Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting

Nature Chemistry

Volumn 3, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 763-774

  Scholes, Gregory D ^a   Fleming, Graham R ^b,c   Olaya Castro, Alexandra ^d   Van Grondelle, Rienk ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMISTRY; FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER; LIGHT HARVESTING SYSTEM; PHOTOSYSTEM I; PHOTOSYSTEM II; QUANTUM THEORY; REVIEW; SOLAR ENERGY; SUNLIGHT;

FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER; LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES; PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX; PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX; QUANTUM THEORY; SOLAR ENERGY; SUNLIGHT;

EID: 80053277222     PISSN: 17554330     EISSN: 17554349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1145     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Field, C. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., Randerson, J. T. & Falkowski, P. Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281, 237-240 (1998). (Pubitemid 28334501)
2. Larkum, A. W. D. Limitations and prospects of natural photosynthesis for bioenergy production. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 21, 271-276 (2010).
3. Blankenship, R. E. et al. Comparing photosynthetic efficienciencies and recognizing the potential for improvement. Science 332, 805-809 (2011).
4. Lewis, N. S. & Nocera, D. G. Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 15729-15735 (2006). (Pubitemid 44657536)
5. Remacle, F., Speiser, S. & Levine, R. D. Intermolecular and intramolecular logic gates. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 5589-5591 (2001). (Pubitemid 35339122)
6. Credi, A. Molecules that make decisions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 5472-5475 (2007). (Pubitemid 47121614)
7. Szacilowski, K. Digital information processing in molecular systems. Chem. Rev. 108, 3481-3548 (2008).
8. Green, B. R. & Parson, W. W. (eds) Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003).
9. Gust, D., Moore, T. A. & Moore, A. L. Solar fuels via artificial photosynthesis. Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 1890-1898 (2009).
10. Wasielewski, M. R. Self-assembly strategies for integrating light harvesting and charge separation in artificial photosynthetic systems. Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 1910-1921 (2009).
11. Guldi, D. M. Fullerene-porphyrin architectures; photosynthetic antenna and reaction center models. Chem. Soc. Rev. 31, 22-36 (2002).
12. Ball, P. The dawn of quantum biology. Nature 474, 272-274 (2011).
13. Blankenship, R. E. Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis (Blackwell, 2002).
14. Ke, B. Photosynthesis: Photobiochemistry and Photobiophysics (Advances in Photosynthesis series Vol. 10, Kluwer Academic, 2001).
15. van Grondelle, R., Dekker, J. P., Gillbro, T. & Sundström, V. Energy transfer and trapping in photosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1187, 1-65 (1994). (Pubitemid 24262887)
16. van Amerongen, H., Valkunas, L. & van Grondelle, R. Photosynthetic Excitons (World Scientific, 2000).
17. Sundström, V., Pullerits, T. & van Grondelle, R. Photosynthetic light-harvesting: Reconciling dynamics and structure of purple bacterial LH2 reveals function of photosynthetic unit. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 2327-2346 (1999). (Pubitemid 129702493)
18. Grossman, A. R., Bhaya, D., Apt, K. E. & Kehoe, D. M. Light-harvesting complexes in oxygenic photosynthesis: Diversity, control, and evolution. Annu. Rev. Genetics 29, 231-288 (1995). (Pubitemid 26005343)
19. Cheng, Y. C. & Fleming, G. R. Dynamics of light harvesting in photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 60, 241-262 (2009).
20. Cogdell, R. J., Gall, A. & Köhler, J. The architecture and function of the light-harvesting apparatus of purple bacteria: From single molecules to in vivo membranes. Quarterly Rev. Biophys. 39, 227-324 (2006). (Pubitemid 44963429)
21. Scholes, G. D. Long-range resonance energy transfer in molecular systems. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, 57-87 (2003).
22. Olaya-Castro, A. & Scholes, G. D. Energy transfer from Förster-Dexter theory to quantum coherent light-harvesting. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 30, 49-77 (2011).
23. Beljonne, D., Curutchet, C., Scholes, G. D. & Silbey, R. Beyond Förster resonance energy transfer in biological and nanoscale systems. J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 6583-6599 (2009).
24. Braslavsky, S. E. et al. Pitfalls and limitations in the practical use of Förster's theory of resonance energy transfer. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 7, 1444-1448 (2008).
