Hepatitis B virus

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

Volumn 100 B, Issue , 2011, Pages 91-132

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN; AFLATOXIN B1; ALCOHOL; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CORE PROTEIN; GENE PRODUCT; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LARGE HEPATITIS B VIRUS SURFACE PROTEIN; MEDIUM HEPATITIS B VIRUS SURFACE PROTEIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; POLYMERASE PROTEIN; PRES PROTEIN; PROTEIN P53; SCATTER FACTOR; SMALL HEPATITIS B VIRUS SURFACE PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; TELOMERASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA; VITRONECTIN;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; BLOOD; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BODY FLUID; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CELL CYCLE; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY HEPATIC DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; ENZYME REACTIVATION; EPIGENETICS; GENE FUNCTION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS TYPE 3; HEPATITIS C; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOST RANGE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION RISK; LATENT PERIOD; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CARCINOGENESIS; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; METABOLISM; MIXED INFECTION; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; OCCULT HEPATITIS B INFECTION; PANCREAS CANCER; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK REDUCTION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL INTERCOURSE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOKING; SYNTHESIS; TARGET CELL; TAXONOMY; TRANSACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; VACCINATION; VIRION; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS DNA CELL DNA INTERACTION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 79960701579     PISSN: 10171606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (264)

1. Al-Faleh FZ, Al-Jeffri M, Ramia S et al. (1999). Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Saudi children 8 years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Infect, 38: 167-170.doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(99)90245-1 PMID:10424796
2. Alestig E, Hannoun C, Horal P, Lindh M (2001). Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Mongols and Australian Aborigines. Arch Virol, 146: 2321-2329.doi:10.1007/s007050170005 PMID:11811682
3. Alter MJ & Margolis HS (1990). The emergence of hepatitis B as a sexually transmitted disease. Med Clin North Am, 74: 1529-1541.PMID:2246951
4. Amin J, Dore GJ, O'Connell DL et al. (2006). Cancer incidence in people with hepatitis B or C infection: a large community-based linkage study. J Hepatol, 45: 197-203.doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.02.014 PMID:16684579
5. Anderson LA, Pfeiffer R, Warren JL et al. (2008). Hematopoietic malignancies associated with viral and alcoholic hepatitis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17: 3069-3075.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0408 PMID:18957521
6. Arauz-Ruiz P, Norder H, Visona KA, Magnius LO (1997).Genotype F prevails in HBV infected patients of Hispanic origin in Central America and may carry the precore stop mutant. J Med Virol, 51: 305-312.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199704)51:4<305::AID-JMV8>3.0.CO;2-9 PMID:9093945
7. Arbuthnot P & Kew M (2001). Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Exp Pathol, 82: 77-100.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2613.2001.iep178.x PMID:11454100
8. Bartsch H & Nair J (2006). Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the genesis and perpetuation of cancer: role of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and repair. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 391: 499-510.doi:10.1007/s00423-006-0073-1 PMID:16909291
9. Beasley RP & Hwang LY (1983). Postnatal infectivity of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers. J Infect Dis, 147: 185-190.doi:10.1093/infdis/147.2.185 PMID:6827135
10. Beasley RP, Stevens CE, Shiao IS, Meng HC (1975). Evidence against breast-feeding as a mechanism for vertical transmission of hepatitis B. Lancet, 2: 740-741.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90724-2 PMID:52772
11. Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W (1977). The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol, 105: 94-98.PMID:835566
12. Beck J & Nassal M (2007). Hepatitis B virus replication. World J Gastroenterol, 13: 48-64.PMID:17206754
13. Becker SA, Lee TH, Butel JS, Slagle BL (1998). Hepatitis B virus X protein interferes with cellular DNA repair. J Virol, 72: 266-272.PMID:9420223
14. Benhenda S, Cougot D, Buendia MA, Neuveut C (2009). Hepatitis B virus X protein molecular functions and its role in virus life cycle and pathogenesis. Adv Cancer Res, 103: 75-109.doi:10.1016/S0065-230X(09)03004-8 PMID:19854353
15. Benvegnu L, Fattovich G, Noventa F et al. (1994). Concurrent hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A prospective study. Cancer, 74: 2442-2448.doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19941101)74:9<2442::AIDCNCR2820740909>3.0.CO;2-# PMID:7922998
16. Benvegnu L, Gios M, Boccato S, Alberti A (2004). Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis: a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications. Gut, 53: 744-749.doi:10.1136/gut.2003.020263 PMID:15082595
17. Benvegnu L, Noventa F, Bernardinello E et al. (2001). Evidence for an association between the aetiology of cirrhosis and pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma development. Gut, 48: 110-115.doi:10.1136/gut.48.1.110 PMID:11115831
18. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Yun JE, Lee SY et al. (2008). Pancreatic cancer and factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome in the Korean cancer prevention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17: 359-364.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0507 PMID:18268120
19. Besaratinia A, Kim SI, Hainaut P, Pfeifer GP (2009). In vitro recapitulating of TP53 mutagenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with dietary aflatoxin B1 exposure. Gastroenterology, 137: 1127-1137, 1137, e1-e5.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.06.002 PMID:19524575
20. Bill CA & Summers J (2004). Genomic DNA doublestrand breaks are targets for hepadnaviral DNA integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101: 11135-11140.PMID:15258290
21. Bond WW, Favero MS, Petersen NJ et al. (1981). Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet, 1: 550-551. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92877-4 PMID:6111645
22. Bonilla Guerrero R & Roberts LR (2005). The role of hepatitis B virus integrations in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 42: 760-777.doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.005 PMID:15826727
23. Boyault S, Rickman DS, de Reynies A et al. (2007). Transcriptome classification of HCC is related to gene alterations and to new therapeutic targets. Hepatology, 45: 42-52.doi:10.1002/hep.21467 PMID:17187432
24. Bozdayi AM, Aslan N, Bozdayi G et al. (2004). Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B, C and D viruses in Turkish patients. Arch Virol, 149: 2115-2129.doi:10.1007/s00705-004-0363-2 PMID:15503201
25. Brechot C, Kremsdorf D, Soussan P et al. (2010). Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): molecular mechanisms and novel paradigms. Pathol Biol (Paris), 58: 278-287.PMID:20667665
