Social psychological theories of disordered eating in college women: Review and integration

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 31, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1224-1237

  Fitzsimmons Craft, Ellen E ^a  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

College women; Disordered eating; Objectification; Social comparison; Social psychology; Uses and gratifications

Indexed keywords

BODY BUILD; BODY WEIGHT; COLLEGE STUDENT; EATING DISORDER; HUMAN; PEER GROUP; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; REVIEW; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL ASPECT;

BODY IMAGE; EATING DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; STUDENTS; UNIVERSITIES; WOMEN;

EID: 80052543131     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.011     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. Allison K.C., Park C.L. A prospective study of disordered eating among sorority and nonsorority women. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2004, 35:354-358. 10.1002/eat.10255.
2. American Psychological Association Report of the APA Task Force on the sexualization of girls 2007, Author, Washington, DC.
3. Arnett J.J. 'Adolescents' use of media for self-socioalization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1995, 24:519-532. 10.1007/BF01537054.
4. Arnett J.J. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist 2000, 55:469-480. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.
5. Bamford B., Halliwell E. Investigating the role of attachment in social comparison theories of eating disorders within a non-clinical female population. European Eating Disorders Review 2009, 17:371-379. 10.1002/erv.951.
6. Bardone-Cone A.M., Wonderlich S.A., Frost R.O., Bulik C.M., Mitchell J.E., Uppala S., et al. Perfectionism and eating disorders: Current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review 2007, 27:384-405. 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.005.
7. Bartky S.L. Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression 1990, Routledge, New York.
8. Basow S.A., Foran K.A., Bookwala J. Body objectification, social pressure, and disordered eating behavior in college women: The role of sorority membership. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2007, 31:394-400. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00388.x.
9. Beck J.S. Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond 1995, Guilford, New York.
10. Becker A.E., Fay K.E., Agnew-Blais J., Khan A.N., Striegel-Moore R.H., Gilman S.E. Social network media exposure and adolescent eating pathology in Fiji. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011, 198:43-50. 10.1192/bjp.bp. 110.078675.
11. Becker A.E., Keel P., Anderson-Fye E.P., Thomas J.J. Genes and/or jeans?: Genetic and socio-cultural contributions to risk for eating disorders. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2004, 23:81-103. 10.1300/j069v23n03_07.
12. Beebe D.W., Hombeck G.N., Schober A., Lane M. Is body focus restricted to self-evaluation? Body focus in the evaluation of self and others. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1996, 20:415-422. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199612)20:4<415::AID-EAT9>3.0.CO;2-Q.
13. Berscheid E., Walster E., Bohrnstedt G. The happy American body: A survey report. Psychology Today 1973, 7:119-131.
14. Blowers L.C., Loxton N.J., Grady-Flesser M., Occhipinti S., Dawe S. The relationship between sociocultural pressure to be thin and body dissatisfaction in preadolescent girls. Eating Behaviors 2003, 4:229-244. 10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00018-7.
15. Bosari B., Carey K.B. Peer influences on college drinking: A review of the research. Journal of Substance Abuse 2001, 13:391-424. 10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00098-0.
16. Bosveld W., Koomen W., van der Pligt J. Selective exposure and the false consensus effect: The availability of similar and dissimilar others. British Journal of Social Psychology 1994, 33:457-466.
17. Breines J.G., Crocker J., Garcia J.A. Self-objectification and well-being in women's daily lives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008, 34:583-598. 10.1177/0146167207313727.
18. Breitkopf C.R., Littleton H., Berenson A. Body image: A study in a tri-ethnic sample of low income women. Sex Roles 2007, 56:373-380. 10.1007/s11199-006-9177-x.
19. Brownell K.D. Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology and culture collide. Behavior Therapy 1991, 22:1-12. 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80239-4.
20. Bryla K.Y. Disordered eating among female adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Health Educator 2003, 35:25-29.
21. Buchanan T.S., Fischer A.R., Tokar D.M., Yoder J.D. Testing a culture-specific extension of objectification theory regarding African American women's body image. The Counseling Psychologist 2008, 36:697-718. 10.1177/0011000008316322.
22. Bulik C.M. Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 2005, 30:335-339.
23. Buunk A.P., Gibbons F.X. Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2007, 102:3-21. 10.1016/j.obhdp. 2006.09.007.
24. Calogero R.M. A test of objectification theory: The effect of the male gaze on appearance concerns in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2004, 28:16-21. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00118.x.
25. Calogero R.M., Davis W.N., Thompson J.K. The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles 2005, 52:43-50. 10.1007/s11199-005-1192-9.
26. Calogero R.M., Herbozo S., Thompson J.K. Complimentary weightism: The potential costs of appearance-related commentary for women's self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2009, 33:120-132. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.01479.x.
27. Carver C.S., Scheier M.F. Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior 1981, Springer-Verlag, New York.
28. Cash T.F., Cash D.W., Butters J.W. "Mirror, mirror, on the wall...?": Contrast effects and self-evaluations of physical attractiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1983, 9:351-358. 10.1177/0146167283093004.
