Glycemic control in non-diabetic critically ill patients

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 813-824

  Farrokhi, Farnoosh ^a   Smiley, Dawn ^a   Umpierrez, Guillermo E ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

hospital hyperglycemia; ICU; inpatient hyperglycemia; stress hyperglycemia

Indexed keywords

GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; INSULIN ASPART; INSULIN DETEMIR; INSULIN GLARGINE; INSULIN GLULISINE; INSULIN LISPRO; ISOPHANE INSULIN; METFORMIN; SULFONYLUREA;

ARTICLE; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PATHOGENESIS; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; POINT OF CARE TESTING; PREVALENCE; STRESS HYPERGLYCEMIA;

EID: 80052919949     PISSN: 1521690X     EISSN: 15321908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.004     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Organization WH Prevalence of diabetes Worldwide vol 2010 [World Health Organization website]
2. Association AD Diabetes Statistics. Diabetes Basics vol 2010 [American Diabetes Association website]
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CfDCaP National estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. National diabetes fact sheet 2011
4. J. Xu, K.D. Kochanek, and S.L. Murphy Deaths: Final data for 2007 National vital statistics reports web release 2010 58 (19)
5. A.Y.K. Elixhauser, C. Steiner, and A.S. Bierman Hospitalization in the United States, 1997 2000 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville, MD HCUP Fact Book No. 1; AHRQ Publication No. 00-0031
6. M.I. Harris Medical care for patients with diabetes. Epidemiologic aspects Annals of Internal Medicine 124 1 Pt 2 1996 117 122 (Pubitemid 26011607)
7. G.E. Umpierrez, S.D. Isaacs, and N. Bazargan Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 3 2002 978 982 (Pubitemid 36121050)
8. H.J. Jiang, D. Stryer, and B. Friedman Multiple hospitalizations for patients with diabetes Diabetes Care 26 5 2003 1421 1426 (Pubitemid 36929173)
9. C.B. Cook, G.L. Kongable, and D.J. Potter Inpatient glucose control: a glycemic survey of 126 U.S. hospitals Journal of Hospital Medicine 4 9 2009 E7 E14
10. C.S. Levetan, M. Passaro, and K. Jablonski Unrecognized diabetes among hospitalized patients Diabetes Care 21 2 1998 246 249 (Pubitemid 28079432)
11. M. Kosiborod, S.E. Inzucchi, and J.A. Spertus Elevated admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure Circulation 119 14 2009 1899 1907
12. L.R. Schmeltz, A.J. DeSantis, and V. Thiyagarajan Reduction of surgical mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery with a combined intravenous and subcutaneous insulin glucose management strategy Diabetes Care 30 4 2007 823 828 (Pubitemid 46556574)
13. G. van den Berghe, P. Wouters, and F. Weekers Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients New England Journal of Medicine 345 19 2001 1359 1367
14. J.S. Krinsley Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78 12 2003 1471 1478 (Pubitemid 37475630)
15. K.M. Dungan, S.S. Braithwaite, and J.C. Preiser Stress hyperglycaemia Lancet 373 9677 2009 1798 1807
16. L.S. Greci, M. Kailasam, and S. Malkani Utility of HbA(1c) levels for diabetes case finding in hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia Diabetes Care 26 4 2003 1064 1068 (Pubitemid 36929249)
17. A.J. Garber, E.S. Moghissi, and E.D. Bransome Jr. American College of Endocrinology position statement on inpatient diabetes and metabolic control Endocrine Practice 10 Suppl. 2 2004 4 9
18. P.H. Sonksen Home monitoring of blood glucose by diabetic patients Acta Endocrinologica. Supplementum. (Copenh) 238 1980 145 155
19. J.A. Mazurek, S.M. Hailpern, and T. Goring Prevalence of hemoglobin A1c greater than 6.5% and 7.0% among hospitalized patients without known diagnosis of diabetes at an Urban Inner City hospital Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95 3 2010 1344 1348
20. D. Baldwin, G. Villanueva, and R. McNutt Eliminating Inpatient Sliding-Scale Insulin: a reeducation project with medical house staff Diabetes Care 28 5 2005 1008 1011 (Pubitemid 40616604)
21. Association AD Standards of medical care in diabetes Diabetes Care 33 Suppl. 1 2010 S11 S61