26. Brechot C, Thiers V, Kremsdorf D et al. (2001). Persistent hepatitis B virus infection in subjects without hepatitis B surface antigen: clinically significant or purely "occult"? Hepatology, 34: 194-203.doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.25172 PMID:11431751
27. Bruss V (2007). Hepatitis B virus morphogenesis. World J Gastroenterol, 13: 65-73. PMID:17206755
28. Buendia MA (2000). Genetics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol, 10: 185-200.doi:10.1006/scbi.2000.0319 PMID:10936068
29. Cao J, Yang EB, Su JJ et al. (2003). The tree shrews: adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research. J Med Primatol, 32: 123-130.doi:10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.00022.x PMID:12823622
30. CDC (2010). Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/hepatitis-b.aspx
31. Chan DW & Ng IO (2006). Knock-down of hepatitis B virus X protein reduces the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Pathol, 208: 372-380.doi:10.1002/path.1901 PMID:16353167
32. Chan HL, Tsang SW, Liew CT et al. (2002). Viral genotype and hepatitis B virus DNA levels are correlated with histological liver damage in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol, 97: 406-412.doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05478.x PMID:11866280
33. Chan HL, Tse CH, Mo F et al. (2008). High viral load and hepatitis B virus subgenotype ce are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 26: 177-182.doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.2043 PMID:18182659
34. Chan HL, Wong ML, Hui AY et al. (2003). Hepatitis B virus genotype C takes a more aggressive disease course than hepatitis B virus genotype B in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients. J Clin Microbiol, 41: 1277-1279.doi:10.1128/JCM.41.3.1277-1279.2003 PMID:12624067
35. Chang CC, Yu MW, Lu CF et al. (1994). A nested casecontrol study on association between hepatitis C virus antibodies and primary liver cancer in a cohort of 9,775 men in Taiwan. J Med Virol, 43: 276-280.doi:10.1002/jmv.1890430315 PMID:7523582
36. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS et al. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. (1997). Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. N Engl J Med, 336: 1855-1859.doi:10.1056/NEJM199706263362602 PMID:9197213
37. Chang MH, Chen TH, Hsu HM et al. Taiwan Childhood HCC Study Group. (2005). Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus: the effect and problems. Clin Cancer Res, 11: 7953-7957.doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1095 PMID:16278421
38. Chang MH, Shau WY, Chen CJ et al. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. (2000). Hepatitis B vaccination and hepatocellular carcinoma rates in boys and girls. JAMA, 284: 3040-3042.doi:10.1001/jama.284.23.3040 PMID:11122592
39. Cheeseman KH (1993). Mechanisms and effects of lipid peroxidation. Mol Aspects Med, 14: 191-197.doi:10.1016/0098-2997(93)90005-X PMID:8264333
40. Chen CH, Hung CH, Lee CM et al. (2007b). Pre-S deletion and complex mutations of hepatitis B virus related to advanced liver disease in HBeAg-negative patients. Gastroenterology, 133: 1466-1474.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.002 PMID:17915220
41. Chen CJ (2005). Time-dependent events in natural history of occult hepatitis B virus infection: the importance of population-based long-term follow-up study with repeated measurements. J Hepatol, 42: 438-440.doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.003 PMID:15763321
42. Chen CJ, Iloeje UH, Yang HI (2007a). Long-term outcomes in hepatitis B: the REVEAL-HBV study. [viii.] [viii.] Clin Liver Dis, 11: 797-816, viii.doi:10.1016/j.cld.2007.08.005 PMID:17981229
43. Chen CJ, Wang LY, Yu MW (2000). Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the Asia-Pacific region. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15: Suppl: E3-E6.doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02124.x PMID:10921373
44. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J et al. REVEAL-HBV Study Group. (2006a). Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA, 295: 65-73.doi:10.1001/jama.295.1.65 PMID:16391218
45. Chen CJ, Yu MW, Liaw YF (1997). Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12: S294-S308.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00513.x PMID:9407350
46. Chen CL, Yang HI, Yang WS et al. (2008). Metabolic factors and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by chronic hepatitis B/C infection: a follow-up study in Taiwan. Gastroenterology, 135: 111-121.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.073 PMID:18505690
47. Chen G, Lin W, Shen F et al. (2006b). Past HBV viral load as predictor of mortality and morbidity from HCC and chronic liver disease in a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol, 101: 1797-1803.doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00647.x PMID:16817842
48. Chen JG, Kuang SY, Egner PA et al. (2007c). Acceleration to death from liver cancer in people with hepatitis B viral mutations detected in plasma by mass spectrometry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 16: 1213-1218.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0905 PMID:17548687
49. Cheng AS, Wong N, Tse AM et al. (2007). RNA interference targeting HBx suppresses tumor growth and enhances cisplatin chemosensitivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett, 253: 43-52.doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.01.004 PMID:17296261
50. Chiaramonte M, Stroffolini T, Vian A et al. (1999). Rate of incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with compensated viral cirrhosis. Cancer, 85: 2132-2137.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990515)85:10<2132::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-H PMID:10326690
51. Chien YC, Jan CF, Kuo HS, Chen CJ (2006). Nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan: effectiveness in the 20 years after it was launched. Epidemiol Rev, 28: 126-135.doi:10.1093/epirev/mxj010 PMID:16782778
52. Chiesa R, Donato F, Tagger A et al. (2000). Etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with and without cirrhosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9: 213-216.PMID:10698484
53. Chisari FV (2000). Rous-Whipple Award Lecture. Viruses, immunity, and cancer: lessons from hepatitis B. Am J Pathol, 156: 1117-1132. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64980-2 PMID:10751335
54. Chisari FV, Klopchin K, Moriyama T et al. (1989). Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Cell, 59: 1145-1156.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90770-8 PMID:2598264
55. Chou YC, Yu MW, Wu CF et al. (2008). Temporal relationship between hepatitis B virus enhancer II/basal core promoter sequence variation and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut, 57: 91-97.doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114066 PMID:17502344
56. Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS (2002). Hepatitis B virus genotype B is associated with earlier HBeAg seroconversion compared with hepatitis B virus genotype C. Gastroenterology, 122: 1756-1762.doi:10.1053/gast.2002.33588 PMID:12055581
57. Chu CJ, Keeffe EB, Han SH et al. U.S. HBV Epidemiology Study Group. (2003). Prevalence of HBV precore/core promoter variants in the United States. Hepatology, 38: 619-628.doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50352 PMID:12939588
58. Chu CM & Liaw YF (2005). Genotype C hepatitis B virus infection is associated with a higher risk of reactivation of hepatitis B and progression to cirrhosis than genotype B: a longitudinal study of hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with normal aminotransferase levels at baseline. J Hepatol, 43: 411-417.doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.03.018 PMID:16006001
