A viewpoint: Why chlorophyll a?

Photosynthesis Research

Volumn 99, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 85-98

  Björn, Lars Olof ^a   Papageorgiou, George C ^b   Blankenship, Robert E ^c   Govindjee, ^d  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b INSTITUTE OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY   (Greece)

^c WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemistry of chlorophylls; Chlorophyll a; Chlorophyll d; Chlorophylls in proteins; Color of plants; Cyanobacteria; Evolution of photosystems; Oxygenic photosynthesis; Photosystem I; Photosystem II; Reaction centers; Spectra of chlorophylls

Indexed keywords

CYANOBACTERIA; PROCHLOROCOCCUS;

CHLOROPHYLL; CHLOROPHYLL A; CHLOROPHYLL D;

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PHOTON; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHOTOSYSTEM I; PHOTOSYSTEM II; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

CHLOROPHYLL; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; MODELS, MOLECULAR; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PHOTONS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX; PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX;

EID: 66849101268     PISSN: 01668595     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9395-x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Adams WW, Demmig-Adams B (2004) Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool to monitor plant response to the environment. In: Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Advances in photosynthesis and respiration. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 583-604.
2. Allen JF, Martin W (2007) Out of thin air. Nature 445: 610-612. doi: 10. 1038/445610a.
3. Amarie S, Standfuss J, Barros T, Kühlbrandt W, Dreuw A, Wachtveitl J (2007) Carotenoid radical cations as a probe for the molecular mechanism of nonphotochemical quenching in oxygenic photosynthesis. J Phys Chem B 111: 3481-3487. doi: 10. 1021/jp066458q.
4. Amunts A, Drory O, Nelson N (2007) The structure of a plant Photosystem I supercomplex at 3. 4 Å resolution. Nature 447: 58-63. doi: 10. 1038/nature05687.
5. Asada K (2000) The water-water cycle as alternative proton and electron sinks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355: 1419-1431. doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 2000. 0703.
6. Barber J (2008) Crystal structure of the oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II. Inorg Chem 47: 1700-1710. doi: 10. 1021/ic701835r.
7. Bazzaz M (1981) New chlorophyll chromophores isolated from a chlorophyll-deficient mutant of maize. Photobiochem Photobiophys 2: 199-207.
8. Ben Shem A, Frolow F, Nelson N (2004) Evolution of Photosystem I - from symmetry through pseudosymmetry to asymmetry. FEBS Lett 564: 274-280. doi: 10. 1016/S0014-5793(04)00360-6.
9. Bibby TS, Nield J, Chen M, Larkum AWD, Barber J (2003) Structure of a photosystem II supercomplex isolated from Prochloron didemni retaining its chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 9050-9054. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1532271100.
10. Björn LO (1976) Why are plants green? Photosynthetica 10: 121-129.
11. Björn LO, Ghiradella H (2008) Spectral tuning in biology. In: Björn LO (ed) Photobiology: the science of light and life. Springer, New York, pp 155-196.
12. Björn LO, Govindjee (2008) The evolution of photosynthesis and its environmental impact. In: Björn LO (ed) Photobiology: the science of light and life. Springer, New York, pp 234-274.
13. Brettel K (1997) Electron transfer and arrangement of the redox cofactors in photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1318: 322-373. doi: 10. 1016/S0005-2728(96)00112-0.
14. Broess K, Trinkunas G, van Hoek A, Croce R, van Amerongen H (2008) Determination of the excitation migration time in Photosystem II: consequences for the membrane organization and charge separation parameters. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777: 404-409. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2008. 02. 003.
15. Brody S (2002) Fluorescence lifetime, yield, energy transfer and spectrum in photosynthesis, 1950-1960. Photosynth Res 73: 127-132. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1020405921105.
16. Brody S, Rabinowitch E (1957) Excitation lifetime of photosynthetic pigments in vivo and in vitro. Science 125: 555-557. doi: 10. 1126/science. 125. 3247. 555.
17. Chen M, Cai Z-L (2007) Theoretical study of the thermodynamic properties of chlorophyll d - polypeptides coordinating ligand. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767: 603-609. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2007. 01. 006.
18. Chen M, Eggink LL, Hoober JK, Larkum AWD (2005) Influence of structure on binding of chlorophylls to peptide ligands. J Am Chem Soc 127: 2052-2053. doi: 10. 1021/ja043462b.