25. Clegg, R. M. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 6, 103-110 (1995).
26. Scholes, G. D. & Fleming, G. R. Energy transfer in photosynthesis. Adv. Chem. Phys. 132, 57-129 (2005).
27. Scholes, G. D. & Fleming, G. R. On the mechanism of light-harvesting in photosynthetic purple bacteria: B800 to B850 energy transfer. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 1854-1868 (2000).
28. Van Grondelle, R. & Novoderezhkin, V. I. Energy transfer in photosynthesis: Experimental insights and quantitative models. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 793-807 (2006).
29. Novoderezhkin, V. & van Grondelle, R. Physical origins and models of energy transfer in photosynthetic light-harvesting. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 7352-7365 (2010).
30. Sener, M. K., Olsen, J. D., Hunter, C. N. & Schulten, K. Atomic-level structural and functional model of a bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 15723-15728 (2007). (Pubitemid 350035367)
31. Renger, T. Theory of excitation energy transfer: From structure to function. Photosynth. Res. 102, 471-485 (2009).
32. Renger, T. & Schodder, E. Primary photophysical processes in photosystem II: Bridging the gap between crystal structure and optical spectra. ChemPhysChem 11, 1141-1153 (2010).
33. Swager, T. M. The molecular wire approach to sensory signal amplification. Acc. Chem. Res. 31, 201-207 (1998). (Pubitemid 128474554)
34. Andrews, D. L. & Bradshaw, D. S. Optically nonlinear energy transfer in light-harvesting dendrimers. J. Chem. Phys. 121, 2445-2454 (2004).
35. Singh-Rachford, T. N. & Castellano, F. N. Photon upconversion based on sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation. Coord. Chem. Rev. 254, 2560-2573 (2010).
36. Overmann, J., Cypionka, H. & Pfennig, N. An extremely low-light adapted phototrophic sulfur bacterium from the Black Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37, 150-155 (1992). (Pubitemid 23399269)
37. Fassioli, F., Olaya-Castro, A., Scheuring, S., Sturgis, J. N. & Johnson, N. F. Energy transfer in light-adapted photosynthetic membranes: From active to saturated photosynthesis. Biophys. J. 97, 2464-2473 (2009).
38. Krueger, B. P., Scholes, G. D. & Fleming, G. R. Calculation of couplings and energy transfer pathways between the pigments of LH2 by the ab initio transition density cube method. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 5378-5386 (1998). (Pubitemid 128578377)
39. Björn, L. O., Papageorgiou, G. C., Blankenship, R. E. & Govindjee. A viewpoint: Why chlorophyll a? Photosynth. Res. 99, 85-98 (2009).
40. Tretiak, S. & Mukamel, S. Density matrix analysis and simulation of electronic excitations in conjugated and aggregated molecules. Chem. Rev. 102, 3171-3212 (2002). (Pubitemid 35381644)
41. Scholes, G. D. & Rumbles, G. Excitons in nanoscale systems. Nature Mater. 5, 683-696 (2006). (Pubitemid 44320320)
42. Tretiak, S., Chernyak, V. & Mukamel, S. Chemical bonding and size scaling of nonlinear polarizabilities of conjugated polymers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4656-4659 (1996). (Pubitemid 126632007)
43. Marder, S. R. et al. A unified description of the linear and nonlinear polarization in organic polymethine dyes. Science 265, 632-635 (1994). (Pubitemid 24269100)
44. Birks, J. B. in Organic Molecular Photophysics Vol. 1 (ed. J. B. Birks) Ch. 1, 1-55 (Wiley, 1973).
45. Platt, J. R. Classification of the spectra of cata-condensed hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Phys. 17, 484-495 (1949).
46. Law, K. Y. Squaraine chemistry. Absorption, fluorescence emission, and photophysics of unsymmetrical squaraines. J. Phys. Chem. 99, 9818-9824 (1995).
47. Duysens, L. N. M. Transfer of light energy within the pigment systems present in photosynthesizing cells. Nature 168, 548-550 (1951).
48. Blumen, A. & Manz, J. On the concentration and time dependence of the energy transfer to randomly distributed acceptors. J. Chem. Phys. 71, 4694-4702 (1979).
