메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

The epidemiology and patterns of acute and chronic toxicity associated with recreational ketamine use

Author keywords

2 (2 chlorophenyl) 2 (methylamino) cyclohexanone; Acute toxicity; Chronic toxicity; Dependence; Epidemiology; Haemorrhagic cystitis; Ketamine; Recreational drugs

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CENTRAL DEPRESSANT AGENT; KETAMINE;

EID: 80052744525     PISSN: 17528550     EISSN: 17528550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7107     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (153)

References (105)
  • 1
    • 77952810889 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic effects of Ci-581, a new dissociative anesthetic, in man
    • Domino EF, Chodoff P, Corssen G. Pharmacologic effects of Ci-581, a new dissociative anesthetic, in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1965;6:279-91.
    • (1965) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.6 , pp. 279-291
    • Domino, E.F.1    Chodoff, P.2    Corssen, G.3
  • 5
    • 0003644597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed. Sarasota, FL: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
    • Jansen KLR. Ketamine: Dreams and realities. 2nd ed. Sarasota, FL: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies; 2004.
    • (2004) Ketamine: Dreams and realities
    • Jansen, K.L.R.1
  • 7
    • 0034486676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the nonmedical use of ketamine: Use, users and consequences
    • Jansen KL. A review of the nonmedical use of ketamine: Use, users and consequences. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2000;32:419-33.
    • (2000) J Psychoactive Drugs , vol.32 , pp. 419-433
    • Jansen, K.L.1
  • 9
    • 0020329077 scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans
    • Clements JA, Nimmo WS, Grant IS. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. J Pharm Sci. 1982;71:539-42.
    • (1982) J Pharm Sci , vol.71 , pp. 539-542
    • Clements, J.A.1    Nimmo, W.S.2    Grant, I.S.3
  • 10
    • 0030015675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations after i.v., nasal and rectal administration in children
    • Malinovsky JM, Servin F, Cozian A, Lepage JY, Pinaud M. Ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations after i.v., nasal and rectal administration in children. Br J Anaesth. 1996;77:203-7.
    • (1996) Br J Anaesth , vol.77 , pp. 203-207
    • Malinovsky, J.M.1    Servin, F.2    Cozian, A.3    Lepage, J.Y.4    Pinaud, M.5
  • 11
    • 0016062602 scopus 로고
    • On the cerebral accumulation of ketamine and the relationship between metabolism of the drug and its pharmacological effects
    • Cohen ML, Trevor AJ. On the cerebral accumulation of ketamine and the relationship between metabolism of the drug and its pharmacological effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1974;189:351-8.
    • (1974) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.189 , pp. 351-358
    • Cohen, M.L.1    Trevor, A.J.2
  • 12
    • 0035987904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes
    • Hijazi Y, Boulieu R. Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30:853-8.
    • (2002) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.30 , pp. 853-858
    • Hijazi, Y.1    Boulieu, R.2
  • 15
    • 23944475336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary excretion rates of ketamine and norketamine following therapeutic ketamine administration: Method and detection window considerations
    • Adamowicz P, Kala M. Urinary excretion rates of ketamine and norketamine following therapeutic ketamine administration: Method and detection window considerations. J Anal Toxicol. 2005;29:376-82.
    • (2005) J Anal Toxicol , vol.29 , pp. 376-382
    • Adamowicz, P.1    Kala, M.2
  • 16
    • 0026446397 scopus 로고
    • Ketamineinduced anesthesia involves the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-channel complex in mice
    • Irifune M, Shimizu T, Nomoto M, Fukuda T. Ketamineinduced anesthesia involves the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-channel complex in mice. Brain Res. 1992;596:1-9.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.596 , pp. 1-9
    • Irifune, M.1    Shimizu, T.2    Nomoto, M.3    Fukuda, T.4
  • 17
    • 0026548237 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of ketamine enantiomers on NMDA receptor currents in cultured neurons
    • Zeilhofer HU, Swandulla D, Geisslinger G, Brune K. Differential effects of ketamine enantiomers on NMDA receptor currents in cultured neurons. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;213: 155-8.
    • (1992) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.213 , pp. 155-158
    • Zeilhofer, H.U.1    Swandulla, D.2    Geisslinger, G.3    Brune, K.4
  • 18
    • 0033479040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine: Review of its pharmacology and its use in pediatric anesthesia
    • Bergman SA. Ketamine: Review of its pharmacology and its use in pediatric anesthesia. Anesth Prog. 1999;46:10-20.