19. Cramer WA, Yan J, Zhang H, Kurisu G, Janet L, Smith JL (2005) Structure of the cytochrome b6f complex: new prosthetic groups, Q-space, and the 'hors d'oeuvres hypothesis' for assembly of the complex. Photosynth Res 85: 133-144. doi: 10. 1007/s11120-004-2149-5.
20. Dekker JP, van Grondelle R (2000) Primary charge separation in Photosystem II. Photosynth Res 63: 195-208. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1006468024245.
21. Demeter S, Ke B (1977) Electrochemical and spectra-kinetic evidence for an intermediate electron acceptor in Photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 462: 770-774. doi: 10. 1016/0005-2728(77)90117-7.
22. Douglas RH, Partridge JC, Dulai KS, Hunt DM, Mullineaux CW, Hynninen PH (1999) Enhanced retinal longwave sensitivity using a chlorophyll-derived photosensitiser in Malacosteus niger, a deep-sea dragon fish with far red bioluminescence. Vision Res 39: 2817-2832. doi: 10. 1016/S0042-6989(98)00332-0.
23. Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J, Iwata S (2004) Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen evolving center. Science 303: 1831-1838. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1093087.
24. Fiedor L, Kania A, Myśliwa-Kurdziel B, Orzel L, Stochel G (2008) Understanding chlorophylls: central magnesium ion and phytyl as structural determinants. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777: 1491-1500. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2008. 09. 005.
25. Fromme P, Jordan P, Krauss NM (2001) Structure of Photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1507: 5-31. doi: 10. 1016/S0005-2728(01)00195-5.
26. Fujihashi M, Numoto N, Kobayashi Y, Mizushima A, Tsujimura M, Nakamura A, Kawarabayasi Y, Kunio Miki K (2007) Crystal structure of archaeal photolyase from Sulfolobus tokodaii with two FAD molecules: implication of a novel light-harvesting cofactor. J Mol Biol 365: 903-910. doi: 10. 1016/j. jmb. 2006. 10. 012.
27. Gemperlein R, Paul R, Lindauer E, Steiner A (1980) UV fine structure of the spectral sensitivity of flies' visual cells. Naturwissenschaften 67: 565-566. doi: 10. 1007/BF00450671.
28. Gilmore AM (2004) Excess light stress: probing excitation dissipation mechanisms through global analysis of time- and wavelength-resolved Chl a fluorescence. In: Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Advances in photosynthesis and respiration. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 555-581.
29. Golan T, Li X-P, Mueller-Moule P, Niyogi KK (2004) Using mutants to understand light stress acclimation in plants. In: Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Advances in photosynthesis and respiration. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 525-554.
30. Golbeck JH (ed) (2006) Photosystem I: the light-driven plastocyanin: ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 26. Springer, Dordrecht.
31. Gouterman M (1961) Spectra of porphyrins. J Mol Spectrosc 6: 138-163. doi: 10. 1016/0022-2852(61)90236-3.
32. Gouterman M (1978) Optical spectra and electronic structure of porphyrins and related rings. In: The porphyrins, vol III. Physical chemistry, part A. Academic Press, New York, pp 1-165.
33. Govindjee, Satoh K (1983) Fluorescence properties in Chl b- and Chl c-containing algae. In: Govindjee, Amesz J, Fork DC (eds) Light emission by plants and bacteria. Academic Press (now Elsevier), New York, pp 497-537.
34. Grabolle M, Dau H (2005) Energetics of primary and secondary electron transfer in Photosystem II membrane particles of spinach revisited on basis of recombination-fluorescence measurements. Biochim Biophys Acta 1708: 209-218. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2005. 03. 007.
35. Granick S (1965) Evolution of heme and chlorophyll. In: Bryson V, Vogel HJ (eds) Evolving genes and proteins. Academic Press, New York, pp 67-88.
36. Green BR, Parson WW (eds) (2003) Light-harvesting antennas in photosynthesis. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht.
37. Greenfield S, Seibert M, Wasielewski MR, Govindjee (1997) Direct measurement of the effective rate constant for primary charge separation in isolated photosystem II reaction centers. J Phys Chem 101: 2251-2255. doi: 10. 1021/jp962982t.
38. Grimm B, Porra RJ, Rüdiger W, Scheer H (eds) (2006) Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry, biophysics, functions and applications. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht.
39. Grotjohann I, Fromme P (2005) Structure of cyanobacterial Photosystem I. Photosynth Res 85: 51-72. doi: 10. 1007/s11120-005-1440-4.
