Plant-based antimicrobial studies methods and approaches to study the interaction between natural products

Planta Medica

Volumn 77, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1168-1182

  Van Vuuren, Sandy ^a   Viljoen, Alvaro ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

additive; antagonistic; antimicrobial; interactions; plant; synergistic

Indexed keywords

BETA PINENE; CAMPHOR; CARVACROL; CATECHIN; CINEOLE; CYATHULA NATALENSIS EXTRACT; ECHINACEA EXTRACT; ESSENTIAL OIL; EUGENOL; GERANIOL; GERANYL ACETATE; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; LINALOOL; LINOLEIC ACID; MENTHONE; MONADENIUM LUGARDIAE EXTRACT; NATURAL PRODUCT; NEROLIDOL; OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM EXTRACT; OLEIC ACID; PARA CYMENE; PLANT EXTRACT; PORTULACA QUADRIFIDA EXTRACT; QUERCETIN; SALICYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER; TERPENE; TERPINENE; THYMOL; TRICHILIA EMETICA EXTRACT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIAL COUNT; BARK; CROTON; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; DIFFUSION; DRUG POTENTIATION; ECHINACEA; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GINKGO BILOBA; HELICHRYSUM; LEPROSY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MEDICINAL PLANT; METHODOLOGY; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; OLIVE TREE; PELARGONIUM; PHARMACOGNOSY; PLANT; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PLECTRANTHUS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STEREOCHEMISTRY; STOMACH DISEASE; THYMUS;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DRUG SYNERGISM; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; OILS, VOLATILE; PHARMACOGNOSY; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 79960817349     PISSN: 00320943     EISSN: 14390221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250736     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Shealy C N. The illustrated encyclopaedia of healing remedies. Australia Element Books 1998
2. Li R C., Schentag J J., Nix D E. The fractional maximal effect method: a new way to characterize the effect of antibiotic combinations and other nonlinear pharmacodynamic interactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 37 523-531 (Pubitemid 23072598)
3. Inui T, Wang Y, Deng S, Smith D C., Franzblau S G., Pauli G F. Counter-current chromatography based analysis of synergy in an anti-tuberculosis ethnobotanical. J Chromatogr A 2007 1151 211-215 (Pubitemid 46679002)
4. Cottarel G, Wierzbowski J. Combination drugs, an emerging option for antibacterial therapy. Trends Biotechnol 2007 12 547-555 (Pubitemid 350138177)
5. Chou T-C. Theoretical basis, experimental design, and computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies. Pharmacol Rev 2006 58 623-642
6. Wagner H. Multitarget therapy - the future of treatment for more than just functional dyspepsia. Phytomedicine 2006 13 SV122-SV129
7. Biavatti M W. Synergy: an old wisdom, a new paradigm for pharmacotherapy. Braz J Pharm Sci 2009 45 371-378
8. Ma X H., Zheng C J., Han L Y., Xie B, Jia J, Cao Z W., Li Y X., Chen Y Z. Synergistic therapeutic actions of herbal ingredients and their mechanisms from molecular interaction and network perspectives. Drug Discov Today 2009 14 581-588
9. Berenbaum M C. What is synergy? Pharmacol Rev 1989 41 93-141
10. Odds F C. Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003 52 1-3
11. Lambert R J. W., Lambert R. A model for the efficacy of combined inhibitors. J Appl Microbiol 2003 95 734-743 (Pubitemid 37186656)
12. Johnson M D., MacDougall C, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Perfect J R., Rex J H. Combination antifungal therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 48 693-715 (Pubitemid 38280314)
13. Bell A. Antimalarial drug synergism and antagonism: mechanistic and clinical significance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005 253 171-184 (Pubitemid 41674513)
14. ESCMID. Terminology relating to methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. The European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Eucast Definitive document E.Def 1.2. CMI 2000 6 503-515
15. Williamson E M. Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine 2001 8 401-409 (Pubitemid 32983062)