29. Cash T.F., Green G.K. Body weight and body image among college women: Perception, cognition, and affect. Journal of Personality Assessment 1986, 50:290-301. 10.1207/s15327752jpa5002_15.
30. Cash T.F., Szymanski M.L. The development and validation of the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment 1995, 64:466-477. 10.1207/s15327752jpa6403_6 PMid:16367722.
31. Cattarin J.A., Thompson J.K., Thomas C., Williams R. Body image, mood, and televised images of attractiveness: The role of social comparison. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2000, 19:220-239. 10.1521/jscp. 2000.19.2.220.
32. Collins R.L. For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluation. Psychology Bulletin 1996, 119:51-69. 10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.51.
33. Compas B.E., Wagner B.M., Slavin L.A., Vannatta K. A prospective study of life events, social support, and psychological symptomatology during the transition from high school to college. American Journal of Community Psychology 1986, 14:241-257. 10.1007/BF00911173.
34. Comstock G., Scharrer E. Media and the American child 2007, Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
35. Connan F., Troop N., Landau S., Campbell I.C., Treasure J. Poor social comparison and the tendency to submissive behavior in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2007, 40:733-739. 10.1002/eat.20427.
36. Cook-Cottone C., Phelps L. Body dissatisfaction in college women: Identification of risk and protective factors to guide college counseling practices. Journal of College Counseling 2003, 6:80-89.
37. Corning A.F., Krumm A.J., Smitham L.A. Differential social comparison processes in women with and without eating disorder symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2006, 53:338-349. 10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.338.
38. Crandall C.S. Social contagion of binge eating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 55:588-598. 10.1037/0022-3514.55.4.588.
39. Crocker J., Luhtanen R.K., Cooper M.L., Bouvrette A. Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:894-908. 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894.
40. Daubenmier J.J. The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2005, 29:207-219. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x.
41. Davison T.E., McCabe M.P. Relationships between men's and women's body image and their psychological, social, and sexual functioning. Sex Roles 2005, 52:463-475. 10.1007/s11199-005-3712-z.
42. Dittmar H. Vulnerability factors and processes linking sociocultural pressures and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2005, 24:1081-1087. 10.1521/jscp. 2005.24.8.1081.
43. Dittmar H., Howard S. Thin ideal internalization and social comparison tendency as moderators of media models impact on women's body focused anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2004, 23:768-791. 10.1521/jscp. 23.6.768.54799.
44. Dykens E.M., Gerrard M. Psychological profiles of purging bulimics, repeat dieters, and controls. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 1986, 54:283-288. 10.1037/0022-006X.54.3.283.
45. Engeln-Maddox R. Cognitive responses to idealized media images of women: The relationship of social comparison and critical processing to body image disturbance in college women. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2005, 24:1114-1138. 10.1521/jscp. 2005.24.8.1114.
46. Erikson E.H. Identity and the life cycle 1959, Norton, New York.
47. Fairburn C.G. Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders 2008, Guilford, New York.
48. Faith M.S., Leone M.A., Allison D.B. The effects of self-generated comparison targets, BMI, and social comparison tendencies on body image appraisal. Eating Disorders 1997, 5:128-140. 10.1080/10640269708249216.
49. Fallon A.E., Rozin P. Sex differences in perceptions of desirable body size. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1985, 94:102-105. 10.1037/0021-843X.94.1.102.
50. Favaro A., Ferrara S., Santonastaso P. The spectrum of eating disorders in young women: A prevalence study in a general population sample. Psychosomatic Medicine 2003, 65:701-708. 10.1097/01.PSY.0000073871.67679.D8.
51. Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 1954, 7:117-140. 10.1177/001872675400700202.
52. Fischer A.R., Bettendorf S.K., Wang Y. Contextualizing sexual objectification. Counseling Psychologist 2011, 39:127-139. 10.1177/0011000010381141.
53. Fisher B., Cullen F., Turner M. The sexual victimization of college women 2000, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC.
54. Fitzsimmons E.E., Bardone-Cone A.M. Downward spirals of body surveillance and body dissatisfaction among African American and Caucasian college women. Body Image 2011, 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.003.
55. Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (revise-resubmit). Examining prospective mediation models of body surveillance, trait anxiety, and body dissatisfaction in African American and Caucasian college women.
56. Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., Bardone-Cone, A. M., & Kelly, K. A. (under review). Objectified consciousness in relation to recovery from an eating disorder.
57. Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., Harney, M. B., Koehler, L. G., Danzi, L. E., Riddell, M. K., & Bardone-Cone, A. M. (under review). Explaining the relation between thin ideal internalization and body dissatisfaction among college women: The roles of social comparison and body surveillance.
58. Franko D.L., Omori M. Subclinical eating disorders in adolescent women: A test of the continuity hypothesis and its psychological correlates. Journal of Adolescence 1999, 22:389-396. 10.1006/jado.1999.0230.
59. Franzoi S.L., Klaiber J.R. Body use and reference group impact: With whom do we compare our bodies?. Sex Roles 2007, 56:205-214. 10.1007/s11199-006-9162-4.