59. Chu CM & Liaw YF (2007). Predictive factors for reactivation of hepatitis B following hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology, 133: 1458-1465.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.039 PMID:17935720
60. Coiffier B (2006). Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer treatment: role of Lamivudine prophylaxis. Cancer Invest, 24: 548-552.doi:10.1080/07357900600815232 PMID:16939967
61. Crook PD, Jones ME, Hall AJ (2003). Mortality of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive blood donors in England and Wales. Int J Epidemiol, 32: 118-124.doi:10.1093/ije/dyg039 PMID:12690022
62. Custer B, Sullivan SD, Hazlet TK et al. (2004). Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus. J Clin Gastroenterol, 38: Suppl 3:S158-S168.doi:10.1097/00004836-200411003-00008 PMID:15602165
63. Da Villa G, Piccinino F, Scolastico C et al. (1998). Longterm epidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus infection in a hyperendemic area (Afragola, southern Italy): results of a pilot vaccination project. Res Virol, 149: 263-270.doi:10.1016/S0923-2516(99)89004-9 PMID:9879603
64. Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Montella M et al. (2004). Hepatitis B and C viruses and Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study from Northern and Southern Italy. Haematologica, 89: ELT17 PMID:15533850
65. Dandri M, Burda MR, Burkle A et al. (2002). Increase in de novo HBV DNA integrations in response to oxidative DNA damage or inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Hepatology, 35: 217-223.doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.30203 PMID:11786979
66. Davis BH & Kresina TF (1996). Hepatic fibrogenesis. Clin Lab Med, 16: 361-375.PMID:8792077
67. De Mitri MS, Cassini R, Morsica G et al. (2006). Virological analysis, genotypes and mutational patterns of the HBV precore/core gene in HBV/HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat, 13: 574-581.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00726.x PMID:16907843
68. Dejean A, Bougueleret L, Grzeschik KH, Tiollais P (1986). Hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a sequence homologous to v-erb-A and steroid receptor genes in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature, 322: 70-72.doi:10.1038/322070a0 PMID:3014347
69. del Olmo JA, Serra MA, Rodriguez F et al. (1998). Incidence and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in 967 patients with cirrhosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 124: 560-564.doi:10.1007/s004320050215 PMID:9829860
70. Devesa M, Rodriguez C, Leon G et al. (2004). Clade analysis and surface antigen polymorphism of hepatitis B virus American genotypes. J Med Virol, 72: 377-384.doi:10.1002/jmv.20015 PMID:14748061
71. Di Marco V, Lo Iacono O, Camma C et al. (1999). The long-term course of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 30: 257-264. doi:10.1002/hep.510300109 PMID:10385664
72. Dienstag JL (2008). Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med, 359: 1486-1500.doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801644 PMID:18832247
73. Ding X, Mizokami M, Yao G et al. (2001). Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution among chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in Shanghai, China. Intervirology, 44: 43-47.doi:10.1159/000050029 PMID:11223719
74. Donato F, Boffetta P, Puoti M (1998). A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 75: 347-354.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980130)75:3<347::AIDIJC4>3.0.CO;2-2 PMID:9455792
75. Donato F, Tagger A, Chiesa R et al. (1997). Hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol drinking, and hepatocellular arcinoma: a case-control study in Italy. Brescia HCC Study. Hepatology, 26: 579-584.doi:10.1002/hep.510260308 PMID:9303486
76. Elmore LW, Hancock AR, Chang SF et al. (1997). Hepatitis B virus X protein and p53 tumor suppressor interactions in the modulation of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94: 14707-14712.doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14707 PMID:9405677
77. Evans AA, Chen G, Ross EA et al. (2002). Eight-year follow-up of the 90,000-person Haimen City cohort: I. Hepatocellular carcinoma mortality, risk factors, and gender differences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 11: 369-376.PMID:11927497
78. Evans AA, O'Connell AP, Pugh JC et al. (1998). Geographic variation in viral load among hepatitis B carriers with differing risks of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7: 559-565.PMID:9681522
79. Farazi PA, Glickman J, Jiang S et al. (2003). Differential impact of telomere dysfunction on initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res, 63: 5021-5027.PMID:12941829
80. Fausto N (1997). Hepatocytes break the rules of senescence in serial transplantation studies. Is there a limit to their replicative capacity? Am J Pathol, 151: 1187-1189.PMID:9358742
81. Fausto N (1999). Mouse liver tumorigenesis: models, mechanisms, and relevance to human disease. Semin Liver Dis, 19: 243-252.doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007114 PMID:10518304
82. Feitelson MA (2006). Parallel epigenetic and genetic changes in the pathogenesis of hepatitis virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett, 239: 10-20.doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.07.009 PMID:16154256
83. Feitelson MA, Reis HM, Liu J et al. (2005). Hepatitis B virus X antigen (HBxAg) and cell cycle control in chronic infection and hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Biosci, 10: 1558-1572.doi:10.2741/1640 PMID:15769646
84. Fourel G, Trepo C, Bougueleret L et al. (1990). Frequent activation of N-myc genes by hepadnavirus insertion in woodchuck liver tumours. Nature, 347: 294-298.doi:10.1038/347294a0 PMID:2205804
85. Franceschi S, Montella M, Polesel J et al. (2006a). Hepatitis viruses, alcohol, and tobacco in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15: 683-689.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0702 PMID:16614109
86. Franceschi S, Polesel J, Rickenbach M et al. (2006b). Hepatitis C virus and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Findings from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Br J Cancer, 95: 1598-1602.doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603472 PMID:17106439
87. Furusyo N, Nakashima H, Kashiwagi K et al. (2002). Clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and C in Japanese patients with chronic HBV infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 67: 151-157. PMID:12389939
88. Gandhe SS, Chadha MS, Arankalle VA (2003). Hepatitis B virus genotypes and serotypes in western India: lack of clinical significance. J Med Virol, 69: 324-330.doi:10.1002/jmv.10292 PMID:12526041
89. Gong G, Waris G, Tanveer R, Siddiqui A (2001). Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-kappa B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98: 9599-9604.doi:10.1073/pnas.171311298 PMID:11481452
90. Gottlob K, Fulco M, Levrero M, Graessmann A (1998). The hepatitis B virus HBx protein inhibits caspase 3 activity. J Biol Chem, 273: 33347-33353.doi:10.1074/jbc.273.50.33347 PMID:9837909
91. Gouas D, Shi H, Hainaut P (2009). The aflatoxin-induced TP53 mutation at codon 249 (R249S): biomarker of exposure, early detection and target for therapy. Cancer Lett, 286: 29-37.doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.057 PMID:19376640
92. Grisham JW (2001). Molecular genetic alterations in hepatocellular neoplasms: hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. In: The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer, Coleman WB, Trongalis JG, editors. Totawa, NJ.: Harriman Press, 269-346.ISBN:0-89603-634-0.