16. White R L., Burgess D S., Manduru M, Bosso J A. Comparison of three different in vitro methods of detecting synergy: time-kill, checkerboard and Etest. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996 40 1914-1918 (Pubitemid 26277815)
17. Wu M, Woolson R F. A comparison of several tests for drug synergy. Commun Statist Simula 1998 27 303-327 (Pubitemid 128448550)
18. Bonapace C R., White R L., Friedrich L V., Basso J A. Evaluation of antibiotic synergy against Acinetobacter baumannii: a comparison with Etest, time-kill and checkerboard methods. Diagn Micro Infect Dis 2000 38 43-50
19. Lewis R E., Diekema D J., Messer S A., Pfaller M A., Klepser M E. Comparison of Etest, chequerboard dilution and time-kill studies for the detection of synergy or antagonism between antifungal agents tested against Candida species. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 49 345-351 (Pubitemid 34162627)
20. Ryan R W., Kwasnik I, Tilton R C. Methodological variation in antibiotic synergy test against enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1981 13 73-75 (Pubitemid 11176662)
21. Paull A, Marks J. A new method for the determination of bactericidal antibiotic synergy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987 20 831-838 (Pubitemid 18033965)
22. Rand K H., Houck H J., Brown P, Bennett D. Reproducibility of the microdilution checkerboard method for antibiotic synergy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 37 613-615 (Pubitemid 23072613)
23. Mackay M L., Milne K, Gould I M. Comparison of methods for assessing synergistic antibiotic interactions. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000 15 125-129 (Pubitemid 30347253)
24. White D B., Faessel H M., Slocum H K., Khinkis L, Greco W R. Nonlinear response surface and mixture experiment methodologies applied to the study of synergism. Biom J 2004 46 56-71 (Pubitemid 41460283)
25. Tallarida R J. An overview of drug combination analysis with isobolograms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006 319 1-7 (Pubitemid 44455105)
26. Boucher A N., Tam V H. Mathematical formulation of additivity for antimicrobial agents. Diagn Micro Infect Dis 2006 55 319-325 (Pubitemid 44128726)
27. Tam V H., Schilling A N., Nikolaou M. Modelling time-kill studies to discern the pharmacodynamics of meropenem. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005 55 699-706 (Pubitemid 40691849)
28. Jain S R., Kar A. The antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their combinations. Planta Med 1971 20 118-123
29. Geda A K. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their combinations. Fat Sci Technol 1995 12 458-460
30. Sato M, Tanaka H, Yamaguchi R, Kato K, Etoh H. Synergistic effects of mupirocin and an isoflavanone isolated from Erythrina variegata on growth and recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004 24 241-246
31. Braga M E. M., Ehlert P A. D., Ming L C., Meireles M A. A. Supercritical fluid extraction from Lippia alba: global yields, kinetic data and extract chemical composition. J Supercrit Fluids 2005 34 149-156 (Pubitemid 40409680)
32. Lee Y S., Kang O H., Choi J G., Oh Y C., Chae H S., Kim J H., Park H, Sohn D H., Wang Z-T, Kwon D Y. Synergistic effects of the combination of galangin with gentamicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol 2008 46 283-288 (Pubitemid 351951116)
33. Van Vuuren S F., du Toit L C., Parry A, Pillay V, Choonara Y E. Encapsulation of essential oils within a polymeric liposomal formulation for enhancement of antimicrobial efficacy. Nat Prod Commun 2010 5 1401-1408
34. Christoph F, Stahl-Biskup E. Death kinetics of Staphylococcus aureus, exposed to commercial tea tree oils. J Essent Oil Res 2001 13 98-102 (Pubitemid 32576874)
35. Viljoen A M., van Vuuren S F., Ernst E, Klepser M, Demirci B, Baer K H. C., van Wyk B E. Osmitopsis asteriscoides (Asteraceae) the antimicrobial activity and essential oil composition of a Cape-Dutch remedy. J Ethnopharmacol 2003 88 137-143 (Pubitemid 37083438)
36. Lin Y T., Labbe R G., Shetty K. Inhibition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood systems using oregano and cranberry phytochemical synergies and lactic acid. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Technol 2005 6 453-458 (Pubitemid 41382548)