49. Den Hollander, W. T. F., Bakker, J. G. C. & van Grondelle, R. Trapping, loss and annihilation of excitations in a photosynthetic system. 1. Theoretical aspects. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 725, 492-507 (1983).
50. Anthanasopoulos, S., Hennebicq, E., Beljonne, D. & Walker, A. B. Trap limited transport in conjugated polymers. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 11532-11538 (2008).
51. Livingston, R. Intermolecular transfer of electronic excitation. J. Phys. Chem. 61, 860-864 (1957).
52. Beddard, G. S. & Porter, G. Concentration quenching in chlorophyll. Nature 260, 366-367 (1976).
53. Scholes, G. D. & Ghiggino, K. P. Electronic interactions and interchromophore excitation transfer. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 4580-4590 (1994).
54. Samuel, I. D. W. et al. The efficiency and time-dependence of luminescence from poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and derivatives. Chem. Phys. Lett. 213, 472-478 (1993).
55. Brédas, J. L., Beljonne, D., Coropceanu, V. & Cornil, J. Charge-transfer and energy-transfer processes in pi-conjugated oligomers and polymers: A molecular picture. Chem. Rev. 104, 4971-5003 (2004).
56. Calzaferri, G., Huber, S., Maas, H. & Minkowski, C. Host-guest antenna materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 3732-3758 (2003). (Pubitemid 37051531)
57. Fetisova, Z. G., Freiberg, A. M. & Timpmann, K. E. Long-range molecular order as an efficient strategy for light harvesting in photosynthesis. Nature 334, 633-634 (1988).
58. Scholak, T., de Melo, F., Wellens, T., Mintert, F. & Buchleitner, A. Efficient and coherent excitation transfer across disordered molecular networks. Phys. Rev. E 83, 021912 (2011).
59. Schlau-Cohen, G. S. et al. Pathways of energy flow in LHCII from two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 15352-1536, (2009).
60. Calhoun, T. R. et al. Quantum coherence enabled determination of the energy landscape in light-harvesting complex II. J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 16291-16295 (2009).
61. Müh, F., Madjet, M. E. & Renger, T. Structure-based identification of energy sinks in plant light-harvesting complex II. J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 13517-13535 (2010).
62. Scheuring, A. & Sturgis, J. N. Atomic force microscopy of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus: Plain pictures of an elaborate machinery Photosynth. Res. 102, 197-211 (2009).
63. Bahatyrova, S. et al. The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane. Nature 430, 1058-1062 (2004). (Pubitemid 39128393)
64. Andrews, D. L. & Rodriguez, J. Resonance energy transfer: Spectral overlap, efficiency, and direction. J. Chem. Phys. 127, 084509 (2007).
65. Shortreed, M. R. et al. Directed energy transfer funnels in dendrimeric antenna supermolecules. J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 6318-6322 (1997). (Pubitemid 127591286)
66. Balzani, V. & Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry (Ellis Horwood, 1991).
67. MacColl, R. Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. J. Struct. Biol. 124, 311-334 (1998). (Pubitemid 29143068)
68. Arteni, A. A., Ajlani, G. & Boekema, E. J. Structural organisation of phycobilisomes from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 and their interaction with the membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1787, 272-279 (2009).
69. Su, H.-N., Xie, B.-B., Zhang, X.-Y., Zhou, B.-C. & Zhang, Y.-Z. The supramolecular architecture, function, and regulation of thylakoid membranes in red algae: An overview. Photosynth. Res. 106, 73-87 (2010).
70. David, L., Marx, A. & Adir, N. High-resolution crystal structures of trimeric and rod phycocyanin. J. Mol. Biol. 405, 201-213 (2011).
71. Wen, J., Zhang, H., Gross, M. L. & Blankenship, R. E. Membrane orientation of the FMO antenna protein from Chlorobaculum tepidum as determined by mass spectrometry-based footprinting. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 6134-6139 (2009).
72. Frigaard, N. U., Chew, A. G. M., Li, H., Maresca, J. A. & Bryant, D. A. Chlorobium tepidum: Insights into the structure, physiology, and metabolism of a green sulfur bacterium derived from the complete genome sequence. Photosynth. Res. 78, 93-117 (2003). (Pubitemid 37551470)
73. Gantt, E., Edwards, M. R. & Provasoli, L. Chloroplast structure of cryptophyceae - evidence for phycobiliproteins within intrathylakoidal spaces. J. Cell Biol. 48, 280-290 (1971).