22. C. Buell, D. Kermah, and M.B. Davidson Utility of A1C for diabetes screening in the 1999 2004 NHANES population Diabetes Care 30 9 2007 2233 2235 (Pubitemid 47359021)
23. Kramer CK, Araneta MR, Barrett-Connor E. A1C and diabetes diagnosis: the Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care;33(1):101-103.
24. C.D. Saudek, R.L. Derr, and R.R. Kalyani Assessing glycemia in diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c Jama 295 14 2006 1688 1697
25. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes Diabetes Care 32 7 2009 1327 1334
26. G.E. Umpierrez, and A.E.K. ICU care for patients with diabetes Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes 11 2004 75 81 (Pubitemid 44616230)
27. K.C. McCowen, A. Malhotra, and B.R. Bistrian Stress-induced hyperglycemia Crit Care Clinics 17 1 2001 107 124 (Pubitemid 32163181)
28. P.A. Scherpereel, and B. Tavernier Perioperative care of diabetic patients Eur Journal of Anaesthesiology 18 5 2001 277 294 (Pubitemid 32417793)
29. T.M. Chan The permissive effects of glucocorticoid on hepatic gluconeogenesis. Glucagon stimulation of glucose-suppressed gluconeogenesis and inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase in hepatocytes from fasted rats The Journal of Biological Chemistry 259 12 1984 7426 7432 (Pubitemid 14081144)
30. M. McMahon, J. Gerich, and R. Rizza Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism Diabetes Metabolism Reviews 4 1 1988 17 30 (Pubitemid 18072099)
31. K. Esposito, F. Nappo, and R. Marfella Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress Circulation 106 16 2002 2067 2072 (Pubitemid 35192812)
32. F.B. Stentz, G.E. Umpierrez, and R. Cuervo Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises Diabetes 53 8 2004 2079 2086 (Pubitemid 38970758)
33. C.H. Lang, C. Dobrescu, and G.J. Bagby Tumor necrosis factor impairs insulin action on peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output Endocrinology 130 1 1992 43 52
34. J. Fan, Y.H. Li, and M.M. Wojnar Endotoxin-induced alterations in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor, IRS-1, and MAP kinase in skeletal muscle Shock 6 3 1996 164 170 (Pubitemid 126727756)
35. L.F. del Aguila, K.P. Claffey, and J.P. Kirwan TNF-alpha impairs insulin signaling and insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells American Journal of Physiology 276 5 Pt 1 1999 E849 E855
36. R.P. Robertson Islet transplantation as a treatment for diabetes - a work in progress The New England Journal of Medicine 350 7 2004 694 705 (Pubitemid 38364628)
37. R.S. Clarke, I.M. Bali, and M. Issac Plasma cortisol and blood sugar following minor surgery under intravenous anaesthetics Anaesthesia 29 5 1974 545 550
38. M. Press Growth hormone and metabolism Diabetes Metabolism Reviews 4 4 1988 391 414
39. G.A. Oswald, C.C. Smith, and D.J. Betteridge Determinants and importance of stress hyperglycaemia in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) 293 6552 1986 917 922 (Pubitemid 16002429)
40. A.M. Norhammar, L. Ryden, and K. Malmberg Admission plasma glucose. Independent risk factor for long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction even in nondiabetic patients Diabetes Care 22 11 1999 1827 1831 (Pubitemid 29521869)
41. D.L. Trence, J.L. Kelly, and I.B. Hirsch The rationale and management of hyperglycemia for in-patients with cardiovascular disease: time for change The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 6 2003 2430 2437 (Pubitemid 36724407)
42. H.O. Steinberg, M. Tarshoby, and R. Monestel Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation The Journal of Clinical Investigation 100 5 1997 1230 1239 (Pubitemid 27386309)
43. M.F. Oliver, and L.H. Opie Effects of glucose and fatty acids on myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias Lancet 343 8890 1994 155 158
44. M. Roden, T.B. Price, and G. Perseghin Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans The Journal of Clinical Investigation 97 12 1996 2859 2865 (Pubitemid 26197099)
45. L.E. Robinson, and M.H. van Soeren Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in critical illness: role of insulin in glycemic control AACN Clinical Issues 15 1 2004 45 62
46. A. Ceriello, L. Quagliaro, and M. D'Amico Acute hyperglycemia induces nitrotyrosine formation and apoptosis in perfused heart from rat Diabetes 51 4 2002 1076 1082 (Pubitemid 34438352)