37. Viljoen A M., van Vuuren S F., Gwebu L, Demirci B, Baer K H. C. The geographical variation and antimicrobial activity of African Wormwood (Artemisia afra Jacq.) essential oil. J Essent Oil Res 2006 18 19-25 (Pubitemid 44358143)
38. Apostolidis E, Kwon Y I., Shetty K. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by oregano, cranberry and sodium lactate combination in broth and cooked ground beef systems and likely mode of action through proline metabolism. Int J Food Microbiol 2008 128 317-324
39. Kamatou G P. P., Viljoen A M., van Vuuren S F. In vitro evidence of antimicrobial synergy between Salvia chamelaeagnea and Leonotis leonurus. S Afr J Bot 2006 72 634-636 (Pubitemid 44485839)
40. Van Vuuren S F. The antimicrobial activity and essential oil composition of medicinal aromatic plants used in African traditional healing [PhD thesis]. South Africa University of the Witwatersrand 2007
41. Van Vuuren S F., Viljoen A M. In vitro evidence of phyto-synergy for plant part combinations of Croton gratissimus (Euphorbiaceae) used in African traditional healing. J Ethnopharmacol 2008 119 700-704
42. Iten F, Saller R, Abel G, Reichling J. Additive antimicrobial effects of the active components of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris -chemotype carvacrol. Planta Med 2009 75 1-6
43. Romano C, Abadi K, Repetto V, Vojnov A A., Moreno S. Synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial activity of rosemary plus butylated derivatives. Food Chem 2009 115 456-461
44. Janssen A M., Scheffer J J. C., Svendsen A B. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: a 19761986 literature review. Aspects of the test methods. Planta Med 1987 53 395-398 (Pubitemid 17150418)
45. Hewitt W, Vincent S. Theory and application of microbiological assay. London Academic Press (Inc.) 2003
46. Eloff J N. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med 1998 64 711-713 (Pubitemid 29021567)
47. NCCLS. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria, 6th edition. Wayne Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2003
48. Beale A S., Sutherland R. Measurement of combined antibiotic action in antibiotics: Assessment of antimicrobial activity and resistance. London, UK Academic Press (Inc.) 1983
49. Dufour M, Simmonds R S., Bremer P J. Development of a method to quantify in vitro the synergistic activity of natural antimicrobials. Int J Food Microbiol 2003 85 249-258 (Pubitemid 37324866)
50. Berenbaum M C. A method for testing for synergy with any number of agents. J Infect Dis 1978 137 122-130 (Pubitemid 8289152)
51. Critchley I A., Sahm D F., Kelly L J., Karlowsky J A. In vitro synergy studies using aztreonam and fluoroquinolone combinations against six species of Gram-negative bacilli. Chemotherapy 2003 49 44-48 (Pubitemid 36469796)
52. Santiesteban-López A, Palou E, López-Malo A. Susceptibility of food-borne bacteria to binary combinations of antimicrobials at selected a(w) and pH. J Appl Microbiol 2007 102 486-497 (Pubitemid 46115016)
53. Schelz Z, Molnar J, Hohmann J. Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils. Fitoterapia 2006 77 279-285 (Pubitemid 44209028)
54. Netikul T, Leelaporn A, Leelarasmee A, Kiratisin P. In vitro activities of fosfomycin and carbapenem combinations against carbapenem non-susceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010 35 609-610
55. De Oliveira C E. V., Stamford T L. M., Neto N J. G., de Souza E L. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in broth and meat broth using synergies of phenolics and organic acids. Int J Food Microbiol 2010 137 312-316
56. Berenbaum M C. Correlations between methods for measurements of synergy. J Infect Dis 1980 142 476-478
57. Acar J F. Antibiotic synergy and antagonism. Antibiotic therapy. Med Clin N Am 2000 84 1391-1406
58. Harris R. Synergism in the essential oil world. Int J Aromather 2002 12 179-186 (Pubitemid 36456918)
59. Pattnaik S, Subramanyam V R., Bapaji M, Kole C R. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aromatic constituents of essential oils. Microbiology 1997 89 39-46 (Pubitemid 127542929)
60. Lachowicz K J., Jones G P., Briggs D R., Bienvenu F E., Wan J, Wilcock A, Coventry M J. The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998 26 209-214 (Pubitemid 28149650)