40. Haehnel W, Noy D, Scheer H (2009) Denovo designed bacteriochlorophyll-binding helix-bundle proteins. In: Hunter CN, Daldal F, Thurnauer MC, Beatty TJ (eds) The purple phototrophic bacteria. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 895-912.
41. Holzwarth AR, Müller MG, Niklas J, Lubitz W (2005) Charge recombination fluorescence in Photosystem I reaction centers from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Phys Chem B 109: 5903-5911. doi: 10. 1021/jp046299f.
42. Holzwarth AR, Müller MG, Reus M, Nowaczyk M, Sander J, Roegner M (2006a) Kinetics and mechanism of electron transfer in intact Photosystem II and in isolated reaction center: pheophytin is the primary electron acceptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 6895-6900. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0505371103.
43. Holzwarth AR, Müller MG, Niklas J, Lubitz W (2006b) Ultrafast transient absorption study on Photosystem I reaction centers from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 2: mutations near the P700 reaction center Chls provide new insight into the nature of the primary electron donor. Biophys J 90: 552-565. doi: 10. 1529/biophysj. 105. 059824.
44. Hoober JK, Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou JH (2004) Assembly of light-harvesting complexes of Photosystem II and the role of chlorophyll b. In: Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Advances in photosynthesis and respiration. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis, vol. 19. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 679-712.
45. Hoober JK, Eggink LL, Chen M (2007) Chlorophylls, ligands and assembly of light-harvesting complexes in chloroplasts. Photosynth Res 94: 387-400. doi: 10. 1007/s11120-007-9181-1.
46. Houssier C, Sauer K (1970) Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of the chlorophyll and protochlorophyll pigments. J Am Chem Soc 92: 779-791. doi: 10. 1021/ja00707a007.
47. Hu Q, Miyashita H, Iwasaki I, Kurano N, Miyachi S, Iwaki M, Itoh S (1998) A Photosystem I reaction center driven by chlorophyll d in oxygenic photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 13319-13323. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 95. 22. 13319.
48. Ishikita H, Loll B, Biesiadka J, Saenger S, Ernst-Walter Knapp EW (2005) Redox potentials of chlorophylls in the Photosystem II reaction center. Biochemistry 44: 4124-4418.
49. Itoh S, Mino H, Itoh K, Shigenaga T, Uzumaki T, Iwaki M (2007) Function of chlorophyll d in reaction centers of Photosysterns I and II of the oxygenic photosynthesis of Acaryochloris marina. Biochemistry 46(43): 12473-12481. doi: 10. 1021/bi7008085.
50. Jordan P, Fromme P, Witt HT, Klukas O, Saenger W, Krauss N (2001) Three-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial Photosystem I at 2. 5 Å resolution. Nature 411: 909-917. doi: 10. 1038/35082000.
51. Kashiyama Y, Miyashita H, Ohkubo S, Ogawa O, Chikaraishi Y, Takano Y, Suga H, Toyofuku T, Nomaki H, Kitazato H, Nagata T, Ohkouchi N (2008) Evidence of global chlorophyll d. Science 321: 658. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1158761.
52. Kee HL, Kirmaier C, Tang Q, Diers JR, Muthiah C, Taniguchi M, Laha JK, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D (2007) Effects of substituents on synthetic analogs of chlorophylls. Part 2: redox properties, optical spectra and electronic structure. Photochem Photobiol 83: 1125-1143. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1751-1097. 2007. 00151. x.
53. Keely BJ (2006) Geochemistry of chlorophylls. In: Grimm B, Porra RJ, Rüdiger W, Scheer H (eds) Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry, biophysics, functions and applications, advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 535-561.
54. Kiang NY, Siefert J, Govindjee, Blankenship RE (2007a) Spectral signatures of photosynthesis. I. Review of earth organisms. Astrobiology 7: 222-251. doi: 10. 1089/ast. 2006. 0105.
55. Kiang NY, Segura A, Tinetti G, Govindjee, Blankenship RE, Cohen M, Siefert J, Crisp D, Meadows VS (2007b) Spectral signatures of photosynthesis. II. Coevolution with other stars and the atmosphere on extra-solar worlds. Astrobiology 7: 252-274. doi: 10. 1089/ast. 2006. 0108.
56. Kirilovsky D (2007) Photoprotection in cyanobacteria: the orange carotenoid protein (OCP)-related non-photochemical-quenching mechanism. Photosynth Res 93: 7-16. doi: 10. 1007/s11120-007-9168-y.