93. Gwack J, Hwang SS, Ko KP et al. (2007). [Fasting serum glucose and subsequent liver cancer risk in a Korean prospective cohort] J Prev Med Public Health, 40: 23-28.doi:10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.1.23 PMID:17310595
94. Han HJ, Jung EY, Lee WJ, Jang KL (2002). Cooperative repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 gene expression by hepatitis B virus X protein and hepatitis C virus core protein. FEBS Lett, 518: 169-172.doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02694-7 PMID:11997040
95. Hassan MM, Li D, El-Deeb AS et al. (2008). Association between hepatitis B virus and pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol, 26: 4557-4562.doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.17.3526 PMID:18824707
96. Hernandez-Vargas H, Lambert MP, Le Calvez-Kelm F et al. (2010). Hepatocellular carcinoma displays distinct DNA methylation signatures with potential as clinical predictors. PLoS One, 5: e9749 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009749 PMID:20305825
97. Hildt E, Saher G, Bruss V, Hofschneider PH (1996). The hepatitis B virus large surface protein (LHBs) is a transcriptional activator. Virology, 225: 235-239.doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0594 PMID:8918553
98. Hoofnagle JH, Seeff LB, Bales ZB, Zimmerman HJ (1978). Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. N Engl J Med, 298: 1379-1383.doi:10.1056/NEJM197806222982502 PMID:652005
99. Hsu HM, Lu CF, Lee SC et al. (1999). Seroepidemiologic survey for hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan: the effect of hepatitis B mass immunization. J Infect Dis, 179: 367-370.doi:10.1086/314585 PMID:9878020
100. Hu KQ (2002). Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications. J Viral Hepat, 9: 243-257.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2002.00344.x PMID:12081601
101. Hu X, Margolis HS, Purcell RH et al. (2000). Identification of hepatitis B virus indigenous to chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97: 1661-1664.doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1661 PMID:10677515
102. Huang J & Kontos CD (2002). PTEN modulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated signaling and angiogenic effects. J Biol Chem, 277: 10760-10766.doi:10.1074/jbc.M110219200 PMID:11784722
103. Hung JH, Su IJ, Lei HY et al. (2004). Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 through activation of NF-kappaB and pp38 mitogenactivated protein kinase. J Biol Chem, 279: 46384-46392.doi:10.1074/jbc.M403568200 PMID:15319438
104. IARC. (1994). Hepatitis viruses. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 59: 1-255.PMID:7933461
105. IARC. (2002). Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 82: 171-275.
106. Ikeda K, Arase Y, Kobayashi M et al. (2005). Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinogenesis and its prevention. Intervirology, 48: 29-38.doi:10.1159/000082092 PMID:15785087
107. Iloeje UH, Yang HI, Jen CL et al. Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer-Hepatitis B Virus Study Group. (2007). Risk and predictors of mortality associated with chronic hepatitis B infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 5: 921-931.doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.06.015 PMID:17678844
108. Jaitovich-Groisman I, Benlimame N, Slagle BL et al. (2001). Transcriptional regulation of the TFIIH transcription repair components XPB and XPD by the hepatitis B virus x protein in liver cells and transgenic liver tissue. J Biol Chem, 276: 14124-14132.PMID:11278765
109. Jee SH, Ohrr H, Sull JW, Samet JM (2004). Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, hepatitis B, and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst, 96: 1851-1856.doi:10.1093/jnci/djh334 PMID:15601641
110. Jia L, Wang XW, Harris CC (1999). Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits nucleotide excision repair. Int J Cancer, 80: 875-879.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990315)80:6<875::AID-IJC13>3.0.CO;2-Z PMID:10074921
111. Jilbert AR, Burrell CJ, Triatni M et al. (2002). Hepatitis B virus replication. In: Hepatitis B Virus Guide, Lai CL, Locarnini S, editors. London: International Medical Press, 43-54.
112. Jutavijittum P, Jiviriyawat Y, Yousukh A et al. (2006). Genotypes of hepatitis B virus among voluntary blood donors in northern Thailand. Hepatol Res, 35: 263-266.doi:10.1016/j.hepres.2006.04.010 PMID:16731031
113. Kaklamani E, Trichopoulos D, Tzonou A et al. (1991). Hepatitis B and C viruses and their interaction in the origin of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA, 265: 1974-1976.doi:10.1001/jama.265.15.1974 PMID:1848908
114. Kanai Y, Ushijima S, Hui AM et al. (1997). The E-cadherin gene is silenced by CpG methylation in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Cancer, 71: 355-359.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970502)71:3<355::AIDIJC8>3.0.CO;2-X PMID:9139867
115. Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M et al. (1999). Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates. Bull World Health Organ, 77: 801-807.PMID:10593027
116. Kann M (2002). Structural and molecular virology. In: Hepatitis B Virus Guide, Lai CL, Locarnini S, editors. London: International Medical Press, 9-22.