61. Pina-Vaz C, Gonçalves Rodrigues A, Pinto E, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Tavares C, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, Gonçalves M J., Martinez-de-Oliveira J. Antifungal activity of Thymus oils and their major compounds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004 18 73-78 (Pubitemid 38159363)
62. Michiels J, Missotten J, Fremaut D, De Smet S, Dierick N. In vitro dose-response of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and interaction of combinations for the antimicrobial activity against the pig gut flora. Livest Sci 2007 109 157-160 (Pubitemid 46654985)
63. Van Zyl R, Seatlholo S T., van Vuuren S F., Viljoen A M. Pharmacological interactions of essential oil constituents on the viability of micro-organisms. Nat Prod Commun 2010 5 1381-1386
64. Tzakou O, Pitarokili D, Chinou I O., Harvala C. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Salvia ringens. Planta Med 2001 67 81-83 (Pubitemid 32199953)
65. Aggarwal K K., Khanuja S P. S., Ahmad A, Kumar T R. S., Gupta V K., Kumar S. Antimicrobial activity profiles of the two enantiomers of limonene and carvone isolated from the oils of Mentha spicata and Anethus sowa. Flavour Fragr J 2002 17 59-63
66. Setzer W, Vogler B, Schmidt J, Leahy J, Rives R. Antimicrobial activity of Artemisia douglasiana leaf essential oil. Fitoterapia 2004 75 192-200 (Pubitemid 38353083)
67. Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Denkova Z, Stoyanova A, Murgov I, Schmidt E, Geissler M. Antimicrobial testings and gas chromatographic analysis of pure oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, -terpineol, terpinin-4-ol and camphor as well as target compounds in essential oils of pine (Pinus pinaster), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). Sci Pharm 2005 73 27-39
68. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2008 46 446-475 (Pubitemid 350297552)
69. Radulovi N, Mii M, Aleksi J, Dokovi D, Pali R, Stojanovi G. Antimicrobial synergism and antagonism of salicylaldehyde in Filipendula vulgaris essential oil. Fitoterapia 2007 78 565-570
70. Chalchat J C., Garry R. Correlation between chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. VI. Activity of some African essential oils. J Essent Oil Res 1997 9 67-75 (Pubitemid 127486021)
71. Yen T-B, Chang S-T. Synergistic effects of cinnamaldehyde in combination with eugenol against wood decay fungi. Bioresour Technol 2008 99 232-236 (Pubitemid 47503763)
72. Dilika F, Bremner P D., Meyer J J. M. Antibacterial activity of linoleic- and oleic acid isolated from Helichrysum pedunculatum, a plant used during circumcision rites. Fitoterapia 2000 71 450-452 (Pubitemid 30488164)
73. Galindo L A., Pultrini Ad M., Costa M. Biological effects of Ocimum gratissimum L. are due to synergic action among multiple compounds present in essential oil. J Nat Med 2010 64 436-441
74. Tyler V E. Phytomedicines: back to the future. J Nat Prod 1999 62 1589-1592
75. Watt J M., Breyer-Brandwijk M G. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa, 2nd edition. London, UK Livingstone 1962
76. Hutchings A, Scott A H., Lewis G, Cunningham A B. Zulu medicinal plants an inventory. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa University of Natal Press 1996
77. Van Wyk B E., van Oudtshoorn B, Gericke N. Medicinal plants of South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa Briza 1997
78. Von Koenen E. Medicinal poisonous and edible plants in Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia Klaus Hess 2001
79. Ngwenya M A., Koopman A, Williams R. Zulu botanical knowledge: An introduction. Durban, South Africa National Botanical Institute 2003
80. Caceres A, Alvarez A V., Ovando A E., Samayoa B E. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Screening of 68 plants against gram-positive bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1991 31 193-208
81. Vlietinck A J., van Hoof L, Totté J, Lasure A, van den Berghe D, Rwangabo P C., Mvukiyumwami J. Screening of hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties. J Ethnopharmacol 1995 46 31-47
82. Rabe T, van Staden J. Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes. J Ethnopharmacol 1997 56 81-87 (Pubitemid 27182747)