57. Klimov VV, Allakhverdiev SI, Demeter S, Krasnovskii AA (1979) Photoreduction of pheophytin in Photosystem 2 of chloroplasts with respect to redox potential of the medium. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 249: 227-230. in Russian.
58. Knox RS (1969) Thermodynamics and the primary processes of photosynthesis. Biophys J 9(11): 1351-1362.
59. Kobayashi M, Ohashi S, Iwamoto K, Shiraiwa Y, Kato Y, Watanabe T (2007) Redox potential of chlorophyll d in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767: 596-602. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2007. 02. 015.
60. Lanyi JK, Balashov SP (2008) Xanthorhodopsin: a bacteriorhodopsin-like proton pump with a carotenoid antenna. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777: 684-688. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2008. 05. 005.
61. Larkum AWD (2006) The evolution of chlorophylls and photosynthesis. In: Grimm B, Porra RJ, Rüdiger W, Scheer H (eds) Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry, biophysics, functions and applications, advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 25. Springer, New York, pp 261-282.
62. Larkum AWD, Douglas SE, Raven JA (eds) (2003) Photosynthesis in algae. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration (Series editor: Govindjee), vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht.
63. Liu ZF, Yan HC, Wang KB, Kuang TY, Zhang JP, Gui LL, Chang WR (2004) Crystal structure of spinach major light-harvesting complex at 2. 72 Å resolution. Nature 428: 287-292. doi: 10. 1038/nature02373.
64. Loll B, Kern J, Saenger W, Zouni A, Biesiadka J (2005) Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3. 0 Å resolution structure of photosystem II. Nature 438: 1040-1044. doi: 10. 1038/nature04224.
65. Mauzerall D (1973) Why chlorophyll? Ann N Y Acad Sci 206: 483-494. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1973. tb43231. x.
66. Mauzerall D (1976) Chlorophyll and photosynthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond C 273(924): 287-294. doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 1976. 0014.
67. Miloslavina Y, Szczepaniak M, Müller G, Sander J, Nowaczyk M, Roegner M, Holzwarth AR (2006) Charge separation kinetics in intact Photosystem II core particles is trap-limited. A picosecond fluorescence study. Biochemistry 45: 2436-2442. doi: 10. 1021/bi052248c.
68. Miller SR, Augustine S, Olson TL, Blankenship RE, Selker J, Wood AM (2005) Discovery of a free-living chlorophyll d-producing cyanobacterium with a hybrid proteobacterial/cyanobacterial small-subunit rRNA gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 850-855. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0405667102.
69. Morales F, Moise N, Quilez R, Abadia A, Abadia J, Moya I (2001) Iron deficiency interrupts energy transfer from a disconnected part of the antenna to the rest of Photosystem II. Photosynth Res 70: 207-220. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1017965229788.
70. Murakami A, Miyashita H, Iseki M, Adachi K, Mimuro M (2004) Chlorophyll d in an epiphytic cyanobacterium of red algae. Science 303: 1633. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1095459.
71. Nakamura A, Suzawa T, Kato Y, Watanabe T (2005) Significant species-dependence of P700 redox potential as verified by spectroelectrochemistry: comparison of spinach and Theromosynechococcus elongatus. FEBS Lett 579: 2273-2276. doi: 10. 1016/j. febslet. 2005. 02. 076.
72. Niklas K, Giannasi DE (1977) Flavonoids and other chemical constituents of fossil Miocene Zelkova (Ulmaceae). Science 196: 877-878. doi: 10. 1126/science. 196. 4292. 877.
73. Nishio JN (2000) Why are higher plants green? Evolution of the higher plant photosynthetic pigment complement. Plant Cell Environ 23: 599-648. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1365-3040. 2000. 00563. x.
74. Ohkubo S, Miyashita H, Murakami A, Takeyama H, Tsuchiya T, Mimuro M (2006) Molecular detection of epiphytic Acaryochloris spp. on marine macroalgae. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 7912-7915. doi: 10. 1128/AEM. 01148-06.
75. Olson JM, Blankenship RE (2004) Thinking about the evolution of photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 80: 373-386. doi: 10. 1023/B: PRES. 0000030457. 06495. 83.
76. Papageorgiou GC (2004) Fluorescence of photosynthetic pigments in vitro and in vivo. In: Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Advances in photosynthesis and respiration. Chlorophyll fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 43-63.