47. S. Clement, S.S. Braithwaite, and M.F. Magee Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals Diabetes Care 27 2 2004 553 597
48. L.M. Title, P.M. Cummings, and K. Giddens Oral glucose loading acutely attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy adults without diabetes: an effect prevented by vitamins C and E Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36 7 2000 2185 2191
49. P. Gresele, G. Guglielmini, and M. De Angelis Acute, short-term hyperglycemia enhances shear stress-induced platelet activation in patients with type II diabetes mellitus Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41 6 2003 1013 1020 (Pubitemid 36315547)
50. A. Pandolfi, A. Giaccari, and C. Cilli Acute hyperglycemia and acute hyperinsulinemia decrease plasma fibrinolytic activity and increase plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in the rat Acta Diabetologica 38 2 2001 71 76 (Pubitemid 33035314)
51. F. Weekers, A.P. Giulietti, and M. Michalaki Metabolic, endocrine, and immune effects of stress hyperglycemia in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness Endocrinology 144 12 2003 5329 5338 (Pubitemid 37476061)
52. M. Delamaire, D. Maugendre, and M. Moreno Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients Diabetic Medicine 14 1 1997 29 34 (Pubitemid 27019919)
53. A.P. Furnary, Y. Wu, and S.O. Bookin Effect of hyperglycemia and continuous intravenous insulin infusions on outcomes of cardiac surgical procedures: the Portland Diabetic Project Endocrine Practice 10 Suppl. 2 2004 21 33
54. S.T. Baker, C.Y. Chiang, and J.D. Zajac Outcomes for general medical inpatients with diabetes mellitus and new hyperglycaemia The Medical Journal of Australia 188 6 2008 340 343
55. T.W. Donner, and K.M. Flammer Diabetes management in the hospital Medical Clinics of North America 92 2 2008 407 425 (Pubitemid 351284558)
56. G. Van den Berghe, P.J. Wouters, and R. Bouillon Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control Critical Care Medicine 31 2 2003 359 366 (Pubitemid 36232926)
57. M. Falciglia, R.W. Freyberg, and P.L. Almenoff Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis Critical Care Medicine 37 12 2009 3001 3009
58. J.S. Krinsley Blood glucose control in critically ill patients: the impact of diabetes Critical Care Medicine 37 1 2009 382 author reply 382-3
59. K. Malmberg, L. Ryden, and A. Hamsten Effects of insulin treatment on cause-specific one-year mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. DIGAMI Study Group. Diabetes Insulin-Glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction European Heart Journal 17 9 1996 1337 1344 (Pubitemid 26306661)
60. G. Van den Berghe, A. Wilmer, and G. Hermans Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU The New England Journal of Medicine 354 5 2006 449 461 (Pubitemid 43200296)
61. S.J. Finney, C. Zekveld, and A. Elia Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients Jama 290 15 2003 2041 2047 (Pubitemid 37430587)
62. A.P. Furnary, G. Gao, and G.L. Grunkemeier Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 125 5 2003 1007 1021 (Pubitemid 36644877)
63. A.P. Furnary, and Y. Wu Eliminating the diabetic disadvantage: the Portland diabetic project Seminars in Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery 18 4 2006 302 308 (Pubitemid 46464509)
64. A.P. Furnary, and Y. Wu Clinical effects of hyperglycemia in the cardiac surgery population: the Portland Diabetic Project Endocrine Practice 12 Suppl. 3 2006 22 26 (Pubitemid 44963589)
65. F.M. Brunkhorst, C. Engel, and F. Bloos Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis The New England Journal of Medicine 358 2 2008 125 139
66. C. De La Rosa Gdel, J.H. Donado, and A.H. Restrepo Strict glycaemic control in patients hospitalised in a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit: a randomised clinical trial Critical Care 12 5 2008 R120
67. S. Finfer, D.R. Chittock, and S.Y. Su Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients N Engl J Med 360 13 2009 1283 1297
68. J.C. Preiser, and F. Brunkhorst Tight glucose control and hypoglycemia Critical Care Medicine 36 4 2008 1391 author reply 1391-2