117. Kann M, Schmitz A, Rabe B (2007). Intracellular transport of hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol, 13: 39-47.PMID:17206753
118. Kannangai R, Molmenti E, Arrazola L et al. (2004). Occult hepatitis B viral DNA in liver carcinomas from a region with a low prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection. J Viral Hepat, 11: 297-301.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2004.00502.x PMID:15230851
119. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS (2000). Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology, 118: 554-559.doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70261-7 PMID:10702206
120. Kao JH, (2003). Basal core promoter mutations of hepatitis B virus increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B carriers. Gastroenterology, 124: 327-334.doi:10.1053/gast.2003.50053 PMID:12557138
121. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen D-S (2004). Hepatitis B virus genotypes and spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in Taiwanese hepatitis B carriers. J Med Virol, 72: 363-369.doi:10.1002/jmv.10534 PMID:14748059
122. Kao JH, Hsu HM, Shau WY et al. (2001). Universal hepatitis B vaccination and the decreased mortality from fulminant hepatitis in infants in Taiwan. J Pediatr, 139: 349-352.doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.116277 PMID:11562612
123. Kekule AS, Lauer U, Meyer M et al. (1990). The preS2/S region of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA encodes a transcriptional transactivator. Nature, 343: 457-461.doi:10.1038/343457a0 PMID:2153938
124. Kew MC (2003). Synergistic interaction between aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. Liver Int, 23: 405-409.doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2003.00869.x PMID:14986813
125. Kew MC (2006). Interaction between hepatitis B and C viruses in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. J Viral Hepat, 13: 145-149.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00686.x PMID:16475989
126. Kew MC, Kramvis A, Yu MC et al. (2005). Increased hepatocarcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus genotype A in Bantu-speaking sub-saharan Africans. J Med Virol, 75: 513-521.doi:10.1002/jmv.20311 PMID:15714494
127. Kew MC, Yu MC, Kedda MA et al. (1997). The relative roles of hepatitis B and C viruses in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in southern African blacks. Gastroenterology, 112: 184-187.doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70233-6 PMID:8978357
128. Kim BJ & Song BC (2003). [Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes according to the clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Jeju island] Korean J Gastroenterol, 42: 496-501.PMID:14695706
129. Kim H, Jee YM, Song BC et al. (2007). Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and serotypes in patients with chronic HBV infection in Korea. Intervirology, 50: 52-57.doi:10.1159/000096313 PMID:17164558
130. Kim JH, Bang YJ, Park BJ et al. (2002). Hepatitis B virus infection and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a hepatitis B endemic area: a case-control study. Jpn J Cancer Res, 93: 471-477.PMID:12036441
131. Kim JH & Rho HM (2002). Activation of the human transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) gene by the hepatitis B viral X protein (HBx) through AP-2 sites. Mol Cell Biochem, 231: 155-161.doi:10.1023/A:1014477218369 PMID:11952158
132. Kirby GM, Chemin I, Montesano R et al. (1994). Induction of specific cytochrome P450s involved in aflatoxin B1 metabolism in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Mol Carcinog, 11: 74-80.doi:10.1002/mc.2940110204 PMID:7916995
133. Kirk GD, Lesi OA, Mendy M et al. (2005a). 249(ser) TP53 mutation in plasma DNA, hepatitis B viral infection, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene, 24: 5858-5867.doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208732 PMID:16007211
134. Kirk GD, Turner PC, Gong Y et al. (2005b). Hepatocellular carcinoma and polymorphisms in carcinogen-metabolizing and DNA repair enzymes in a population with aflatoxin exposure and hepatitis B virus endemicity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14: 373-379.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0161 PMID:15734960
135. Kobayashi M, Arase Y, Ikeda K et al. (2002). Clinical characteristics of patients infected with hepatitis B virus genotypes A, B, and C. J Gastroenterol, 37: 35-39.doi:10.1007/s535-002-8130-z PMID:11824798
136. Kramvis A, Kew M, Francois G (2005). Hepatitis B virus genotypes. Vaccine, 23: 2409-2423.doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.045 PMID:15752827
137. Kramvis A & Kew MC (2007). Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res, 37: s1S9-S19.doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00098.x PMID:17627641
138. Kumar M, Kumar R, Hissar SS et al. (2007). Risk factors analysis for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with and without cirrhosis: a case-control study of 213 hepatocellular carcinoma patients from India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 22: 1104-1111.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04908.x PMID:17559381
139. Kuper HE, Tzonou A, Kaklamani E et al. (2000). Hepatitis B and C viruses in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma; a study in Greece using third generation assays. Cancer Causes Control, 11: 171-175.doi:10.1023/A:1008951901148 PMID:10710202
140. Lauer U, Weiss L, Lipp M et al. (1994). The hepatitis B virus preS2/St transactivator utilizes AP-1 and other transcription factors for transactivation. Hepatology, 19: 23-31.PMID:8276360
141. Laurent-Puig P, Legoix P, Bluteau O et al. (2001). Genetic alterations associated with hepatocellular carcinomas define distinct pathways of hepatocarcinogenesis. Gastroenterology, 120: 1763-1773.doi:10.1053/gast.2001.24798 PMID:11375957
142. Lee CM, Chen CH, Lu SN et al. (2003a). Prevalence and clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes in southern Taiwan. Scand J Gastroenterol, 38: 95-101.doi:10.1080/00365520310000500 PMID:12608471
143. Lee S, Lee HJ, Kim JH et al. (2003b). Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation along multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. Am J Pathol, 163: 1371-1378.doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63495-5 PMID:14507645
144. Lee WM (1997). Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med, 337: 1733-1745.doi:10.1056/NEJM199712113372406 PMID:9392700
145. Liaw YF, Sung JJY, Chow WC et al. Cirrhosis Asian Lamivudine Multicentre Study Group. (2004). Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med, 351: 1521-1531.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa033364 PMID:15470215
146. Lin HH, Lin SS, Chiang YM et al. (2002). Trend of hepatitis B virus infection in freshmen classes at two high schools in Hualien, Taiwan from 1991 to 1999. J Med Virol, 67: 472-476.doi:10.1002/jmv.10125 PMID:12115991
147. Lin HH, Wang LY, Hu CT et al. (2003). Decline of hepatitis B carrier rate in vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects: sixteen years after newborn vaccination program in Taiwan. J Med Virol, 69: 471-474.doi:10.1002/jmv.10333 PMID:12601753
148. Lindh M, Andersson AS, Gusdal A (1997). Genotypes, nt 1858 variants, and geographic origin of hepatitis B virus-large-scale analysis using a new genotyping method. J Infect Dis, 175: 1285-1293.doi:10.1086/516458 PMID:9180165
149. Lindh M, Hannoun C, Dhillon AP et al. (1999). Core promoter mutations and genotypes in relation to viral replication and liver damage in East Asian hepatitis B virus carriers. J Infect Dis, 179: 775-782.doi:10.1086/314688 PMID:10068571
150. Liu CJ, Kao JH, Chen PJ et al. (2002). Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B viral serotypes and genotypes in taiwan. J Biomed Sci, 9: 166-170.doi:10.1007/BF02256028 PMID:11914584
151. Livingston SE, Simonetti JP, McMahon BJ et al. (2007). Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Alaska Native people with hepatocellular carcinoma: preponderance of genotype F. J Infect Dis, 195: 5-11.doi:10.1086/509894 PMID:17152003
152. Loguercio C & Federico A (2003). Oxidative stress in viral and alcoholic hepatitis. Free Radic Biol Med, 34: 1-10.doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(02)01167-X PMID:12498974
153. Lu P, Kuang S, Wang J (1998[Hepatitis B virus infection and aflatoxin exposure in the development of primary liver cancer]). Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei), 78: 340-342.