60. Fredrickson B.L., Roberts T. Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1997, 21:173-206. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.
61. Fredrickson B.L., Roberts T., Noll S.M., Quinn D.M., Twenge J.M. That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75:269-284. 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.269.
62. Garfinkel P.E., Lin E., Goering P., Spegg C., Goldbloom D.S., Kennedy S., et al. Bulimia nervosa in a Canadian community sample: Prevalence and comparison of subgroups. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:1052-1058.
63. Garner D.M., Garfinkel P.E., Schwartz D., Thompson M. Cultural expectations of thinness in women. Psychological Reports 1980, 47:483-491.
64. Garner D.M., Vitousek K.M., Pike K.M. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorexia nervosa. Handbook of treatment for eating disorders 1997, 94-144. Guilford, New York. 2nd ed. D.M. Garner, P.E. Garfinkel (Eds.).
65. Gibbons F.X. Social comparison and depression: Company's effect on misery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:140-148. 10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.140.
66. Gibbons F.X., Buunk B.P. Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 76:129-142. 10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129.
67. Gilbert P., Price J., Allan S. Social comparison, social attractiveness and evolution: How might they be related?. New Ideas in Psychology 1995, 13:149-165. 10.1016/0732-118X(95)00002-X.
68. Gilbert S., Thompson J.K. Feminist explanations of the development of eating disorders: Common themes, research findings, and methodological issues. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 1996, 3:183-202.
69. Grabe S., Ward L.M., Hyde J.S. The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin 2008, 134:460-476. 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460.
70. Graber J.A., Brooks-Gunn J., Paikoff R.L., Warren M.P. Prediction of eating problems: An 8-year study of adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology 1994, 30:823-834. 10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.823.
71. Greenleaf C. Self-objectification among physically active women. Sex Roles 2005, 52:51-62. 10.1007/s11199-005-1193-8.
72. Greenleaf C., McGreer R. Disordered eating attitudes and self-objectification among physically active and sedentary female college students. Journal of Psychology 2006, 140:187-198. 10.3200/JRLP.140.3.187-198.
73. Groesz L.M., Levine M.P., Murnen S.K. The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2002, 31:1-16. 10.1002/eat.10005.
74. Hackmiller K.L. Threat as a determinant of downward comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1966, 1:32-39. 10.1016/0022-1031(66)90063-1.
75. Haines M.E., Erchull M.J., Liss M., Turner D.L., Nelson J.A., Ramsey L.R., et al. Predictors and effects of self-objectification in lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2008, 32:181-187. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00422.x.
76. Halliwell E., Dittmar H. The role of self-improvement and self-evaluation motives in social comparisons with idealized female bodies in the media. Body Image 2005, 2:249-261. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.05.001.
77. Hargreaves D., Tiggemann M. The effect of television commercials on mood and body dissatisfaction: The role of appearance-schema activation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2002, 21:287-308. 10.1521/jscp. 21.3.287.22532.
78. Harper B., Tiggemann M. The effect of thin ideal media images on women's self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles 2008, 58:649-657. 10.1007/s11199-007-9379-x.
79. Harrison K. Does interpersonal attraction to thin media personalities promote eating disorders?. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 1997, 41:478-500.
80. Harrison K., Cantor J. The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. Journal of Communication 1997, 47:40-67. 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02692.x.
81. Hausenblas H.A., Janelle C.M., Gardner R.E., Focht B.C. Viewing physique slides: Affective responses of women at high and low drive for thinness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2004, 23:45-60. 10.1521/jscp. 23.1.45.26985.
82. Hays R.B., Oxley D. Social network development and functioning during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 50:305-313. 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.305.
83. Heatherton T.F., Nichols P., Mahamedi F., Keel P. Body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms among college students, 1982 to 1992. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:1623-1629.
84. Heesacker R.S., Neimeyer G.J. Assessing object relations and social cognitive correlates of eating disorder. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1990, 37:419-426. 10.1037/0022-0167.37.4.419.
85. Heinberg L.J., Thompson J.K. Social comparison: Gender, target importance ratings, and relation to body image disturbance. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 1992, 7:335-344.
86. Heinberg L.J., Thompson J.K. The effects of figure size feedback (positive vs. negative) and target comparison group (particularistic vs. universalistic) on body image disturbance. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1992, 12:441-448.
87. Helgeson V.S., Mickelson K.D. Motives for social comparison. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1995, 21:1200-1209. 10.1177/01461672952111008.
88. Henderson-King D., Henderson-King E., Hoffman L. Media images and women's self-evaluations: Social context and importance of attractiveness as moderators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2001, 27:1407-1416. 10.1177/01461672012711002.
89. Herman C.P., Polivy J. The self-regulation of eating: Theoretical and practical problems. Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications 2004, 492-508. Guilford, New York. R.F. Baumeister, K.D. Vohs (Eds.).
90. Hesse-Biber S. Eating patterns and disorders in a college population: Are college women's eating problems a new phenomenon?. Sex Roles 1989, 20:71-89. 10.1007/BF00288028.