69. D.E. Griesdale, R.J. de Souza, and R.M. van Dam Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data Canadian Medical Association Journal 180 8 2009 821 827
70. J.C. Preiser, P. Devos, and S. Ruiz-Santana A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study Intensive Care Medicine 35 10 2009 1738 1748
71. S. Zoungas, A. Patel, and J. Chalmers Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death The New England Journal of Medicine 363 15 2010 1410 1418
72. J.C. Preiser, P. Devos, and S. Ruiz-Santana A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study Intensive Care Medicine 2009
73. M. Kosiborod, S.E. Inzucchi, and A. Goyal Relationship between spontaneous and iatrogenic hypoglycemia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction Jama 301 15 2009 1556 1564
74. C. Ichai, and J.C. Preiser International recommendations for glucose control in adult non diabetic critically ill patients Critical Care 14 5 2010 R166
75. B.P. Kavanagh, and K.C. McCowen Clinical practice. Glycemic control in the ICU The New England Journal of Medicine 363 26 2010 2540 2546
76. A.M. Corstjens, J.J. Ligtenberg, and I.C. van der Horst Accuracy and feasibility of point-of-care and continuous blood glucose analysis in critically ill ICU patients Critical Care 10 5 2006 R135
77. U. Holzinger, J. Warszawska, and R. Kitzberger Impact of shock requiring norepinephrine on the accuracy and reliability of subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring Intensive Care Medicine 35 8 2009 1383 1389
78. U. Holzinger, J. Warszawska, and R. Kitzberger Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized trial Diabetes Care 33 3 2010 467 472
79. E.S. Moghissi, M.T. Korytkowski, and M. DiNardo American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control Endocrine Practice 15 4 2009 353 369
80. H.W. Rodbard, L. Blonde, and S.S. Braithwaite American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus Endocrine Practice 13 Suppl. 1 2007 1 68
81. C.W. O'Malley, M. Emanuele, and L. Halasyamani Bridge over troubled waters: safe and effective transitions of the inpatient with hyperglycemia Journal of Hospital Medicine 3 5 Suppl 2008 55 65
82. S. Donaldson, G. Villanuueva, and L. Rondinelli Rush University guidelines and protocols for the management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients: elimination of the sliding scale and improvement of glycemic control throughout the hospital The Diabetes Educator 32 6 2006 954 962 (Pubitemid 44706822)
83. L.R. Schmeltz, A.J. DeSantis, and K. Schmidt Conversion of intravenous insulin infusions to subcutaneously administered insulin glargine in patients with hyperglycemia Endocrine Practice 12 6 2006 641 650
84. A. Grainger, K. Eiden, and J. Kemper A pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of glargine and multiple injections of lispro in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving tube feedings in a cardiovascular intensive care unit Nutrition in Clinical Practice 22 5 2007 545 552
85. A.C. Donihi, D. Raval, and M. Saul Prevalence and predictors of corticosteroid-related hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients Endocrine Practice 12 4 2006 358 362 (Pubitemid 44717593)
86. G.E. Umpierrez, T. Hor, and D. Smiley Comparison of inpatient insulin regimens with detemir plus aspart versus neutral protamine hagedorn plus regular in medical patients with type 2 diabetes The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94 2 2009 564 569
87. G.E. Umpierrez, D. Smiley, and S. Jacobs Randomized study of basal bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery) Diabetes Care 2011
88. S. Clement, S.S. Braithwaite, and M.F. Magee Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals Diabetes Care 27 2 2004 553 591 (Pubitemid 38174086)
89. C.D. Lauster, J.M. Gibson, and J.V. DiNella Implementation of standardized instructions for insulin at hospital discharge Journal of Hospital Medicine 4 8 2009 E41 E42
90. C.B. Cook, K.M. Seifert, and B.P. Hull Inpatient to outpatient transfer of diabetes care: planing for an effective hospital discharge Endocrine Practice 15 3 2009 263 269
91. G. Maynard, D.H. Wesorick, and C. O'Malley Subcutaneous insulin order sets and protocols: effective design and implementation strategies Journal of Hospital Medicine 3 5 Suppl 2008 29 41