    • (1999) Anesth Prog , vol.46 , pp. 10-20
    • Bergman, S.A.1
  • 19
    • 0032947439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral ketamine is antinociceptive in the rat formalin test: Role of the metabolite, norketamine
    • Shimoyama M, Shimoyama N, Gorman AL, Elliott KJ, Inturrisi CE. Oral ketamine is antinociceptive in the rat formalin test: Role of the metabolite, norketamine. Pain. 1999;81:85-93.
    • (1999) Pain , vol.81 , pp. 85-93
    • Shimoyama, M.1    Shimoyama, N.2    Gorman, A.L.3    Elliott, K.J.4    Inturrisi, C.E.5
  • 20
    • 0019224563 scopus 로고
    • The interaction of ketamine with the opiate receptor
    • Smith DJ, Pekoe GM, Martin LL, Coalgate B. The interaction of ketamine with the opiate receptor. Life Sci. 1980;26:789-95.
    • (1980) Life Sci , vol.26 , pp. 789-795
    • Smith, D.J.1    Pekoe, G.M.2    Martin, L.L.3    Coalgate, B.4
  • 21
    • 0030777016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for direct interaction of ketamine with alpha 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors
    • Bevan RK, Rose MA, Duggan KA. Evidence for direct interaction of ketamine with alpha 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997;24:923-26.
    • (1997) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol , vol.24 , pp. 923-926
    • Bevan, R.K.1    Rose, M.A.2    Duggan, K.A.3
  • 22
    • 0022634021 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of ketamine isomers on neuronal and extraneuronal catecholamine uptake mechanisms
    • Lundy PM, Lockwood PA, Thompson G, Frew R. Differential effects of ketamine isomers on neuronal and extraneuronal catecholamine uptake mechanisms. Anesthesiology. 1986;64: 359-63.
    • (1986) Anesthesiology , vol.64 , pp. 359-363
    • Lundy, P.M.1    Lockwood, P.A.2    Thompson, G.3    Frew, R.4
  • 23
    • 0029035879 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition by ketamine of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function
    • Durieux ME. Inhibition by ketamine of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:57-62.
    • (1995) Anesth Analg , vol.81 , pp. 57-62
    • Durieux, M.E.1
  • 25
    • 0030898319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine relaxes airway smooth muscle contracted by endothelin
    • Sato T, Matsuki A, Zsigmond EK, Rabito SF. Ketamine relaxes airway smooth muscle contracted by endothelin. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:900-6.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 900-906
    • Sato, T.1    Matsuki, A.2    Zsigmond, E.K.3    Rabito, S.F.4
  • 26
    • 0030750142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of single and repeated ketamine administration on dopamine, serotonin and GABA transmission in rat medial prefrontal cortex
    • Lindefors N, Barati S, O'Connor WT. Differential effects of single and repeated ketamine administration on dopamine, serotonin and GABA transmission in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 1997;759:205-12.
    • (1997) Brain Res , vol.759 , pp. 205-212
    • Lindefors, N.1    Barati, S.2    O'Connor, W.T.3
  • 27
    • 0020629581 scopus 로고
    • The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methylaspartate
    • Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D. The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methylaspartate. Br J Pharmacol. 1983;79:565-75.
    • (1983) Br J Pharmacol , vol.79 , pp. 565-575
    • Anis, N.A.1    Berry, S.C.2    Burton, N.R.3    Lodge, D.4
  • 28
    • 0033918547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for GABA(A) receptor agonistic properties of ketamine: Convulsive and anesthetic behavioral models in mice
    • Irifune M, Sato T, Kamata Y, Nishikawa T, Dohi T, Kawahara M. Evidence for GABA(A) receptor agonistic properties of ketamine: Convulsive and anesthetic behavioral models in mice. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:230-6.
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 230-236
    • Irifune, M.1    Sato, T.2    Kamata, Y.3    Nishikawa, T.4    Dohi, T.5    Kawahara, M.6
  • 29
    • 0346390576 scopus 로고
    • FDA. Drug Bull
    • FDA. Ketamine abuse. FDA Drug Bull. 1979;9:24.