154. Lu SN, Chen CH, Chen TM et al. (2006). Hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents in a rural township-15 years subsequent to mass hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan. Vaccine, 24: 759-765.doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.062 PMID:16159687
155. MacQuarrie MB, Forghani B, Wolochow DA (1974). Hepatitis B transmitted by a human bite. JAMA, 230: 723-724.doi:10.1001/jama.230.5.723 PMID:4137696
156. Madani TA (2007). Trend in incidence of hepatitis B virus infection during a decade of universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination in Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 101: 278-283.doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.12.003 PMID:16600318
157. Mahmood S, Niiyama G, Kamei A et al. (2005). Influence of viral load and genotype in the progression of Hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int, 25: 220-225.doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01077.x PMID:15780042
158. Mahoney FJ (1999). Update on diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev, 12: 351-366.PMID:10194463
159. Mahoney FJ, Stewart K, Hu H et al. (1997). Progress toward the elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission among health care workers in the United States. Arch Intern Med, 157: 2601-2605.doi:10.1001/archinte.157.22.2601 PMID:9531229
160. Margolis HS, Alter MJ, Hadler SC (1997). Viral hepatitis. In: Viral infections of humans. Epidemiology and control (Fourth Edition), Evans AS, Kaslow RA, editors. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 363-418.
161. Martin-Lluesma S, Schaeffer C, Robert EI et al. (2008). Hepatitis B virus X protein affects S phase progression leading to chromosome segregation defects by binding to damaged DNA binding protein 1. Hepatology, 48: 1467-1476.doi:10.1002/hep.22542 PMID:18781669
162. Martinson FE, Weigle KA, Royce RA et al. (1998). Risk factors for horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus in a rural district in Ghana. Am J Epidemiol, 147: 478-487.PMID:9525535
163. Matsubara K & Tokino T (1990). Integration of hepatitis B virus DNA and its implications for hepatocarcinogenesis. Mol Biol Med, 7: 243-260.PMID:2170810
164. McGlynn KA, Rosvold EA, Lustbader ED et al. (1995). Susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with genetic variation in the enzymatic detoxification of aflatoxin B1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 92: 2384-2387.doi:10.1073/pnas.92.6.2384 PMID:7892276
165. Meyer M, Caselmann WH, Schluter V et al. (1992). Hepatitis B virus transactivator MHBst: activation of NF-kappa B, selective inhibition by antioxidants and integral membrane localization. EMBO J, 11: 2991-3001.PMID:1639069
166. Minami M, Daimon Y, Mori K et al. (2005). Hepatitis B virus-related insertional mutagenesis in chronic hepatitis B patients as an early drastic genetic change leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncogene, 24: 4340-4348.doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208628 PMID:15806150
167. Mulders MN, Venard V, Njayou M et al. (2004). Low genetic diversity despite hyperendemicity of hepatitis B virus genotype E throughout West Africa. J Infect Dis, 190: 400-408.doi:10.1086/421502 PMID:15216479
168. Murakami S (1999). Hepatitis B virus X protein: structure, function and biology. Intervirology, 42: 81-99.doi:10.1159/000024969 PMID:10516464
169. Ni YH, Chang MH, Huang LM et al. (2001). Hepatitis B virus infection in children and adolescents in a hyperendemic area: 15 years after mass hepatitis B vaccination. Ann Intern Med, 135: 796-800.PMID:11694104
170. Ni YH, Huang LM, Chang MH et al. (2007). Two decades of universal hepatitis B vaccination in taiwan: impact and implication for future strategies. Gastroenterology, 132: 1287-1293.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.055 PMID:17433322
171. Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH, Tabor E (1996). Hepatitis B and C virus serologies among Japanese Americans with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Infect Dis, 173: 1474-1476.doi:10.1093/infdis/173.6.1474 PMID:8648223
172. Odemuyiwa SO, Mulders MN, Oyedele OI et al. (2001). Phylogenetic analysis of new hepatitis B virus isolates from Nigeria supports endemicity of genotype E in West Africa. J Med Virol, 65: 463-469.doi:10.1002/jmv.2058 PMID:11596079
173. Oh BK, Kim H, Park HJ et al. (2007). DNA methyltransferase expression and DNA methylation in humanhepatocellular carcinoma and their clinicopathological correlation. Int J Mol Med, 20: 65-73.PMID:17549390
174. Okada K, Kamiyama I, Inomata M et al. (1976). e antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants. N Engl J Med, 294: 746-749.doi:10.1056/NEJM197604012941402 PMID:943694
175. Okuda M, Li K, Beard MR et al. (2002). Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and antioxidant gene expression are induced by hepatitis C virus core protein. Gastroenterology, 122: 366-375.doi:10.1053/gast.2002.30983 PMID:11832451
176. Orito E, Ichida T, Sakugawa H et al. (2001). Geographic distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in patients with chronic HBV infection in Japan. Hepatology, 34: 590-594.doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.27221 PMID:11526547
177. Overturf K, al-Dhalimy M, Ou CN et al. (1997). Serial transplantation reveals the stem-cell-like regenerative potential of adult mouse hepatocytes. Am J Pathol, 151: 1273-1280.PMID:9358753
178. Pal J, Nyarady Z, Marczinovits I et al. (2006). Comprehensive regression analysis of hepatitis B virus X antigen level and anti-HBx antibody titer in the sera of patients with HBV infection. Pathol Oncol Res, 12: 34-40.doi:10.1007/BF02893429 PMID:16554914
179. Park BC, Han BH, Ahn SY et al. (1995). Prevalence of hepatitis C antibody in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. J Viral Hepat, 2: 195-202.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00029.x PMID:7489347
180. Park IY, Sohn BH, Yu E et al. (2007). Aberrant epigenetic modifications in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hepatitis B virus X protein. Gastroenterology, 132: 1476-1494.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.034 PMID:17408664
181. Paterlini P, Poussin K, Kew M et al. (1995). Selective accumulation of the X transcript of hepatitis B virus in patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 21: 313-321.PMID:7843699
182. Paterlini-Brechot P, Saigo K, Murakami Y et al. (2003). Hepatitis B virus-related insertional mutagenesis occurs frequently in human liver cancers and recurrently targets human telomerase gene. Oncogene, 22: 3911-3916.doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206492 PMID:12813464
183. Petersen NJ, Barrett DH, Bond WW et al. (1976). Hepatitis B surface antigen in saliva, impetiginous lesions, and the environment in two remote Alaskan villages. Appl Environ Microbiol, 32: 572-574.PMID:791124