83. Lin J, Opoku A R., Geheeb-Keller M, Hutchings A D., Terblanche S E., Jäger A K., van Staden J. Preliminary screening of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. J Ethnopharmacol 1999 68 267-274 (Pubitemid 29502484)
84. Drewes S E., Khan F, van Vuuren S F., Viljoen A M. Simple 1, 4-benzoquinones with antibacterial activity from stems and leaves of Gunnera perpensa. Phytochemistry 2005 66 1812-1816 (Pubitemid 41080086)
85. Eldeen I M. S., Elgorashi E E., van Staden J. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and mutagenic effects of extracts obtained from some trees used in South African traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2005 102 457-464 (Pubitemid 41573602)
86. Kamatou G P. P., van Zyl R L., Davids H, van Vuuren S F., Viljoen A M. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of essential oils on the biological activities of the solvent extracts from three Salvia species. Nat Prod Commun 2008 3 1111-1115
87. Van Vuuren S F., Viljoen A M. Interaction between the non-volatile and volatile fractions on the antimicrobial activity of Tarchonanthus camphoratus. S Afr J Bot 2009 75 505-509
88. Lee O H., Lee B Y. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresour Technol 2010 101 3751-3754
89. Chung I, Kwon S H., Shim S T., Kyung K H. Synergistic anti-yeast activity of garlic oil and allyl alcohol derived from alliin in garlic. J Food Sci 2007 72 437-440
90. Van Vuuren S F., Viljoen A M., van Zyl R L., van Heerden F R., Baer K H. C. The antimicrobial, antimalarial and toxicity profiles of helihumulone, leaf essential oil and extracts of Helichrysum cymosum (L.) D. Don subsp. cymosum. S Afr J Bot 2006 72 287-290 (Pubitemid 43963578)
91. Van Vuuren S F. Antimicrobial activity of South African medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2008 119 462-472
92. Lalli J Y., Viljoen A M., van Vuuren S F. Potential interaction between the volatile and non-volatile fractions on the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three South African Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) species. Nat Prod Commun 2010 5 1401-1408
93. Cano J H., Volpato G. Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of eastern Cuba. J Ethnopharmacol 2004 90 293-316 (Pubitemid 38180483)
94. Al-Bayati F A. Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2008 116 403-406
95. Cassella S, Cassella J P., Smith I. Synergistic antifungal activity of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oils against dermatophyte infection. Int J Aromather 2002 12 2-14
96. Thring T S. A., Weitz F M. Medicinal plant use in the Bredasdorp/Elim region of the southern Overberg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2006 103 261-275 (Pubitemid 41796927)
97. Van Wyk B E. A broad review of commercially important southern African medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2008 119 342-355
98. Van Wyk B E., Gericke N. People's plants. A guide to useful plants of southern Africa, 1st edition. Pretoria, South Africa Briza 2000
99. Suliman S, van Vuuren S F., Viljoen A M. Validating antimicrobial combination therapy in African traditional medicines - a case for Artemisia afra. S Afr J Bot 2010 76 655-661
100. Hsieh P C., Mau J L., Huang S H. Antimicrobial effect of various combinations of plant extracts. Food Microbiol 2001 18 35-43
101. Delaquis P J., Stanich K, Girard B, Mazza G. Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol 2002 74 101-109 (Pubitemid 34203708)
102. Gutierrez J, Barry-Ryan C, Bourke P. Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils using food model media: efficacy, synergistic potential and interactions with food components. Food Microbiol 2009 26 142-150
103. Vattem D A., Lin Y T., Ghaedian R, Shetty K. Cranberry synergies for dietary management of Helicobacter pylori infections. Process Biochem 2005 40 1583-1592 (Pubitemid 40240828)
104. Fu Y J., Zu Y G., Chen L Y., Shi X G., Wang Z, Sun S, Efferth T. Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination. Phytother Res 2007 21 989-994 (Pubitemid 47582775)
105. Ubalua A O., Oti E. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of some medicinal plants for fresh cassava roots preservation. Pakistan J Nutr 2008 7 679-681 (Pubitemid 352015932)