74. Fowler, G. J. S., Visschers, R. W., Grief, G. G., van Grondelle, R. & Hunter, C. N. Genetically modified photosynthetic antenna complexes with blueshifted absorbance bands. Nature 355, 848-850 (1992).
75. Trissl, H.-W., Law, C. J. & Cogdell, R. J. Uphill energy transfer in LH2-containing purple bacteria at room temperature. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1412, 149-172 (1999). (Pubitemid 29313471)
76. Curutchet, C. et al. Photosynthetic light-harvesting is tuned by the heterogeneous polarizable environment of the protein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 3078-3084 (2011).
77. Kasha, M. Energy transfer mechanisms and molecular exciton model for molecular aggregates. Radiation Research 20, 55-71 (1963).
78. McDermott, G. et al. Crystal structure of an integral membrane light-harvesting complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Nature 374, 517-521 (1995).
79. Scholes, G. D., Gould, I. R., Cogdell, R. J. & Fleming, G. R. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of electronic couplings in the LH2 bacterial light-harvesting complex of Rps. Acidophila. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 2543-2553, (1999). (Pubitemid 129702515)
80. Koolhaas, M. et al. Identification of the upper exciton component of the B850 bacteriochlorophylls of the LH2 antenna complex, using a B800-free mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Biochemistry 37, 4693-4698 (1998). (Pubitemid 28175947)
81. Scholes, G. D., Jordanides, X. J. & Fleming, G. R. Adapting the Förster theory of energy transfer for modeling dynamics in aggregated molecular assemblies. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 1640-1651 (2001).
82. Sumi, H. Theory on rates of excitation-energy transfer between molecular aggregates through distributed transition dipoles with application to the antenna system in bacterial photosynthesis. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 252-260 (1999). (Pubitemid 129680318)
83. Sumi, H. Bacterial photosynthesis begins with quantum-mechanical coherence. Chem. Rec. 1, 480-493 (2001).
84. Jang, S., Newton, M. D. & Silbey, R. J. Multichromophoric Förster resonance energy transfer from B800 to B850 in the light harvesting complex 2: Evidence for subtle energetic optimization by purple bacteria. J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 6807-6814 (2007). (Pubitemid 47152561)
85. Chachisvilis, M., Kühn, O., Pullerits, T. & Sundström, V. Excitons in photosynthetic purple bacteria: Wavelike motion or incoherent hopping? J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 7275-7283 (1997). (Pubitemid 127609301)
86. Jimenez, R., Dikshit, S. N., Bradforth, S. E. & Fleming, G. R. Electronic excitation transfer in the LH2 complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Phys. Chem. 100, 6825-6834 (1996). (Pubitemid 126790413)
87. Pullerits, T., Chachisvilis, M. & Sundström, V. Exciton delocalization length in the B850 antenna of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Phys. Chem. 100, 10787-10792 (1996). (Pubitemid 126788674)
88. Novoderezhkin, V., Monshouwer, R. & van Grondelle, R. Exciton (de)localization in the LH2 antenna of Rhodobacter sphaeroides as revealed by relative difference absorption measurements of the LH2 antenna and the B820 subunit. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 10540-10548 (1999). (Pubitemid 129614115)
89. Monshouwer, R., Abrahamsson, M., van Mourik, F. & van Grondelle, R. Superradience and exciton delocalization in bacterial photosynthetic light-harvesting systems. J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 7241-7248 (1997). (Pubitemid 127609296)
90. Mercer, I. P. et al. Instantaneous mapping of coherently coupled electronic transitions and energy transfers in a photosynthetic complex using angle-resolved coherent optical wave-mixing. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 057402 (2009).
