD & Coughlan S J, Metabolic redesign of vitamin E biosynthesis in plants for tocotrienol production and increased antioxidant content, Nat Biotechnol, 21 (2003) 1082.
54. Khanna S, Roy S, Parinandi NL, Maurer M & Sen CK, Characterization of the potent neuroprotective properties of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol, J Neurochem, 98 (2006) 1474.
55. Rink C, Christoforidis G, Khanna S, Paterson L, Patel Y, Khanna S, Abduljalil A, Irfanoglu O, Machiraju R, Bergdall VK & Sen CK, Tocotrienol vitamin E protects against preclinical canine ischemic stroke by inducing arteriogenesis, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (2011) (in press).
56. Atkinson J, Epand RF & Epand RM, Tocopherols and tocotrienols in membranes: A critical review, Free Radic Biol Med, 44 (2008) 739.
57. Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF, Larsen EC, Chen X, Sun D & Tsao FH, CDP-choline significantly restores phosphatidylcholine levels by differentially affecting phospholipase A2 and CTP: Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase after stroke, J Biol Chem, 281 (2006) 6718.
58. Lin TN, Wang Q, Simonyi A, Chen JJ, Cheung WM, He YY, Xu J, Sun AY, Hsu C Y & Sun GY, Induction of secretory phospholipase A2 in reactive astrocytes in response to transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat brain, J Neurochem, 90 (2004) 637.
59. Burke J E & Dennis E A, Phospholipase A2 structure/function, mechanism, and signaling, J Lipid Res, 50 (Suppl) (2009) S237.
60. Patel V, Khanna S, Roy S, Ezziddin O & Sen CK, Natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol: Retention in vital organs in response to long-term oral supplementation and withdrawal, Free Radic Res, 40 (2006) 763.
61. Paul R, Zhang ZG, Eliceiri BP, Jiang Q, Boccia AD, Zhang RL, Chopp M & Cheresh DA, Src deficiency or blockade of Src activity in mice provides cerebral protection following stroke, Nat Med, 7 (2001) 222.
62. Park HA, Khanna S, Rink C, Gnyawali S, Roy S & Sen CK, Glutathione disulfide induces neural cell death via a 12-lipoxygenase pathway, Cell Death Differ, 16 (2009) 1167.
63. Minich T, Riemer J, Schulz JB, Wielinga P, Wijnholds J & Dringen R, The multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp1), but not Mrp5, mediates export of glutathione and glutathione disulfide from brain astrocytes, J Neurochem, 97 (2006) 373.
64. Sen CK, Cellular thiols and redox-regulated signal transduction, Curr Top Cell Regul, 36 (2000) 1.
65. Miller ER, 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ & Guallar E, Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality, Ann Intern Med, 142 (2005) 37.
66. Schurks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, Tzourio C & Kurth T, Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Br Med J, 341 (2010) c5702.