    • (1979) FDA Ketamine abuse , vol.9 , pp. 24
  • 30
    • 23244457028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of club drugs in a heroin society: The case of Hong Kong
    • Laidler KAJ. The rise of club drugs in a heroin society: The case of Hong Kong. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40:1257-78.
    • (2005) Subst Use Misuse , vol.40 , pp. 1257-1278
    • Laidler, K.A.J.1
  • 31
    • 27644517696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National drug survey household survey: Detailed findings. Canberra: Author, 2007
    • AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). 2007 National drug survey household survey: Detailed findings. Canberra: Author; 2008.
    • (2008) AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare)
  • 35
    • 23244433068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in Canadian rave attendees
    • Barrett SP, Gross SR, Garand I, Pihl RO. Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in Canadian rave attendees. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40:1525-37.
    • (2005) Subst Use Misuse , vol.40 , pp. 1525-1537
    • Barrett, S.P.1    Gross, S.R.2    Garand, I.3    Pihl, R.O.4
  • 37
    • 77954300390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixmag (The world's biggest dance music and clubbing magazine) February
    • Dick D, Torrance C. Mixmag drugs survey. Mixmag (The world's biggest dance music and clubbing magazine). 2010 February, p. 44-53.
    • (2010) Mixmag drugs survey , pp. 44-53
    • Dick, D.1    Torrance, C.2
  • 38
    • 0042327747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profiles of urine samples from participants at rave party in Taiwan: Prevalence of ketamine and MDMA abuse
    • Lua AC, Lin HR, Tseng YT, Hu AR, Yeh PC. Profiles of urine samples from participants at rave party in Taiwan: Prevalence of ketamine and MDMA abuse. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;136: 47-51.
    • (2003) Forensic Sci Int , vol.136 , pp. 47-51
    • Lua, A.C.1    Lin, H.R.2    Tseng, Y.T.3    Hu, A.R.4    Yeh, P.C.5
  • 39
    • 0037462323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use
    • Dillon P, Copeland J, Jansen K. Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;69:23-8.
    • (2003) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.69 , pp. 23-28
    • Dillon, P.1    Copeland, J.2    Jansen, K.3
  • 40
    • 23244446459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editors' introduction to this special issue on club drug epidemiology
    • Fendrich M, Johnson TP. Editors' introduction to this special issue on club drug epidemiology. Subst Use Misuse. 2005; 40:1179-84.
    • (2005) Subst Use Misuse , vol.40 , pp. 1179-1184
    • Fendrich, M.1    Johnson, T.P.2
  • 41
    • 80052759637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNODC. United Nations office on drugs and crime: World drug report 2010. Vienna: United Nations Publications
    • UNODC. United Nations office on drugs and crime: World drug report 2010. Vienna: United Nations Publications; 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 42
    • 84869600630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APAIC. Regional trends: Ketamine. Asia & Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre; 2009 [accessed 2010 October 21]. Available from
    • APAIC. Regional trends: Ketamine. Asia & Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre; 2009 [accessed 2010 October 21]. Available from: http://www.apaic.org/index.php? option_com_content&view_article&id_122&Itemid-135.
    • (2009)
  • 43
    • 84869600161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anonymous. Central registry of drug abuse: Selected drug abuse statistics [Government Statistics] Hong Kong: Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;; 2010 [accessed 2010 November 5]. Available from
    • Anonymous. Central registry of drug abuse: Selected drug abuse statistics [Government Statistics] Hong Kong: Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; 2010 [accessed 2010 November 5]. Available from: http://www.nd.gov.hk/statistics_list/doc/en/ t3.pdf.
    • (2010)
  • 44
    • 70350126483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketaminerelated toxicology presentations to the ED [abstract]
    • Wood DM, Bishop CR, Greene SL, Dargan PI. Ketaminerelated toxicology presentations to the ED [abstract]. Clin Toxicol. 2008;46:630.
    • (2008) Clin Toxicol , vol.46 , pp. 630
    • Wood, D.M.1    Bishop, C.R.2    Greene, S.L.3    Dargan, P.I.4
  • 45
    • 0028323167 scopus 로고
    • Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses
    • Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:199-214.