77. Pecoraro VL, Hsieh WY (2008) In search of elusive high-valent manganese species that evaluate mechanisms of photosynthetic water oxidation. Inorg Chem 47: 1765-1778. doi: 10. 1021/ic7017488.
78. Qin L, Kostic' NM (1994) Photoinduced electron transfer from the triplet state of zinc cytochrome c to ferricytochrome b5 is gated by configurational fluctuations of the diprotein complex. Biochemistry 33: 12592-12599. doi: 10. 1021/bi00208a009.
79. Rappaport F, Diner BA (2007) Primary photochemistry and energetics leading to the oxidation of the (Mn)4Ca cluster and to the evolution of molecular oxygen in Photosystem II. Coord Chem Rev 252: 259-272. doi: 10. 1016/j. ccr. 2007. 07. 016.
80. Rappaport F, Guergova-Kuras M, Nixon PJ, Diner BA, Lavergne J (2002) Kinetics and pathways of charge recombination in Photosystem II. Biochemistry 41: 8518-8527. doi: 10. 1021/bi025725p.
81. Rau HK, Snigula H, Struck A, Bruno R, Scheer H, Haehnel W (2001) Design, synthesis and properties of chlorophyll proteins. Eur J Biochem 268: 3284-3295. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1432-1327. 2001. 02231. x.
82. Raymond J, Blankenship RE (2004) The evolutionary development of the protein complement of Photosystem 2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1655: 133-139. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2003. 10. 015.
83. Renger T, Schlodder E (2008) The primary electron donor of photosystem II of the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina is a chlorophyll d and the water oxidation is driven by a chlorophyll a/chlorophyll d heterodimer. J Phys Chem B 112: 7351-7354. doi: 10. 1021/jp801900e.
84. Ross RT, Calvin M (1967) Thermodynamics of light emission and free-energy storage in photosynthesis. Biophys J 7: 595-614.
85. Ruby EG, Nealson KH (1977) A luminous bacterium that emits yellow light. Science 196: 432-434. doi: 10. 1126/science. 850787.
86. Rutherford AW, Faller P (2002) Photosystem II: evolutionary perspectives. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 358: 245-253. doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 2002. 1186.
87. Rutherford AW, Mullet JE, Crofts AR (1981) Measurement of the midpoint potential of the pheophytin acceptor of Photosystem II. FEBS Lett 123: 235-237. doi: 10. 1016/0014-5793(81)80295-5.
88. Sadekar S, Raymond J, Blankenship RE (2006) Conservation of distantly related membrane proteins: photosynthetic reaction centers share a common structural core. Mol Biol Evol 23: 2001-2007. doi: 10. 1093/molbev/msl079.
89. Satoh S, Ikeuchi M, Mimuro M, Tanaka A (2001) Chlorophyll b expressed in cyanobacteria functions as a light-harvesting antenna in Photosystem I through flexibility of the proteins. J Biol Chem 276: 4293-4297. doi: 10. 1074/jbc. M008238200.
90. Savikhin S, Xu W, Martinsson P, Chitnis PR, Struve WS (2001) Kinetics of charge separation and A0- → A1 electron transfer in Photosystem I reaction centers. Biochemistry 40: 9282-9290. doi: 10. 1021/bi0104165.
91. Scheer H (2006) An overview of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry, biophysics, functions and applications. In: Grimm B, Porra RJ, Rüdiger W, Scheer H (eds) Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry, biophysics, functions and applications. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1-26.
92. Schilstra MJ, Nield J, Dörner W, Hankamer B, Carradus M, Barter LMC, Barber J, Klug DR (1999) Similarity between electron donor side reactions in the solubilized Photosystem II - LHC II supercomplex and Photosystem-II-containing membranes. Photosynth Res 60: 191-198. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1006203401278.
93. Schlodder E, Cetin M, Eckert H-J, Schmitt FJ, Barber J, Telfer A (2007) Both chlorophylls a and d are essential for the photochemistry. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767: 589-595. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbabio. 2007. 02. 018.
94. Schmuck G, Moya I (1994) Time-resolved chlorophyll fluorescence spectra of intact leaves. Remote Sens Environ 47: 72-76. doi: 10. 1016/0034-4257(94)90130-9.
95. Seyfried L, Fukshansky L (1983) Light gradients in plant tissue. Appl Opt 22: 1402-1408.
96. Shedbalkar VP, Rebeiz CA (1992) Chloroplast biogenesis: determination of the molar extinction coefficients of divinyl chlorophyll a and b and their pheophytins. Anal Biochem 207: 261-266. doi: 10. 1016/0003-2697(92)90010-5.