91. Hesse-Biber S., Leavy P., Quinn C.E., Zoino J. The mass marketing of disordered eating and eating disorders: The social psychology of women, thinness and culture. Women's Studies International Forum 2006, 29:208-224. 10.1016/j.wsif.2006.03.007.
92. Hesse-Biber S., Marino M. From high school to college: Changes in women's self-concept and its relationship to eating problems. Journal of Psychology 1991, 125:199-216.
93. Hesse-Biber S., Marino M., Watts-Roy D. A longitudinal study of eating disorders among college women: Factors that influence recovery. Gender and Society 1999, 13:385-408. 10.1177/089124399013003007.
94. Hildebrandt T., Shiovitz R., Alfano L., Greif R. Defining body deception and its role in peer based social comparison theories of body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2008, 5:299-306. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.04.007.
95. Hill M.S., Fischer A.R. Examining objectification theory: Lesbian and heterosexual women's experiences with sexual- and self-objectification. Counseling Psychologist 2008, 36:745-776. 10.1177/0011000007301669.
96. Hoerr S.L., Bokram R., Lugo B., Bivins T., Keast D.R. Risk for disordered eating relates to both gender and ethnicity for college students. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2002, 21:307-314.
97. Homan K. Athletic-ideal and thin-ideal internalization as prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction, dieting, and compulsive exercise. Body Image 2010, 7:240-245. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.02.004.
98. Irving L.M. Mirror images: Effects of the standard of beauty on the self- and body-esteem of women exhibiting varying levels of bulimic symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1990, 9:230-242. 10.1521/jscp. 1990.9.2.230.
99. Jackson T., Chen H. Identifying the eating disorder symptomatic in China: The role of sociocultural factors and culturally defined appearance concerns. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2007, 62:241-249. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.09.010.
100. Jones D.C. Social comparison and body image: Attractiveness comparisons to models and peers among adolescent girls and boys. Sex Roles 2001, 45:645-664. 10.1023/A:1014815725852.
101. Jones A.M., Buckingham J.T. Self-esteem as a moderator of the effect of social comparison on women's body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2005, 24:1164-1187. 10.1521/jscp. 2005.24.8.1164.
102. Joshi R., Herman C.P., Polivy J. Self-enhancing effects of exposure to thin-body images. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2004, 35:333-341. 10.1002/eat.10253.
103. Keery H., van den Berg P., Thompson J.K. An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image 2004, 1:237-251. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001.
104. Klein W.M. Objective standards are not enough: Affective, self-evaluative, and behavioral responses to social cognition information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 72:763-774. 10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.763.
105. Knauss C., Paxton S.J., Alsaker F.D. Body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: Objectified body consciousness, internalization of the media body ideal and perceived pressure from media. Sex Roles 2008, 59:633-643. 10.1007/s11199-008-9474-7.
106. Kozee H.B., Tylka T.L. A test of objectification theory with lesbian women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2006, 30:348-357. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00310.x.
107. Krones P.G., Stice E., Batres C., Orjada K. In vivo social comparison to a thin-ideal peer promotes body dissatisfaction: A randomized experiment. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2005, 38:134-142. 10.1002/eat.20171.
108. Leahey T.M., Crowther J.H. An ecological momentary assessment of comparison target as a moderator of the effects of appearance-focused social comparisons. Body Image 2008, 5:307-311. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.002.
109. Leahey T.M., Crowther J.H., Ciesla J.A. An ecological momentary assessment of the effects of weight and shape social comparisons on women with eating pathology, high body dissatisfaction, and low body dissatisfaction. Behavior Therapy 2011, 10.1016/j.beth.2010.07.001.
110. Leahey T.M., Crowther J.H., Mickelson K.D. The frequency, nature, and effects of naturally occurring appearance-focused social comparisons. Behavior Therapy 2007, 38:132-143. 10.1016/j.beth.2006.06.004.
111. Leon G.R., Fulkerson J.A., Perry C.L., Early-Zald M.B. Prospective analysis of personality and behavioral vulnerabilities and gender influences in the later development of disordered eating. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1995, 104:140-149. 10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.140.
112. Levine M.P., Murnen S.K. "Everybody knows that mass media are/are not [pick one] a cause of eating disorders": A critical review of evidence for a causal link between media, negative body image, and disordered eating in females. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2009, 28:9-42. 10.1521/jscp. 2009.28.1.9.
113. Levine M.P., Smolak L. Media as a context for the development of disordered eating. The developmental psychopathology of eating disorders: Implications for research, prevention, and treatment 1996, 235-257. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. L. Smolak, M.P. Levine, R. Striegel-Moore (Eds.).
114. Levine M.P., Smolak L., Hayden H. The relation of sociocultural factors to eating attitudes and behaviors among middle school girls. Journal of Early Adolescence 1994, 14:471-490. 10.1177/0272431694014004004.
115. Lewinsohn P.M., Striegel-Moore R.H., Seeley J.R. Epidemiology and natural course of eating disorders in young women from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of the Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 2000, 39:1284-1292. 10.1097/00004583-200010000-00016.