106. Gutierrez J, Barry-Ryan C, Bourke P. The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients. Int J Food Microbiol 2008 124 91-97
107. Kang R, Helms R, Stout M J., Jaber H, Chen Z, Nakatzu T. Antimicrobial activity of the volatile constituents of Perilla frutescens and its synergistic effects with polygodial. J Agric Food Chem 1992 40 2328-2330
108. Himejima M, Kubo I. Antimicrobial agents from Licaria puchuri-major and their synergistic effect with polygodial. J Nat Prod 1992 55 620-625
109. Stermitz F R., Lorenz P, Tawara J N., Zenewicz L A., Lewis K. Synergy in a medicinal plant: antimicrobial action of berberine potentiated by 5-methoxyhydnocarpin, a multidrug pump inhibitor. Appl Biol Sci 2000 97 1433-1437 (Pubitemid 30118458)
110. Zhao F R., Maoa H P., Zhang H, Hua L M., Wanga H, Wang Y F., Yanagihara N, Gao X M. Antagonistic effects of two herbs in Zuojin Wan, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, oncatecholamine secretion in bovine adrenal medullary cells. Phytomedicine 2010 17 659-668
111. Van Vuuren S F., Suliman S, Viljoen A M. The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009 48 440-446
112. Cuzzolin L, Zaffani S, Benoni G. Safety implications regarding use of phytomedicines. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006 62 37-42 (Pubitemid 43106314)
113. Lee Y S., Han C H., Kang S H., Lee S-J, Kim S W., Shin O R., Sim Y C., Lee S J., Cho Y H. Synergistic effect between catechin and ciprofloxacin on chronic bacterial prostatis rat model. Int J Urol 2005 12 383-389 (Pubitemid 40965889)
114. Kurita N, Koike S. Synergistic antimicrobial effect of ethanol, sodium chloride, acetic acid and essential oil components. Agric Biol Chem 1983 47 67-75 (Pubitemid 13126838)
115. Tunc S, Chollet E, Chalier P, Preziosi-Belloy L, Gontard N. Combined effect of volatile antimicrobial agents on the growth of Penicillium notatum. Int J Food Microbiol 2007 113 263-270 (Pubitemid 46123635)
116. Nostro A, Cannatelli M A., Morelli I, Cioni P L., Bader A, Marino A, Alonzo V. Preservative properties of Calamintha officinalis essential oil with and without EDTA. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002 35 385-389 (Pubitemid 35253712)
117. Gibbons S. Plants as a source of bacterial resistance modulators. Phytochem Rev 2005 4 63-78 (Pubitemid 41187760)
118. Fujimura S, Takane H, Nakano Y, Watanabe A. In vitro synergy studies based on tazobactam/piperacillin against clinical isolates of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009 64 1115-1116
119. Ednie L M., Credito K L., Khantipong M, Jacobs M R., Appelbaum P C. Synergic activity, for anaerobes, of trovafloxacin with clindamycin or metronidazole: chequerboard and time-kill methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000 45 633-638 (Pubitemid 30255643)
120. Gilbert B, Alves L F. Synergy in plant medicines. Curr Med Chem 2003 10 13-20 (Pubitemid 36131646)
121. Wagner H, Ulrich-Merzenich G. Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals. Phytomedicine 2009 16 97-110
122. Hemaiswarya S, Kruthiventi A K., Doble M. Synergism between natural products and antibiotics against infectious diseases. Phytomedicine 2008 15 639-652
123. Yamazaki K, Yamamoto T, Kawai Y, Inoue N. Enhancement of antilisterial activity of essential oils constituents by nisin and diglycerol fatty acid ester. Food Microbiol 2004 21 283-289 (Pubitemid 38403303)
124. Rios J L., Recio M. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2005 100 80-84 (Pubitemid 41073526)
125. Hendry E R., Worthington T, Conway B R., Lambert P A. Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. J Ethnopharmacol 2009 64 1219-1225
126. Filoche S K., Soma K, Sissons C H. Antimicrobial effects of essential oils in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate. Oral Microbiol Immun 2005 20 221-225 (Pubitemid 40868395)
127. Karpanen T J., Worthington T, Hendry E R., Conway B R., Lambert P A. Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Ethnopharmacol 2008 62 1031-1036
128. Walencka E, Rozalska S, Wysokinska H, Rozalski M, Kuzma L, Rozalska B. Salvipisone and aethiopinone from Salvia sclarea hairy roots modulate staphylococcal antibiotic resistance and express anti-biofilm activity. Planta Med 2007 73 545-551 (Pubitemid 46984841)