91. Melkozernov, A. N., Barber, J. & Blankenship, R. E. Light harvesting in photosystem I supercomplexes. Biochem. 45, 331-345 (2006). (Pubitemid 43100400)
92. Gobets, B. & van Grondelle, R. Energy transfer and trapping in photosystem I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1507, 80-99 (2001). (Pubitemid 33001514)
93. Yang, M., Damjanovic, A., Vaswani, H. M. & Fleming, G. R. Energy transfer in photosystem I of cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus: Model study with structure-based semi-empirical Hamiltonian and experimental spectral density. Biophys. J. 85, 140-158 (2003). (Pubitemid 36763511)
94. Craig, D. P. & Walmsley, S. H. Excitons in Molecular Crystals (Benjamin, 1968).
95. Simpson, W. T. & Peterson, D. L. Coupling strength for resonance force transfer of electronic energy in van der Waals solids. J. Chem. Phys. 26, 588-593 (1957).
96. Rebentrost, P., Mohseni, M. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Role of quantum coherence and environmental fluctuations in chromophoric energy transport. J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 9942-9947 (2009).
97. Rebentrost, P., Mohseni, M., Kassal, I., S., L. & Aspuru-Guzik, A. Environment-assisted quantum transport. New J. Phys. 11, 033003 (2009).
98. Plenio, M. B. & Huelga, S. F. Dephasing-assisted transport: Quantum networks and biomolecules. New J. Phys. 10, 113019 (2008).
99. Rackovsky, S. & Silbey, R. Electronic energy transfer in impure solids I. Two molecules embedded in a lattice. Mol. Phys. 25, 61-72 (1973).
100. Engel, G. S. et al. Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems. Nature 446, 782-786 (2007). (Pubitemid 46582029)
101. Collini, E. & Scholes, G. D. Coherent intrachain energy migration in a conjugated polymer at room temperature. Science 323, 369-373 (2009).
102. Collini, E. et al. Coherently wired light-harvesting in photosynthetic marine algae at ambient temperature. Nature 463, 644-648 (2010).
103. Panitchayangkoon, G. et al. Long-lived quantum coherence in photosynthetic complexes at physiological temperature. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 12766-12770 (2010).
104. Calhoun, T. R. & Fleming, G. R. Quantum coherence in photosynthetic complexes. Phys. Status Solidi B 248, 833-838 (2011).
105. Turner, D. B., Wilk, K. E., Curmi, P. M. G. & Scholes, G. D. Comparison of electronic and vibrational coherence measured by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 1904-1911 (2011).
106. Olaya-Castro, A., Lee, C. F., Olsen, F. F. & Johnson, N. F. Efficiency of energy transfer in a light-harvesting system under quantum coherence. Phys. Rev. B 78, 085115 (2008).
107. Fassioli, F., Nazir, A. & Olaya-Castro, A. Quantum state tuning of energy transfer in a correlated environment. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 2139-2143 (2010).
108. Kempe, J. Quantum random walks: An introductory overview. Contemp. Phys. 44, 307-327 (2003). (Pubitemid 36937887)
109. Agliari, E., Blumen, A. & Mülken, O. Dynamics of continuous-time random walks in restricted geometries. J. Phys. A 41, 445301-445321 (2008).
110. Fujii, K. & Yamamoto, K. Anti-zeno effect for quantum transport in disordered system. Phys. Rev. A 82, 042109 (2010).
111. Lunt, R. R., Benziger, J. B. & Forrest, S. R. Relationship between crystalline order and exciton diffusion length in molecular organic semiconductors. Adv. Mater. 22, 1233-1236 (2010).
112. Lee, H., Cheng, Y.-C. & Fleming, G. R. Coherence dynamics in photosynthesis: Protein protection of excitonic coherence. Science 316, 1462-1465 (2007). (Pubitemid 46906609)
113. Hossein-Nejad, H., Curutchet, C., Kubica, A. & Scholes, G. D. Delocalization-enhanced long-range energy transfer between cryptophyte algae PE545 antenna proteins. J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 5243-5253 (2011).
114. Ishizaki, A. & Fleming, G. R. Unified treatment of quantum coherent and incoherent hopping dynamics in electronic energy transfer: Reduced hierarchy equation approach. J. Chem. Phys. 130, 234111 (2009).
115. Yarkony, D. & Silbey, R. Comments on exciton phonon coupling - temperature-dependence. J. Chem. Phys. 65, 1042-1052 (1976).
116. Yarkony, D. R. & Silbey, R. Variational approach to exciton transport in molecular-crystals. J. Chem. Phys. 67, 5818-5827 (1977).