116. Lin L.F., Kulik J.A. Social comparison and women's body satisfaction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2002, 24:115-123.
117. Lin L., Reid K. The relationship between media exposure and antifat attitudes: The role of dysfunctional appearance beliefs. Body Image 2009, 6:52-55. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.09.001.
118. Lindner D., Hughes A., Fahy R. Eating pathology and social comparison in college females. North American Journal of Psychology 2008, 10:445-462.
119. Lockwood P., Kunda Z. Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 73:91-103. 10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.91.
120. Major B., Testa M., Bylsma W.H. Responses to upward and downward social comparisons: The impact of esteem-relevance and perceived control. Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research 1991, 237-260. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J.M. Suls, T.A. Wills (Eds.).
121. Malkin A.R., Wornian K., Chrisler J.C. Women and weight: Gendered messages on magazine covers. Sex Roles 1999, 40:647-655. 10.1023/A:1018848332464.
122. Marsh H.W., Parker J.W. Determinants of student self-concept: Is it better to be a relatively large fish in a small pond even if you don't learn to swim as well?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 47:213-231. 10.1037/0022-3514.47.1.213.
123. Martin C.M., Hoffman M.A. Alcohol expectancies, living environment, peer influence, and gender: A model of college-student drinking. Journal of College Student Development 1993, 34:206-211.
124. Martinot D., Redersdorff S. Impact of upward comparisons with outgroup members on self-esteem in an asymmetrical intergroup comparison context. Psychologica Belgica 2002, 42:131-149.
125. McKinley N.M. Gender differences in undergraduates' body esteem: The mediating effect of objectified body consciousness and actual/ideal weight discrepancy. Sex Roles 1998, 39:113-123. 10.1023/A:1018834001203.
126. McKinley N.M. Women and objectified body consciousness: Mothers' and daughters' body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology 1999, 35:760-769. 10.1037/0012-1649.35.3.760.
127. McKinley N.M. Resisting body dissatisfaction: Fat women who endorse fat acceptance. Body Image 2004, 1:213-219. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.02.001.
128. McKinley The developmental and cultural contexts of objectified body consciousness: A longitudinal analysis of two cohorts of women. Developmental Psychology 2006, 42:679-687. 10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.679.
129. McKinley N.M., Hyde J.S. The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1996, 20:181-215. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x.
130. Mercurio A.E., Landry L.J. Self-objectification and well-being: The impact of self-objectification on women's overall sense of self-worth and life satisfaction. Sex Roles 2008, 58:458-466. 10.1007/s11199-007-9357-3.
131. Mills J.S., Polivy J., Herman C.P., Tiggemann M. Effects of exposure to thin ideal images: Evidence of self-enhancement among restrained eaters. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:1687-1699. 10.1177/014616702237650.
132. Mintz L.B., Betz N.E. Prevalence and correlations of eating disordered behaviors among undergraduate women. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1988, 35:463-471. 10.1037/0022-0167.35.4.463.
133. Mintz L.B., O'Halloran M.S., Mulholland A.M., Schneider P.A. Questionnaire for eating disorder diagnoses: Reliability and validity of operationalizing DSM-IV criteria into a self-report format. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1997, 44:63-79. 10.1037/0022-0167.44.1.63.
134. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex 'frontal lobe' tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 2000, 41:49-100. 10.1006/cogp. 1999.0734.
135. Moradi B. Addressing gender and cultural diversity in body image: Objectification theory as a framework for integrating theories and grounding research. Sex Roles 2010, 63:138-148. 10.1007/s11199-010-9824-0.
136. Moradi B. Objectification theory: Areas of promise and refinement. Counseling Psychologist 2011, 39:153-163. 10.1177/0011000010384279.
137. Moradi B., Dirks D., Matteson A.V. Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2005, 52:420-428. 10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.420.
138. Moradi B., Huang Y. Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2008, 32:377-398. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x.
139. Morrison T.G., Kalin R., Morrison M.A. Body-image evaluation and body-image investment among adolescents: A test of sociocultural and social comparison theories. Adolescence 2004, 39:571-592.
140. Muehlenkamp J.J., Saris-Baglama R.N. Self-objectification and its psychological outcomes for college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2002, 26:371-379. 10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00076.
141. Muehlenkamp J.J., Swanson J.D., Brausch A.M. Self-objectification, risk taking, and self-harm in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2005, 29:24-32. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00164.x.
142. Muth J.L., Cash T.F. Body-image attitudes: What difference does gender make?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1997, 27:1438-1452. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01607.x.
143. Myers P.N., Biocca F.A. The elastic body image: The effect of television advertising and programming on body image distortions in young women. Journal of Communication 1992, 42:108-133. 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00802.x.
144. Myers T.A., Crowther J.H. Sociocultural pressures, thin-ideal internalization, self-objectification, and body dissatisfaction: Could feminist beliefs be a moderating factor?. Body Image 2007, 4:296-308. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.04.001.
145. Myers T.A., Crowther J.H. Is self-objectification related to interoceptive awareness? An examination of potential mediating pathways to disordered eating attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2008, 32:172-180. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00421.x.