    • (1994) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 199-214
    • Krystal, J.H.1    Karper, L.P.2    Seibyl, J.P.3    Freeman, G.K.4    Delaney, R.5    Bremner, J.D.6
  • 46
    • 0027497853 scopus 로고
    • Non-medical use of ketamine
    • Jansen KL. Non-medical use of ketamine. BMJ. 1993;306: 601-2.
    • (1993) BMJ , vol.306 , pp. 601-602
    • Jansen, K.L.1
  • 47
    • 22944487628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological findings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period
    • Scott-Ham M, Burton FC. Toxicological findings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period. J Clin Forensic Med. 2005;12:175-86.
    • (2005) J Clin Forensic Med , vol.12 , pp. 175-186
    • Scott-Ham, M.1    Burton, F.C.2
  • 49
    • 24044531550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemiological study on alcohol/drugs related fatal traffic crash cases of deceased drivers in Hong Kong between 1996 and 2000
    • Cheng JY, Chan DT, Mok VK. An epidemiological study on alcohol/drugs related fatal traffic crash cases of deceased drivers in Hong Kong between 1996 and 2000. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;153:196-201.
    • (2005) Forensic Sci Int , vol.153 , pp. 196-201
    • Cheng, J.Y.1    Chan, D.T.2    Mok, V.K.3
  • 50
    • 77957724280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of drugged drivers among non-fatal driver casualties presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong
    • Wong OF, Tsui KL, Lam TS, Sze NN,Wong SC, Lau FL, et al. Prevalence of drugged drivers among non-fatal driver casualties presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2010;16:246-51.
    • (2010) Hong Kong Med J , vol.16 , pp. 246-251
    • Wong, O.F.1    Tsui, K.L.2    Lam, T.S.3    Sze, N.N.4    Wong, S.C.5    Lau, F.L.6
  • 51
    • 0034095385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine abusers presenting to the emergency department: A case series
    • Weiner AL, Vieira L, McKay CA, Bayer MJ. Ketamine abusers presenting to the emergency department: A case series. J Emerg Med. 2000;18:447-51.
    • (2000) J Emerg Med , vol.18 , pp. 447-451
    • Weiner, A.L.1    Vieira, L.2    McKay, C.A.3    Bayer, M.J.4
  • 53
    • 0027510624 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension and pulmonary oedema associated with ketamine administration in a patient with a history of substance abuse
    • Murphy JL Jr. Hypertension and pulmonary oedema associated with ketamine administration in a patient with a history of substance abuse. Can J Anaesth. 1993;40:160-4.
    • (1993) Can J Anaesth , vol.40 , pp. 160-164
    • Murphy Jr., J.L.1
  • 54
    • 0018091583 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema caused by intravenous ketamine
    • Tarnow J, Hess W. Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema caused by intravenous ketamine. Anaesthesist. 1978; 27:486-7.
    • (1978) Anaesthesist , vol.27 , pp. 486-487
    • Tarnow, J.1    Hess, W.2
  • 55
    • 77954667678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alveolar but not intravenous S-ketamine inhibits alveolar sodium transport and lung fluid clearance in rats
    • Berger MM, Pitzer B, Zugel S, Wieland CW, Vlaar AP, Schultz MJ, et al. Alveolar but not intravenous S-ketamine inhibits alveolar sodium transport and lung fluid clearance in rats. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:164-70.
    • (2010) Anesth Analg , vol.111 , pp. 164-170
    • Berger, M.M.1    Pitzer, B.2    Zugel, S.3    Wieland, C.W.4    Vlaar, A.P.5    Schultz, M.J.6
  • 56
    • 0023810732 scopus 로고
    • Tissue distribution of ketamine: Two case reports
    • Peyton SH, Couch AT, Bost RO. Tissue distribution of ketamine: Two case reports. J Anal Toxicol. 1988;12:268-9.
    • (1988) J Anal Toxicol , vol.12 , pp. 268-269
    • Peyton, S.H.1    Couch, A.T.2    Bost, R.O.3
  • 58
    • 0034031062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine in non-hospital and hospital deaths in New York City
    • Gill JR, Stajic M. Ketamine in non-hospital and hospital deaths in New York City. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45:655-8.
    • (2000) J Forensic Sci , vol.45 , pp. 655-658
    • Gill, J.R.1    Stajic, M.2
  • 59
    • 1642458200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmortem blood ketamine distribution in two fatalities
    • Lalonde BR, Wallage HR. Postmortem blood ketamine distribution in two fatalities. J Anal Toxicol. 2004;28:71-4.