129. Berenbaum M C. The expected effect of a combination of agents: the general solution. J Theor Biol 1985 114 413-431 (Pubitemid 16237898)
130. Greco W R., Bravo G, Parsons J C. The search for synergy: A critical review from a response surface perspective. Pharmacol Rev 1995 47 332-382
131. Burfield T, Reekie S-L. Mosquitoes, malaria and essential oils. Int J Aromather 2005 15 30-41 (Pubitemid 40311422)
132. Lambert R J. W., Johnston M D., Hanlon G W., Denyer S P. Theory of antimicrobial combinations: biocide mixtures synergy or addition? J Appl Microbiol 2003 94 747-759 (Pubitemid 36459564)
133. Kerry D W., Hamilton-Miller J M. T., Brumfitt W. Trimethoprim and rifampicin: in vitro activities separately and in combination. J Antimicrob Chemother 1975 1 417-427
134. Norden C W., Wentzel H, Keleti E. Comparison of techniques for measurements of in vitro antibiotic synergism. J Infect Dis 1979 140 629-633 (Pubitemid 10172743)
135. Eliopoulos G M., Moellering Jr R C. Antimicrobial combinations. Antibiotics in laboratory medicine, 3rd edition. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins 1991
136. Moody J A. Synergism testing: Broth microdilution checkerboard and broth microdilution. In: Isenberg HD, editor. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook, 1st edition. Washington, DC. American Society for Microbiology 2003 18 1-28
137. Krishnan-Natesan S, Chandrasekar P H., Manavathu E K., Revankar S G. Successful treatment of primary cutaneous Aspergillus ustus infection with surgical debridement and a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008 62 443-446
138. Goñi P, López P, Sánchez C, Gómez-Lus R, Becerril R, Nerín C. Antimicrobial activity in the vapour phase of a combination of cinnamon and clove essential oils. Food Chem 2009 116 982-989
139. Suresh B, Sriram S, Dhanaraj S A., Elango K, Chinnaswamy K. Anticandidal activity of Santolina chamaecyparissus volatile oil. J Ethnopharmacol 1997 55 151-159 (Pubitemid 27067553)
140. Shin S, Kang C A. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Agastache rugosa Kuntze and its synergism with ketoconazole. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003 36 111-115 (Pubitemid 36121018)
141. Ibezim E C., Esimone C O., Nnamani P O., Onyishi I V., Brown S A., Obodo C E. In vitro study of the interaction between some fluoroquinolones and extracts of kola nitida seed. Afr J Biotechnol 2006 5 1781-1784 (Pubitemid 44785318)
142. Ali N H., Kazmi S U., Faizi S. Activity of synergistic combination Amoxy-cassia against Salmonella. Pakistan J Pharm Sci 2007 20 140-145
143. Shin S. Anti- Aspergillus activities of plant essential oils and their combination effects with ketoconazole or amphotericin B. Arch Pharm Res 2003 26 389-393 (Pubitemid 43073827)
144. Rosato A, Vitali C, De Laurentis N, Armenise D, Milillo M A. Antibacterial effect of some essential oils administered alone or in combination with norfloxacin. Phytomedicine 2007 14 727-732 (Pubitemid 47539098)
145. Pyun M S., Shin S. Antifungal effects of the volatile oils from Allium plants against Trichophyton species and synergism of the oils with ketoconazole. Phytomedicine 2006 13 394-400 (Pubitemid 43728725)
146. Sakagami Y, Iinuma M, Piyasena K G., Dharmaratne H R. Antibacterial activity of -mangostin against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and synergism with antibiotics. Phytomedicine 2005 12 203-208 (Pubitemid 40348621)
147. Al-hebshi N, Al-haroni M, Skaug N. In vitro antimicrobial and resistance-modifying activities of aqueous crude khat extracts against oral microorganisms. Arch Oral Biol 2006 51 183-188 (Pubitemid 43259401)
148. Yang Z C., Wang B C., Yang X S., Wang Q, Ran L. The synergistic activity of antibiotics combined with eight traditional Chinese medicines against two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005 41 79-81 (Pubitemid 40298819)
149. Cha J D., Jeong M R., Jeong S I., Lee K Y. Antibacterial activity of sophoraflavanone G isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007 17 858-864
150. Ahmed I, Aqil F. In vitro efficacy of bioactive extracts of 15 medicinal plants against ES L-producing multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria. Microbial Res 2007 162 264-275 (Pubitemid 46977664)