184. Pyong SJ, Tsukuma H, Hiyama T (1994). Case-control study of hepatocellular carcinoma among Koreans living in Osaka, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res, 85: 674-679.PMID:8071108
185. Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC et al. (1994). A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 3: 3-10.PMID:8118382
186. Ribes J, Cleries R, Rubio A et al. (2006). Cofactors associated with liver disease mortality in an HBsAg-positive Mediterranean cohort: 20 years of follow-up. Int J Cancer, 119: 687-694.doi:10.1002/ijc.21882 PMID:16496403
187. Robinson WS (1994). Molecular events in the pathogenesis of hepadnavirus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Annu Rev Med, 45: 297-323.doi:10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.297 PMID:8198385
188. Rodriguez-Inigo E, Bartolome J, Ortiz-Movilla N et al. (2005). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can coinfect the same hepatocyte in the liver of patients with chronic HCV and occult HBV infection. J Virol, 79: 15578-15581.doi:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15578-15581.2005 PMID:16306629
189. Rogler CE & Chisari FV (1992). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis. Semin Liver Dis, 12: 265-278.doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007398 PMID:1439879
190. Sakamoto T, Tanaka Y, Orito E et al. (2006). Novel subtypes (subgenotypes) of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C among chronic liver disease patients in the Philippines. J Gen Virol, 87: 1873-1882.doi:10.1099/vir.0.81714-0 PMID:16760389
191. Sanchez LV, Tanaka Y, Maldonado M et al. (2007). Difference of hepatitis B virus genotype distribution in two groups of mexican patients with different risk factors. High prevalence of genotype H and G. Intervirology, 50: 9-15.doi:10.1159/000096307 PMID:17164552
192. Sangiovanni A, Del Ninno E, Fasani P et al. (2004). Increased survival of cirrhotic patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma detected during surveillance. Gastroenterology, 126: 1005-1014.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.12.049 PMID:15057740
193. Schaefer S (2007a). Hepatitis B virus taxonomy and hepatitis B virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol, 13: 14-21. PMID:17206751
194. Schaefer S (2007b). Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Europe. Hepatol Res, 37: s1S20-S26.doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00099.x PMID:17627630
195. Schluter V, Meyer M, Hofschneider PH et al. (1994). Integrated hepatitis B virus X and 3' truncated preS/S sequences derived from human hepatomas encode functionally active transactivators. Oncogene, 9: 3335-3344.PMID:7936659
196. Scott RM, Snitbhan R, Bancroft WH et al. (1980). Experimental transmission of hepatitis B virus by semen and saliva. J Infect Dis, 142: 67-71.doi:10.1093/infdis/142.1.67 PMID:7400629
197. Seeger C & Mason WS (2000). Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 64: 51-68.doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000 PMID:10704474
198. Shi J, Zhu L, Liu S, Xie WF (2005). A meta-analysis of case-control studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma in China. Br J Cancer, 92: 607-612.PMID:15685242
199. Shimamura A & Fisher DE (1996). p53 in life and death. Clin Cancer Res, 2: 435-440.PMID:9816188
200. Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ et al. (1996). Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea. Int J Epidemiol, 25: 933-940.doi:10.1093/ije/25.5.933 PMID:8921477
201. Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J et al. (1999). Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ, 77: 789-800.PMID:10593026
202. Song BC, Cui XJ, Kim H (2005). Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Korea: an endemic area of hepatitis B virus infection. Intervirology, 48: 133-137.doi:10.1159/000081740 PMID:15812186
203. Squadrito G, Pollicino T, Cacciola I et al. (2006). Occult hepatitis B virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients. Cancer, 106: 1326-1330.doi:10.1002/cncr.21702 PMID:16453330
204. Stambolic V, MacPherson D, Sas D et al. (2001). Regulation of PTEN transcription by p53. Mol Cell, 8: 317-325.doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00323-9 PMID:11545734
205. Su F & Schneider RJ (1997). Hepatitis B virus HBx protein sensitizes cells to apoptotic killing by tumor necrosisfactor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94: 8744-8749.doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8744 PMID:9238048
206. Su FH, Chen JD, Cheng SH et al. (2007). Seroprevalence of Hepatitis-B infection amongst Taiwanese university students 18 years following the commencement of a national Hepatitis-B vaccination program. J Med Virol, 79: 138-143.doi:10.1002/jmv.20771 PMID:17177303
207. Su FH, Chen JD, Cheng SH et al. (2008). Waning-off effect of serum hepatitis B surface antibody amongst Taiwanese university students: 18 years post-implementation of Taiwan's national hepatitis B vaccination programme. J Viral Hepat, 15: 14-19.PMID:18088240
208. Su PF, Lee TC, Lin PJ et al. (2007a). Differential DNAmethylation associated with hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 121: 1257-1264.doi:10.1002/ijc.22849 PMID:17534893
209. Sugauchi F, Chutaputti A, Orito E et al. (2002). Hepatitis B virus genotypes and clinical manifestation among hepatitis B carriers in Thailand. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17: 671-676.doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02754.x PMID:12100612
210. Sugauchi F, Mizokami M, Orito E et al. (2001). A novel variant genotype C of hepatitis B virus identified in isolates from Australian Aborigines: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic relatedness. J Gen Virol, 82: 883-892.PMID:11257194
211. Sun CA, Farzadegan H, You SL et al. (1996). Mutual confounding and interactive effects between hepatitis C and hepatitis B viral infections in hepatocellular carcinogenesis: a population-based case-control study in Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 5: 173-178.PMID:8833617
212. Sun Z, Zhu Y, Stjernsward J et al. (1991). Design and compliance of HBV vaccination trial on newborns to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma and 5-year results of its pilot study. Cancer Detect Prev, 15: 313-318.PMID:1665400
213. Sunbul M & Leblebicioglu H (2005). Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Turkey. World J Gastroenterol, 11: 1976-1980.PMID:15800989
214. Suwannakarn K, Tangkijvanich P, Thawornsuk N et al. (2008). Molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus in Thailand based on the analysis of pre-S and S genes. Hepatol Res, 38: 244-251.doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00254.x PMID:17711443
215. Takada S, Gotoh Y, Hayashi S et al. (1990). Structural rearrangement of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA as well as cellular flanking DNA is present in chronically infected hepatic tissues. J Virol, 64: 822-828.PMID:2296084