    • (2004) J Anal Toxicol , vol.28 , pp. 71-74
    • Lalonde, B.R.1    Wallage, H.R.2
  • 60
    • 38349137364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trapped in the 'K-hole': Overview of deaths associated with ketamine misuse in the UK (1993-2006)
    • Schifano F, Corkery J, Oyefeso A, Tonia T, Ghodse AH. Trapped in the 'K-hole': Overview of deaths associated with ketamine misuse in the UK (1993-2006). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28:114-6.
    • (2008) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.28 , pp. 114-116
    • Schifano, F.1    Corkery, J.2    Oyefeso, A.3    Tonia, T.4    Ghodse, A.H.5
  • 61
    • 34248576544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: A review
    • Morgan CJ, Curran HV. Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: A review. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;188:408-24.
    • (2006) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.188 , pp. 408-424
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Curran, H.V.2
  • 62
    • 32144440105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantic priming after ketamine acutely in healthy volunteers and following chronic self-administration in substance users
    • Morgan CJ, Rossell SL, Pepper F, Smart J, Blackburn J, Brandner B, et al. Semantic priming after ketamine acutely in healthy volunteers and following chronic self-administration in substance users. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:265-72.
    • (2006) Biol Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 265-272
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Rossell, S.L.2    Pepper, F.3    Smart, J.4    Blackburn, J.5    Brandner, B.6
  • 65
    • 57649115522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: A comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex-users with polydrug and non-using controls
    • Morgan CJ, Muetzelfeldt L, Curran HV. Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: A comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex-users with polydrug and non-using controls. Addiction. 2009;104:77-87.
    • (2009) Addiction , vol.104 , pp. 77-87
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Muetzelfeldt, L.2    Curran, H.V.3
  • 66
    • 72249099672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: A 1-year longitudinal study
    • Morgan CJ, Muetzelfeldt L, Curran HV. Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: A 1-year longitudinal study. Addiction. 2010;105:121-33.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 121-133
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Muetzelfeldt, L.2    Curran, H.V.3
  • 67
    • 70349652284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superstitious conditioning as a model of delusion formation following chronic but not acute ketamine in humans
    • Freeman TP, Morgan CJ, Klaassen E, Das RK, Stefanovic A, Brandner B, et al. Superstitious conditioning as a model of delusion formation following chronic but not acute ketamine in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;206:563-73.
    • (2009) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.206 , pp. 563-573
    • Freeman, T.P.1    Morgan, C.J.2    Klaassen, E.3    Das, R.K.4    Stefanovic, A.5    Brandner, B.6
  • 68
    • 84907120911 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine-Can chronic use impair memory?
    • Jansen KL. Ketamine-Can chronic use impair memory? Int J Addict. 1990;25:133-9.
    • (1990) Int J Addict , vol.25 , pp. 133-139
    • Jansen, K.L.1
  • 70
    • 0032947526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain
    • Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, Bittigau P, Vockler J, Dikranian K, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science. 1999;283:70-4.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 70-74
    • Ikonomidou, C.1    Bosch, F.2    Miksa, M.3    Bittigau, P.4    Vockler, J.5    Dikranian, K.6
  • 71
    • 0038389587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxicity of nitrous oxide and ketamine is more severe in aged than in young rat brain
    • Beals JK, Carter LB, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Neurotoxicity of nitrous oxide and ketamine is more severe in aged than in young rat brain. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2003;993:115.
    • (2003) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.993 , pp. 115
    • Beals, J.K.1    Carter, L.B.2    Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.3
  • 72
    • 13844277020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anesthetics nitrous oxide and ketamine are more neurotoxic to old than to young rat brain
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Carter LB. The anesthetics nitrous oxide and ketamine are more neurotoxic to old than to young rat brain. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26:947-56.
    • (2005) Neurobiol Aging , vol.26 , pp. 947-956
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.1    Carter, L.B.2
  • 73
    • 0033864688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult rats
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Benshoff N, Olney JW. Ketamine potentiates cerebrocortical damage induced by the common anaesthetic agent nitrous oxide in adult rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;130:1692-8.