146. Myers T.A., Crowther J.H. Social comparison as a predictor of body dissatisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:683-698. 10.1037/a0016763.
147. Neumark-Sztainer D. "I'm, like, so fat!": Helping your teen make healthy choices about eating and exercise in a weight-obsessed world 2005, Guilford, New York.
148. Noll S.M., Fredrickson B.L. A meditational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1998, 22:623-636. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x.
149. O'Brien K.S., Caputi P., Minto R., Peoples G., Hooper C., Kell S., et al. Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: Development of scales and examination of predictive qualities. Body Image 2009, 6:201-206. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.003.
150. Park S. The influence of presumed media influence on women's desire to be thin. Communication Research 2005, 32:594-614. 10.1177/0093650205279350.
151. Parsons E.M., Betz N.E. The relationship of participation in sports and physical activity to body objectification, instrumentality, and locus of control among young women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2001, 25:209-222. 10.1111/1471-6402.00022.
152. Pascarella E.T., Smart J.C., Ethington C.A., Nettles M.T. The influence of college on self-concept: A consideration of race and gender differences. American Educational Research Journal 1987, 24:49-77.
153. Patrick H., Neighbors C., Knee C.R. Appearance-related social comparisons: The role of contingent self-esteem and self-perceptions of attractiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2004, 30:501-514. 10.1177/0146167203261891.
154. Paul E.L., Kelleher M. Precollege concerns about losing and making friends in college. Journal of College Student Development 1995, 36:513-521.
155. Pinkus R.T., Lockwood P., Schimmack U., Fournier M.A. For better and for worse: Everyday social comparisons between romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 11:1180-1201. 10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1180.
156. Polivy J., Herman C.P. Causes of eating disorders. Annual Review of Psychology 2002, 53:187-213. 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103.
157. Polivy J., Herman C.P. Sociocultural idealization of thin female body shapes: An introduction to the special issue on body image and eating disorders. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2004, 23:1-6. 10.1521/jscp. 23.1.1.26986.
158. Posavac H.D., Posavac S.S., Posavac E.J. Exposure to media images of female attractiveness and concern with body weight among young women. Sex Roles 1998, 38:187-201. 10.1023/A:1018729015490.
159. Pyle R.L., Neuman P.A., Halvorson P.A., Mitchell J.E. An ongoing cross-sectional study of the prevalence of eating disorders in freshman college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1991, 10:667-677. 10.1002/1098-108X(199111)10:6<667::AID-EAT2260100605>3.0.CO;2-K.
160. Quinn D.M., Kallen R.W., Cathey C. Body on my mind: The lingering effect of state self-objectification. Sex Roles 2006, 55:869-874. 10.1007/s11199-006-9140-x.
161. Quinn D.M., Kallen R.W., Twenge J.M., Fredrickson B.L. The disruptive effect of self-objectification on performance. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2006, 30:59-64. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00262.x.
162. Roberts T., Gettman J.Y. Mere exposure: Gender differences in the negative effects of priming a state of self-objectification. Sex Roles 2004, 51:17-27. 10.1023/B:SERS.0000032306.20462.22.
163. Roberts M.E., Tchanturia K., Treasure J.L. Exploring the neurocognitive signature of poor set-shifting in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2010, 44:964-970. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.001.
164. Rodin J., Silberstein L., Striegel-Moore R. Women and weight: A normative discontent. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1984, 32:267-307.
165. Rolnik A.M., Engeln-Maddox R., Miller S.A. Here's looking at you: Self-objectification, body image disturbance, and sorority rush. Sex Roles 2010, 63:6-17. 10.1007/s11199-010-9745-y.
166. Rubin A.M. Media uses and effects: A uses-and-gratifications perspective. Media effects: Advances in theory and research 1994, 417-436. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J. Bryant, D. Zillmann (Eds.).
167. Rubin L.R., Nemeroff C.J., Russo N.F. Exploring feminist women's body consciousness. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2004, 28:27-37. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00120.x.
168. Russell T.A., Schmidt U., Doherty L., Young V., Tchanturia K. Aspects of social cognition in anorexia nervosa: Affective and cognitive theory of mind. Psychiatry 2009, 168:181-185. 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.028.
169. Scarano G.M., Kalodner-Martin C.R. A description of the continuum of eating disorders: Implications for intervention and research. Journal of Counseling & Development 1994, 72:356-361.
170. Shaw J., Waller G. The media's impact on body image: Implications for prevention and treatment. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention 1995, 3:115-123. 10.1080/10640269508249154.
171. Shroff H., Thompson J.K. The tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A replication with adolescent girls. Body Image 2006, 3:17-23. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.10.004.
172. Shrum L.J. The psychology of entertainment media: Blurring the lines between entertainment and persuasion 2004, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
173. Silberstein L.R., Striegel-Moore R.H., Timko C., Rodin J. Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction: Do men and women differ?. Sex Roles 1988, 19:219-232. 10.1007/BF00290156.
174. Spitzack C. Confessing excess: Women and the politics of body reduction 1990, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.