117. Jang, S., Cheng, Y.-C., Reichman, D. R. & Eaves, J. D. Theory of coherent resonance energy transfer. J. Chem. Phys. 129, 101104 (2008).
118. Scholes, G. D. Quantum-coherent electronic energy transfer: Did nature think of it first? J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 2-8 (2010).
119. Ishizaki, A., Calhoun, T. R., Schlau-Cohen, G. S. & Fleming, G. R. Quantum coherence and its interplay with protein environments in photosynthetic electronic energy transfer. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 7319-7337 (2010).
120. Horton, P., Ruban, A. V. & Walters, R. G. Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 655-684 (1996).
121. Demmig-Adams, B. & Adams, W. Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 43, 599-626 (1992).
122. Björkman, O. & Demmig-Adams, B. in Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis (eds Schulze, E.-D. & Caldwell, M. M.) 17-57 (Springer, 1994).
123. Niyogi, K. Safety valves for photosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3, 455-460 (2000).
124. Terazono, Y. et al. Mimicking the role of the antenna in photosynthetic photoprotection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 2916-2922 (2011).
125. Peterman, E., Monshouwer, R., van Stokkum, I., van Grondelle, R. & van Amerongen, H. Ultrafast singlet excitation transfer from carotenoids to chlorophylls via different pathways in light-harvesting complex II of higher plants. Chem. Phys. Lett. 264, 279-284 (1997). (Pubitemid 127164365)
126. Gradinaru, C., van Stokkum, I., Pascal, A., van Grondelle, R. & van Amerongen, H. Identifying the pathways of energy transfer between carotenoids and chlorophylls in LHCII and CP29. A multi-color, femtosecond pump-probe study. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 9330-9342 (2000).
127. Peterman, E., Dukker, F., van Grondelle, R. & van Amerongen, H. Chlorophyll a and carotenoid triplet states in light-harvesting complex II of higher plants. Biophys. J. 69, 2670-2678 (1995).
128. Holt, N. E., Fleming, G. R. & Niyogi, K. Toward an understanding of the mechanism of nonphotochemical quenching in green plants. Biochemistry 43, 8281-8289 (2004). (Pubitemid 38902507)
129. Niyogi, K., Björkman, O. & Grossman, A. R. The roles of specific xanthophylls in photoprotection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 14162-14167 (1997). (Pubitemid 28009727)
130. Demmig-Adams, B. & Adams, W. Xanthophyll cycle and light stress in nature: Uniform response to excess direct sunlight among higher plant species. Planta 198, 460-470 (1996).
131. Ahn, T. et al. Architecture of a charge-transfer state regulating light harvesting in a plant antenna protein. Science 320, 794-797 (2008). (Pubitemid 351929628)
132. Holt, N. et al. Carotenoid cation formation and the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. Science 307, 433-436 (2005). (Pubitemid 40139990)
133. Ruban, A. et al. Identification of a mechanism of photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants. Nature 450, 575-578 (2007). (Pubitemid 350190240)
134. Bode, S. et al. On the regulation of photosynthesis by excitonic interactions between carotenoids and chlorophylls. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 12311-12316 (2009).
135. Iwata, S. & Barber, J. Structure of photosystem II and molecular architecture of the oxygen-evolving centre. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 14, 447-453 (2004). (Pubitemid 39094351)
136. Nield, J. & Barber, J. Refinement of the structural model for the Photosystem II supercomplex of higher plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1757, 353-361 (2006). (Pubitemid 43993853)
137. Standfuss, J., Terwisscha van Scheltinga, A. C., Lamborghini, M. & Kühlbrandt, W. Mechanisms of photoprotection and nonphotochemical quenching in pea light-harvesting complex at 2.5 Å resolution. EMBO J. 24, 919-928 (2005). (Pubitemid 40470141)
138. Guskov, A. et al. Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 Å resolution and the role of quinones, lipids, channels and chloride. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 16, 224-342 (2009).
139. Scheuring, S. & Sturgis, J. N. Chromatic adaptation of photsynthetic membranes. Science 309, 484-487 (2005).
140. Feynman, R. P. & Hibbs, A. R. Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals (McGraw-Hill, 1965).
141. Ishizaki, A. & Fleming, G. R. Theoretical examination of quantum coherence in a photosynthetic system at physiological temperature. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17255-17260 (2009).