    • (2000) Br J Pharmacol , vol.130 , pp. 1692-1698
    • Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.1    Benshoff, N.2    Olney, J.W.3
  • 74
    • 46149095967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of 7-nitroindazole on ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in rat forebrain culture
    • Wang C, Sadovova N, Patterson TA, Zou X, Fu X, Hanig JP, et al. Protective effects of 7-nitroindazole on ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in rat forebrain culture. Neurotoxicology. 2008; 29:613-20.
    • (2008) Neurotoxicology , vol.29 , pp. 613-620
    • Wang, C.1    Sadovova, N.2    Patterson, T.A.3    Zou, X.4    Fu, X.5    Hanig, J.P.6
  • 75
  • 76
    • 77954369562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use: A diffusion tensor imaging study
    • Liao Y, Tang J, Ma M, Wu Z, Yang M, Wang X, et al. Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain. 2010;133:2115-22.
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 2115-2122
    • Liao, Y.1    Tang, J.2    Ma, M.3    Wu, Z.4    Yang, M.5    Wang, X.6
  • 77
    • 84869599628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10. 2nd ed. Geneva: Author: 2007 [updated 2010 November 5]. Available from
    • WHO. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10. 2nd ed. Geneva: Author; 2007 [updated 2010 November 5]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/ icd10online/index.htm?gf10.htm_F192.
    • (2007)
  • 78
    • 0034953101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nonmedical use of ketamine, part two: A review of problem use and dependence
    • Jansen KL, Darracot-Cankovic R. The nonmedical use of ketamine, part two: A review of problem use and dependence. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2001;33:151-8.
    • (2001) J Psychoactive Drugs , vol.33 , pp. 151-158
    • Jansen, K.L.1    Darracot-Cankovic, R.2
  • 79
    • 48749093469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attentional bias to incentive stimuli in frequent ketamine users
    • Morgan CJ, Rees H, Curran HV. Attentional bias to incentive stimuli in frequent ketamine users. Psychol Med. 2008;38: 1331-40.
    • (2008) Psychol Med , vol.38 , pp. 1331-1340
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Rees, H.2    Curran, H.V.3
  • 80
    • 0026496669 scopus 로고
    • Tolerance to the cataleptic effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in pigeons: Cross-tolerance between PCP-like compounds and competitive NMDA antagonists
    • Lu Y, France CP, Woods JH. Tolerance to the cataleptic effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in pigeons: Cross-tolerance between PCP-like compounds and competitive NMDA antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;263:499-504.
    • (1992) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.263 , pp. 499-504
    • Lu, Y.1    France, C.P.2    Woods, J.H.3
  • 84
    • 26044473911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications
    • Chan WH, Sun WZ, Ueng TH. Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2005;68:1581-97.
    • (2005) J Toxicol Environ Health A , vol.68 , pp. 1581-1597
    • Chan, W.H.1    Sun, W.Z.2    Ueng, T.H.3
  • 86
    • 53849124821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: A new syndrome?
    • Chu PS, Ma WK, Wong SC, Chu RW, Cheng CH, Wong S, et al. The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: A new syndrome? BJU Int. 2008;102:1616-22.
    • (2008) BJU Int , vol.102 , pp. 1616-1622
    • Chu, P.S.1    Ma, W.K.2    Wong, S.C.3    Chu, R.W.4    Cheng, C.H.5    Wong, S.6
  • 87
    • 53849141499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: A new syndrome?
    • Cottrell A, Warren K, Ayres R, Weinstock P, Kumar V, Gillatt D. The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: A new syndrome? BJU Int. 2008;102:1178-9.
    • (2008) BJU Int , vol.102 , pp. 1178-1179
    • Cottrell, A.1    Warren, K.2    Ayres, R.3    Weinstock, P.4    Kumar, V.5    Gillatt, D.6
  • 88
    • 34247580765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamineassociated ulcerative cystitis: A new clinical entity
    • Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B, Stewart RJ. Ketamineassociated ulcerative cystitis: A new clinical entity. Urology. 2007;69:810-2.
    • (2007) Urology , vol.69 , pp. 810-812
    • Shahani, R.1    Streutker, C.2    Dickson, B.3    Stewart, R.J.4
  • 90
    • 70449532122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice are prone to kidney pathology after prolonged ketamine addiction
    • Yeung LY, Rudd JA, Lam WP, Mak YT, Yew DT. Mice are prone to kidney pathology after prolonged ketamine addiction. Toxicol Lett. 2009;191:275-8.