175. Spitzer B.L., Henderson K.A., Zivian M.T. Gender differences in population versus media body sizes: A comparison over four decades. Sex Roles 1999, 40:545-565. 10.1023/A:1018836029738.
176. Stapel D.A., Tesser A. Self-activation increases social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:742-750. 10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.742.
177. Stice E. Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action. Clinical Psychology Review 1994, 14:633-661. 10.1016/0272-7358(94)90002-7.
178. Stice E. Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 2002, 128:825-848. 10.1037//0033-2909.128.5.825.
179. Stice E., Mazotti L., Weibel D., Agras W.S. Dissonance prevention program decreases thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, negative affect, and bulimic symptoms: A preliminary experiment. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2000, 27:206-217. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200003)27:2<206::AID-EAT9>3.0.CO;2-D.
180. Stice E., Presnell K. The body project: Promoting body acceptance and preventing eating disorders 2007, New York, Oxford.
181. Stice E., Schupak-Neuberg E., Shaw H.E., Stein R.I. Relation of media exposure to eating disorder symptomatology: An examination of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1994, 103:836-840. 10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.836.
182. Stice E., Shaw H.E. Adverse effects of the media portrayed thin-ideal on women and linkages to bulimic symptomatology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1994, 13:288-308.
183. Stice E., Spangler D., Agras W.S. Exposure to media-portrayed thin-ideal images adversely affects vulnerable girls: A longitudinal experiment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2001, 20:270-288. 10.1521/jscp. 20.3.270.22309.
184. Stice E., Whitenton K. Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology 2002, 38:669-678. 10.1037//0012-1649.38.5.669.
185. Stormer S.M., Thompson J.K. Explanations of body image disturbance: A test of maturational status, negative verbal commentary, social comparison, and sociocultural hypotheses. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1996, 19:193-202.
186. Strahan E.J., Wilson A.E., Cressman K.E., Buote V.M. Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance effect social comparisons and self-image. Body Image 2006, 3:211-227. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.07.004.
187. Strelan P., Hargreaves D. Women who objectify other women: The vicious circle of objectification?. Sex Roles 2005, 52:707-712. 10.1007/s11199-005-3737-3.
188. Striegel-Moore R.H., Cachelin F.M. Etiology of eating disorders in women. The Counseling Psychologist 2001, 29:635-661. 10.1177/0011000001295002.
189. Striegel-Moore R.H., Dohm F.A., Kraemer H.C., Taylor C.B., Daniels S., Crawford P.B., et al. Eating disorders in white and black women. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 160:1326-1331. 10.1176/appi.ajp. 160.7.1326.
190. Striegel-Moore R.H., Silberstein L.R., Frensch P., Rodin J. A prospective study of disordered eating among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1989, 8:499-509. 10.1002/1098-108X(198909)8:5<499::AID-EAT2260080502>3.0.CO;2-A.
191. Striegel-Moore R.H., Silberstein L.R., Rodin J. Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. American Psychologist 1986, 41:246-263. 10.1037/0003-066X.41.3.246.
192. Suls J., Martin R., Wheeler L. Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect?. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2002, 11:159-163. 10.1111/1467-8721.00191.
193. Summerville A., Roese N.J. Dare to compare: Fact-based versus simulation-based comparison in daily life. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:664-671. 10.1016/j.jesp. 2007.04.002.
194. Swim J.K., Hyers L.L., Cohen L.L., Ferguson M.J. Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues 2001, 57:31-53. 10.1111/0022-4537.00200.
195. Sypeck M.F., Gray J.J., Ahrens A.H. No longer just a pretty face: Fashion magazines' depictions of ideal female beauty from 1959 to 1999. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2004, 36:342-347. 10.1002/eat.20039.
196. Szymanski D.M., Moffitt L.B., Carr E.R. Sexual objectification of women: Advances to theory and research. Counseling Psychologist 2011, 39:6-38. 10.1177/0011000010378402.
197. Taylor S.E., Buunk B.P., Aspinwall L.G. Social comparison, stress, and coping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1990, 16:74-89. 10.1177/0146167290161006.
198. Taylor S.E., Lobel M. Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts. Psychological Review 1989, 96:569-575. 10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.569.
199. Testa M., Major B. The impact of social comparisons after failure: The moderating effects of perceived control. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1990, 11:205-218. 10.1207/s15324834basp1102_7.
200. Thompson J.K., Heinberg L.J. The media's influence on body image disturbance and eating disorders: We've reviled them, now can we rehabilitate them?. Journal of Social Issues 1999, 55:339-353. 10.1111/0022-4537.00119.
201. Thompson J.K., Heinberg L.J., Altabe M., Tantleff-Dunn S. Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance 1999, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 10.1037/10312-000.
202. Thompson J.K., Heinberg L.J., Tantleff S. The Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS). Behavior Therapist 1991, 14:174.
203. Thompson J.K., Stice E. Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2001, 10:181-183. 10.1111/1467-8721.00144.
204. Thompson J.K., van den Berg P., Roehrig M., Guarda A.S., Heinberg L.J. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale-3 (SATAQ-3): Development and validation. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2004, 35:293-304. 10.1002/eat.10257.