97. Shipman L (1982) Electronic structure and function of chlorophylls and their pheophytins. In: Govindjee (ed) Photosynthesis: energy conversion in plants and bacteria, vol I. Academic Press, New York, pp 275-291.
98. Stomp M, Huisman J, Stal LJ, Matthijs HCP (2007) Colorful niches of phototrophic microorganisms shaped by vibrations of the water molecule. ISME J 1: 1-12. doi: 10. 1038/ismej. 2007. 13.
99. Swingley WD, Chen M, Cheung PC, Conrad AL, Dejesa LC, Hao J, Honchak BM, Karbach LE, Kurdoglu A, Lahiri S, Mastrian SD, Miyashita H, Page LE, Ramakrishna P, Satoh S, Sattley WM, Shimada Y, Taylor HL, Tomo T, Tsuchiya T, Wang ZT, Raymond J, Mimuro M, Blankenship RE, Touchman JW (2008) Niche adaptation and genome expansion in the chlorophyll d-producing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 2005-2010. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0709772105.
100. Taiz L, Zeiger E (2006) Plant physiology, 4th edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
101. Tomo T, Okubo T, Akimoto S, Yokono M, Miyashita H, Tsuchiya T, Noguchi T, Mimuro M (2008a) Identification of the special pair of Photosystem II in a chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 7283-7288. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0701847104.
102. Tomo T, Kato Y, Suzuki T, Akimoto S, Okubo T, Noguchi T, Hasegawa K, Tsuchiya T, Tanaka K, Fukuya M, Dohmae N, Watanabe T, Mimuro M (2008b) Characterization of highly purified Photosystem I complexes from the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina MBIC 11017. J Biol Chem 283: 18198-18209.
103. Treibs A (1934) Über das vorkommen von chlorophyll-derivaten in einem Ölschiefer aus der oberen Trias. Liebigs Ann 509: 103-114.
104. Vass I, Cser K, Cheregi O (2007) Molecular mechanisms of light stress of photosynthesis. Stress Responses Biol Med 1113: 114-122.
105. Vavilin D, Xu H, Lin S, Vermaas W (2003) Energy and electron transfer in photosystem II of a chlorophyll b-containing Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mutant. Biochemistry 42: 1731-1746. doi: 10. 1021/bi026853g.
106. Vogelmann TC (1993) Plant tissue optics. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 44: 231-251. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. pp. 44. 060193. 001311.
107. Vogelmann TC, Björn LO (1984) Measurement of light gradients and spectral regime in plant tissue with a fibre optic probe. Physiol Plantarum 60: 361-368.
108. Vogelmann TC, Evans JR (2002) Profiles of light absorption and chlorophyll within spinach leaves from chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant Cell Environ 25: 1313-1323.
109. Vogt K, Kirschfeld K (1983) Sensitizing pigment in the fly. Biophys Struct Mech 9: 319-328.
110. Ward WW, Cormier MJ (1976) In vitro energy transfer in Renilla bioluminescence. J Physical Chem 80: 2289-2291.
111. Ward WW, Cormier MJ (1978) Energy-transfer via protein-protein interaction in Renilla bioluminescence. Photochem Photobiol 27: 389-396.
112. Ward WW, Cody CW, Hart RC, Cormier MJ (1980) Spectrophotometric identity of the energy transfer chromophores in Renilla and Aequorea green-fluorescent proteins. Photochem Photobiol 31: 611-615.
113. Weiss C (1972) pi-Electron structure and absorption spectra of chlorophylls in solution. J Mol Spectrosc 44(1): 37-80.
114. Weiss C, Kobayashi H, Gouterman M (1965) Spectra of porphyrins: part III. Self-consistent molecular orbital calculations of porphyrin and related ring systems. J Mol Spectrosc 16: 415-450.
115. Widell S, Björn LO (1976) Light-induced absorption changes in etiolated coleoptiles. Physiol Plant 36: 305-309.
116. Wydrzynski TJ, Satoh K (eds) (2005) Photosystem II: the light-driven water: plastoquinone oxidoreductase, advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 24. Springer, Dordrecht.
117. Zapata M, Garrido JL, Jeffrey JW (2003) Chlorophyll c pigments: current status. In: Grimm B, Porra RJ, Rüdiger W, Scheer H (eds) Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry. biophysics, functions and applications. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 39-53.