    • (2009) Toxicol Lett , vol.191 , pp. 275-278
    • Yeung, L.Y.1    Rudd, J.A.2    Lam, W.P.3    Mak, Y.T.4    Yew, D.T.5
  • 91
    • 44649184847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pediatric case of ketamine-associated cystitis
    • Gregoire MC, MacLellan DL, Finley GA. A pediatric case of ketamine-associated cystitis. Urology. 2008;71:1232-3.
    • (2008) Urology , vol.71 , pp. 1232-1233
    • Gregoire, M.C.1    MacLellan, D.L.2    Finley, G.A.3
  • 92
    • 71049185534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can ketamine prescribed for pain cause damage to the urinary tract?
    • Storr TM, Quibell R. Can ketamine prescribed for pain cause damage to the urinary tract? Palliat Med. 2009;23:670-2.
    • (2009) Palliat Med , vol.23 , pp. 670-672
    • Storr, T.M.1    Quibell, R.2
  • 96
    • 34247580765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis: A new clinical entity
    • Urology. 2008; 71 5 987, Reply to letter-to-the-editor, Re: Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B et al
    • Shahani R, Stewart RJ. Reply to letter-to-the-editor, Re: Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B, et al: Ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis: A new clinical entity. Urology. 2007;69: 810-2. Urology. 2008;71(5):987.
    • (2007) Urology , vol.69 , pp. 810-812
    • Shahani, R.1    Stewart, R.J.2
  • 97
    • 18244362828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of interstitial cystitis with Cystistat: A hyaluronic acid product
    • Kallestrup EB, Jorgensen SS, Nording J, Hald T. Treatment of interstitial cystitis with Cystistat: A hyaluronic acid product. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 2005;39:143-7.
    • (2005) Scan J Urol Nephrol , vol.39 , pp. 143-147
    • Kallestrup, E.B.1    Jorgensen, S.S.2    Nording, J.3    Hald, T.4
  • 98
    • 34247332338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyaluronic acid: An effective alternative treatment of interstitial cystitis, recurrent urinary infections and haemorrhagic cystitis?
    • Lavazzo C, Athanasiou S, Pitsouni E, Falgas ME. Hyaluronic acid: An effective alternative treatment of interstitial cystitis, recurrent urinary infections and haemorrhagic cystitis? Eur Urol. 2007;51:1534-40.
    • (2007) Eur Urol , vol.51 , pp. 1534-1540
    • Lavazzo, C.1    Athanasiou, S.2    Pitsouni, E.3    Falgas, M.E.4
  • 99
    • 13844281587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do cytometric findings predict the results of intravesical hyaluronic acid in women with interstitial cystitis?
    • Daha LK, Riedl CR, Lazar D, Hohlbrugger C, Pfluger H. Do cytometric findings predict the results of intravesical hyaluronic acid in women with interstitial cystitis? Eur Urol. 2005;57: 393-7.
    • (2005) Eur Urol , vol.57 , pp. 393-397
    • Daha, L.K.1    Riedl, C.R.2    Lazar, D.3    Hohlbrugger, C.4    Pfluger, H.5
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
    • 0026047958 scopus 로고
    • Clinical study on total intravenous anesthesia with droperidol, fentanyl and ketamine-8 Hepatic and renal functions following prolonged surgical operation of over 10 hours [in Japanese]
    • Kimura F, Hashimoto Y, Shimodate Y, Hashimoto H, Ishihara H, Matsuki A. Clinical study on total intravenous anesthesia with droperidol, fentanyl and ketamine-8. Hepatic and renal functions following prolonged surgical operation of over 10 hours [in Japanese]. Masui. 1991;40:1371-5.
    • (1991) Masui , vol.40 , pp. 1371-1375
    • Kimura, F.1    Hashimoto, Y.2    Shimodate, Y.3    Hashimoto, H.4    Ishihara, H.5    Matsuki, A.6
  • 105
    • 57349180886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells induced by S-(+)-ketamine occurs through activation of a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway
    • Lee ST, Wu TT, Yu PY, Chen RM. Apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells induced by S-(+)-ketamine occurs through activation of a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:80-9.
    • (2009) Br J Anaesth , vol.102 , pp. 80-89
    • Lee, S.T.1    Wu, T.T.2    Yu, P.Y.3    Chen, R.M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.