205. Tiggemann M. Media exposure, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: Television and magazines are not the same!. European Eating Disorders Review 2003, 11:418-430. 10.1002/erv.502.
206. Tiggemann M. Television and adolescent body image: The role of program content and viewing motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2005, 24:361-381. 10.1521/jscp. 24.3.361.65623.
207. Tiggemann M. The state of body image research in clinical and social psychology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2005, 24:1202-1210. 10.1521/jscp. 2005.24.8.1202.
208. Tiggemann M., Boundy M. Effect of environment and appearance compliment on college women's self-objectification, mood, body shame, and cognitive performance. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2008, 32:399-405. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00453.x.
209. Tiggemann M., Kuring J.K. The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2004, 43:299-311. 10.1348/0144665031752925.
210. Tiggemann M., McGill B. The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2004, 23:23-44. 10.1521/jscp. 23.1.23.26991.
211. Tiggemann M., Polivy J., Hargreaves D. The processing of thin ideals in fashion magazines: A source of social comparison or fantasy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2009, 28:73-93. 10.1521/jscp. 2009.28.1.73.
212. Tiggemann M., Slater A. A test of objectification theory in former dancers and non-dancers. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2001, 25:57-64. 10.1111/1471-6402.00007.
213. Tiggemann M., Slater A. Thin ideals in music television: A source of social comparison and body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2004, 35:48-58. 10.1002/eat.10214.
214. Trampe D., Stapel D.A., Siero F.W. On models and vases: Body dissatisfaction and proneness to social comparison effects. Personality Processes and Individual Differences 2007, 92:106-118. 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.106.
215. Troop N.A., Holbrey A., Treasure J.L. Stress, coping, and crisis support in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1998, 24:157-166. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199809)24:2<157::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-D.
216. Troop N.A., Treasure J.L. Psychosocial factors in the onset of eating disorders: Responses to life-events and difficulties. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1997, 70:373-385. 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01913.x.
217. Trottier K., Polivy J., Herman C.P. Effects of exposure to thin and overweight peers: Evidence of social comparison in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2007, 26:155-172. 10.1521/jscp. 2007.26.2.155.
218. Tylka T.L. The relation between body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: An analysis of moderating variables. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2004, 51:178-191. 10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.178.
219. Tylka T.L., Hill M.S. Objectification theory as it relates to disordered eating among college women. Sex Roles 2004, 51:719-730. 10.1007/s11199-004-0721-2.
220. Tylka T.L., Sabik N.J. Integrating social comparison theory and self-esteem within objectification theory to predict women's disordered eating. Sex Roles 2010, 63:18-31. 10.1007/s11199-010-9785-3.
221. Tylka T.L., Subich L.M. Exploring the construct validity of the eating disorder continuum. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1999, 46:268-276. 10.1037/0022-0167.46.2.268.
222. Tylka T.L., Subich L.M. Examining a multidimensional model of eating disorder symptomatology among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2004, 51:314-328. 10.1037/0022-0167.51.3.314.
223. van den Berg P., Thompson J.K., Obremski-Brandon K., Coovert M. The tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the meditational role of appearance comparison. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2002, 53:1007-1020.
224. Viken R.J., Treat T.A., Nosofsky R.M., McFall R.M., Palmeri T.J. Modeling individual differences in perceptual and attentional processes related to bulimic symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:598-609. 10.1037//0021-843X.111.4.598.
225. Vitousek K.B., Ewald L.S. Self-representation in eating disorders: A cognitive perspective. The self in emotional distress: Cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives 1993, 221-257. Z.V. Segal, S.J. Blatt (Eds.).
226. Vitousek K.B., Hollon S.D. The investigation of schematic content and processing in eating disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1990, 14:191-214. 10.1007/BF01176209.
227. Vohs K.D., Heatherton T.F., Herrin M. Disordered eating and the transition to college: A prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2001, 29:280-288. 10.1002/eat.1019.
228. Wade T.D., Bergin J.L., Tiggemann M., Bulik C.M., Fairburn C.G. Prevalence and long-term course of lifetime eating disorders in an adult Australian twin cohort. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 40:121-128.
229. Wade T.D., Bulik C.M., Prescott C.A., Kendler K.S. Sex influences on shared risk factors for bulimia nervosa and other psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 61:251-256.
230. Wiseman C.V., Gray J.J., Mosimann J.E., Ahrens A.H. Cultural expectations of thinness in women: An update. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1992, 11:85-89. 10.1002/1098-108X(199201)11:1<85::AID-EAT2260110112>3.0.CO;2-T.
231. Wood J.V. What is social comparison and how should we study it?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1996, 22:520-538. 10.1177/0146167296225009.
232. Zucker N.L., Losh M., Bulik C.M., LaBar K.S., Piven J., Pelphrey K.A. Anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders: Guided investigation of social cognitive endophenotypes. Psychological Bullein 2007, 133:976-1006. 10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.976.
233. Zuckerman M., O'Loughlin R.E. Self-enhancement by social comparison: A prospective analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:751-760. 10.1177/0146167205286111.