151. Rosato A, Vitali C, Gallo D, Balenzano L, Mallamaci R. The inhibition of Candida species by selected essential oils and their synergism with amphotericin B. Phytomedicine 2008 15 635-638
152. Toroglu S. In vitro antimicrobial activity and antagonistic effect of essential oils from plant species. J Environ Biol 2007 28 551-559 (Pubitemid 47195103)
153. Adwan G M., Abu-shanab B A., Adwan K M. In vitro activity of certain drugs in combination with plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pakistan J Med Sci 2008 24 541-544
154. Rodrigues F F., Costa J G., Coutinho H D. Synergy effects of the antibiotics gentamicin and the essential oil of Croton zehntneri. Phytomedicine 2009 16 1052-1055
155. Kumar A S., Venkateshwaran K, Vanitha J, Saravanan V S., Ganesh M, Vasudevan M, Sivakumar Bangladesh T. Synergistic activity of methanolic extract of Thespesia populnea. (Malvaceae) flowers with oxytetracycline. J Pharmacol 2009 4 13-16
156. Rosato A, Vitali C, Piarulli M, Mazzotta M, Argentieri M P., Mallamaci R. In vitro synergic efficacy of the combination of nystatin with the essential oils of Origanum vulgare and Pelargonium graveolens against some Candida species. Phytomedicine 2009 16 972-975
157. Adwan G, Abu-Shanab B, Adwan K. Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts alone and in combination with different antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Asian Pacific J Trop Med 2010 24 266-269
158. Amber K, Aijaz A, Immaculata X, Luqman K A., Nikhat M. Anticandidal effect of Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its synergy with fluconazole and ketoconazole. Phytomedicine 2010 17 921-925
159. D'Arrigo M D., Ginestra G, Mandalari G, Furneri P M., Bisignano G. Synergism and postantibiotic effect of tobramycin and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Phytomedicine 2009 17 317-322
160. Endo E H., Cortez D A. C., Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura C V., Filho B P. D. Potent antifungal activity of extracts and pure compound isolated from pomegranate peels and synergism with fluconazole against Candida albicans. Res Microbiol
161. Palaniappan K, Holley R A. Use of natural antimicrobials to increase antibiotic susceptibility of drug resistant bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2010 140 164-168
162. Mahboubi I M., Bidgoli F G. In vitro synergistic efficacy of combination of amphotericin B with Myrtus communis essential oil against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Phytomedicine 2010 17 771-774
163. Saad A, Fadli M, Bouaziz M, Benharref A, Mezrioui N-E, Hassani L. Anticandidal activity of the essential oils of Thymus maroccanus and Thymus broussonetii and their synergism with amphotericin B and fluconazol. Phytomedicine
164. Nazer A I., Kobilinsky A, Tholozan J L., Dubois-Brissonnet F. Combinations of food antimicrobials at low levels to inhibit the growth of Salmonella sv. typhimurium: a synergistic effect? Food Microbiol 2005 22 391-398 (Pubitemid 40191619)
165. Fyfe L, Armstrong F, Stewart J. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteriditis by combinations of plant oils and derivatives of benzoic acid: the development of synergistic antimicrobial combinations. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1998 9 195-199 (Pubitemid 28083507)
166. Dimitrijevi S I., Mihajlovski K R., Antonovi D G., Milanovi-Stevanovi M R., Mijin D Z. A study of the synergistic antilisterial effects of a sub-lethal dose of lactic acid and essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Origanum vulgare L. Food Chem 2007 104 774-782 (Pubitemid 46662013)
167. Molinos A C., Abriouel H, López R L., Omar N B., Valdivia E, Gálvez A. Enhanced bactericidal activity of enterocin AS-48 in combination with essential oils, natural bioactive compounds and chemical preservatives against Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat salad. Food Chem Toxicol 2009 47 2216-2223
168. Govaris A, Solomakos N, Pexara A, Chatzopoulou P S. The antimicrobial effect of oregano essential oil, nisin and their combination against Salmonella enteritidis in minced sheep meat during refrigerated storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2010 137 175-180