The relationship of participation in sports and physical activity to body objectification, instrumentality, and locus of control among young women

Psychology of Women Quarterly

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 209-222

  Parsons, Elizabeth M ^b   Betz, Nancy E ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035457196     PISSN: 03616843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1471-6402.00022     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence. Chicago: Rand McNally.
2. Bartky, S. L. (1988). Foucault, femininity, and the modernization of patriarchal power. In I. Diamond & L. Quinby (Eds.), Feminism and Foucault: Reflections on resistance (pp. 61-86). Boston: Northeastern University Press.
3. Bem, S. (1974). Measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
4. Betz, N. E. (1995). Gender-related individual differences variables: New concepts, methods, and measures. In D. Lubinski & R. V. Dawes (Eds.), Assessing individual differences in human behavior (pp. 119-144). Palo Alto: Davies Black.
5. Blinde, E. M., Taub, D. E., & Han, L. (1993). Sport participation and women's personal empowerment: Experiences of the college athlete. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 17, 47-60.
6. Brownell, K. (1995). Eating disorders in athletes. In K. Brownell & C. Fairburn (Eds.), Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook (pp. 191-196). New York: Guilford.
7. Brownell, K. D., & Rodin, J. (1992). Prevalence of eating disorders in athletes. In Brownell, D. K., Rodin, J., & Wilmore, J. H. (Eds.), Eating, body weight, and performance in athletics (pp. 128-145). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
8. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multivariate analysis/linear regression (2nd ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9. Cook, E. (1987). Psychological androgyny: A review of the research. The Counseling Psychologist, 15, 471-513.
10. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
11. Dimitrovsky, L., Singer, J., & Yinon, Y. (1989). Masculine and feminine traits: Their relation to suitedness for and success in training for traditionally masculine and feminine army functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 839-847.
12. Franzoi, S. L., & Shields, S. A. (1984). The Body Esteem Scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 173-178.
13. Frederickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.
14. Frederickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284.
15. Gilbert, L. A. (1981). Toward mental health: The benefits of psychological androgyny. Professional Psychology, 12, 29-38.
16. Glass, G. V., & Hopkins, K. (1984). Statistical methods in psychology and education (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
17. Haase, R. F., & Ellis, M. V. (1987). Multivariate analysis of variance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 404-413.
18. Harper, M. L., & McCoy, S. K. (1998). Put me in, Coach: The effect of sports participation on objectification. Poster presentation at the 1998 annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA, August.
19. Lefcourt, H. M. (1991). Locus of control. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 413-500). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
20. Lemkau, J. P. (1983). Women in male-dominated professions: Distinguishing background and personality characteristics. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 8, 144-165.
21. LeUnes, A., & Nation, J. (1996). Sports psychology (2nd ed.). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
22. Matlin, M. W. (2000). The psychology of women (4th Ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt.
23. McKinley, N. M. (1998). Gender differences in undergraduates' body esteem: The mediating effect of objectified body consciousness and actual/ideal weight discrepancy. Sex Roles, 39, 113-123.
24. McKinley, N. M. (1999). Women and objectified body consciousness: Mothers and daughters' body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology, 35, 760-769.
25. McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215.
26. Noll, S. M. (1996). The relationship between sexual objectification and disordered eating: Correlational and experimental tests of body shame as a mediator. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Duke University.
27. Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered earing. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623-636.
28. Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
29. Olson, C. L. (1976). On choosing a test statistic in multivariate analyses of variance. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 539-586.
30. Paulhus, D. (1983). Sphere-specific measures of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1253-1265.
31. Paulhus, D. L., Molin, J., & Schuchts, R. (1979). Control profiles of football players, tennis players and nonathletes. Journal of Social Psychology, 108, 199-205.
32. Parsons, T., & Bales, R. F. (1955). Family socialization and interaction process. New York: Glencoe Free Press.
33. Richman, E. L., & Shaffer, D. R. (2000). "If you let me play sports": How might female sport participation influence the self-esteem of adolescent females. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 189-199.
34. Roos, P. E., & Cohen, L. H. (1987). Sex roles and social support as moderators of life stress adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 576-585.
35. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1, whole No. 609).
36. Sewell, B. (1992). Are parents ruining the game? Youth Sport Coach, 1, 16.
37. Smolak, L., Murnen, S. K., & Ruble, A. E. (2000). Female athletes and eating problems: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 371-380.
38. Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1980). Statistical methods (7th ed.). Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
39. Spence, J. T. (1991). Do the BSRI and PAQ measure the same or different constructs? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 141-165.
40. Spence, J. T., & Buckner, C. (2000). Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes, and sexist attitudes: What do they signify? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 44-62.
41. Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). The psychological dimensions of masculinity and femininity: Their correlates and antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press.
42. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Stapp, J. (1974). The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 127.
43. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29-39.
44. Spitzack, C. (1990). Confessing excess: Women and the politics of body reduction. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
45. Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1994). Eating disorders in female athletes. Sports Medicine, 17, 176-188.
46. Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1983). Sex role orientation and self-esteem: A critical meta-analyric review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 765-778.
47. Worell, J., & Remer, P. (1992). Feminist perspectives in therapy. New York: Wiley.