216. Takada S, Kaneniwa N, Tsuchida N, Koike K (1997). Cytoplasmic retention of the p53 tumor suppressor gene product is observed in the hepatitis B virus X genetransfected cells. Oncogene, 15: 1895-1901.doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201369 PMID:9365235
217. Tanaka H, Tsukuma H, Yamano H et al. (2004). Prospective study on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis C virus-positive blood donors focusing on demographic factors, alanine aminotransferase level at donation and interaction with hepatitis B virus. Int J Cancer, 112: 1075-1080.doi:10.1002/ijc.20507 PMID:15386355
218. Tangkijvanich P, Mahachai V, Komolmit P et al. (2005). Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Thailand. World J Gastroenterol, 11: 2238-2243.PMID:15818732
219. Tennant BC, Toshkov IA, Peek SF et al. (2004). Hepatocellular carcinoma in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology, 127: Suppl 1:S283-S293.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.043 PMID:15508096
220. Thakur V, Guptan RC, Kazim SN et al. (2002). Profile, spectrum and significance of HBV genotypes in chronic liver disease patients in the Indian subcontinent. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17: 165-170.doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02605.x PMID:11966946
221. The Gambia Hepatitis Study Group. (1987). The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study. Cancer Res, 47: 5782-5787.PMID:2822233
222. Thippavazzula R, Mogili C, Chandra M et al. (2006). Prevalent HBV genotypes and subtypes in a South Indian population. J Clin Virol, 37: 58-64.doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2006.05.008 PMID:16846749
223. Toan NL, Song H, Kremsner PG et al. (2006). Impact of the hepatitis B virus genotype and genotype mixtures on the course of liver disease in Vietnam. Hepatology, 43: 1375-1384.doi:10.1002/hep.21188 PMID:16729315
224. Torbenson M & Thomas DL (2002). Occult hepatitis B. Lancet Infect Dis, 2: 479-486.doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00345-6 PMID:12150847
225. Trush MA & Kensler TW (1991). An overview of the relationship between oxidative stress and chemical carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med, 10: 201-209.doi:10.1016/0891-5849(91)90077-G PMID:1864525
226. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Ho MS et al. (1996a). Additive effect modification of hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer, 73: 1498-1502.doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.283 PMID:8664119
227. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Ho MS et al. (1996b). Independent and additive effect modification of hepatitis C and B viruses infection on the development of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol, 24: 271-276.doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(96)80004-3 PMID:8778192
228. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Ho MS et al. (1997). Effect of hepatitis C and B virus infection on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Br J Cancer, 76: 968-974.doi:10.1038/bjc.1997.493 PMID:9328161
229. Tsen YJ, Chang MH, Hsu HY et al. (1991). Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in children in Taipei, 1989: five years after a mass hepatitis B vaccination program. J Med Virol, 34: 96-99.doi:10.1002/jmv.1890340205 PMID:1832440
230. Ulcickas Yood M, Quesenberry CP Jr, Guo D et al. (2007). Incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology, 46: 107-112.doi:10.1002/hep.21642 PMID:17526021
231. Usuda S, Okamoto H, Iwanari H et al. (1999). Serological detection of hepatitis B virus genotypes by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies to type-specific epitopes in the preS2-region product. J Virol Methods, 80: 97-112.doi:10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00039-7 PMID:10403681
232. Vall Mayans M, Hall AJ, Inskip HM et al. (1990). Risk factors for transmission of hepatitis B virus to Gambian children. Lancet, 336: 1107-1109.doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92580-B PMID:1977989
233. Vall Mayans M, Hall AJ, Inskip HM et al. (1994). Do bedbugs transmit hepatitis B? Lancet, 343: 761-763.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91838-4 PMID:7907732
234. Vildosola GH (2000[HEPATITIS B.VACCINATION IMPACT ON ACUTE DISEASE,CHRONIC CARRIERS AND HEPATOCARCINOMA INCIDENCE]). Rev Gastroenterol Peru, 20: 414-421.PMID:12140576
235. Vivekanandan P, Abraham P, Sridharan G et al. (2004). Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in blood donors and chronically infected patients in a tertiary care hospital in southern India. Clin Infect Dis, 38: e81-e86.doi:10.1086/383144 PMID:15127358
236. Viviani S, Carrieri P, Bah E et al. Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study. (2008). 20 years into the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study: assessment of initial hypotheses and prospects for evaluation of protective effectiveness against liver cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17: 3216-3223.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0303 PMID:18990765
237. Wang HC, Wu HC, Chen CF et al. (2003b). Different types of ground glass hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection contain specific pre-S mutants that may induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. Am J Pathol, 163: 2441-2449.doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63599-7 PMID:14633616
238. Wang HP & Rogler CE (1991). Topoisomerase I-mediated integration of hepadnavirus DNA in vitro. J Virol, 65: 2381-2392.PMID:1850018
239. Wang J, Chenivesse X, Henglein B, Brechot C (1990). Hepatitis B virus integration in a cyclin A gene in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature, 343: 555-557.doi:10.1038/343555a0 PMID:1967822
240. Wang LY, You SL, Lu SN et al. (2003a). Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and habits of alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking: a cohort of 2416 HBsAg-seropositive and 9421 HBsAgseronegative male residents in Taiwan. Cancer Causes Control, 14: 241-250.doi:10.1023/A:1023636619477 PMID:12814203
241. Westland C, Delaney W 4th, Yang H et al. (2003). Hepatitis B virus genotypes and virologic response in 694 patients in phase III studies of adefovir dipivoxil1. Gastroenterology, 125: 107-116.doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00700-5 PMID:12851876
242. WHO (2001). Introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into childhood immunization services. World Health Organization (ed) Geneva: No. Who/V&B/01.31, i-48.
243. Wild CP & Montesano R (2009). A model of interaction: aflatoxins and hepatitis viruses in liver cancer aetiology and prevention. Cancer Lett, 286: 22-28.doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.053 PMID:19345001
244. Williams I, Smith MG, Sinha D et al. (1997). Hepatitis B virus transmission in an elementary school setting. JAMA, 278: 2167-2169.doi:10.1001/jama.278.24.2167 PMID:9417011
245. Wu HC, Wang Q, Wang LW et al. (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- and aflatoxin-albumin adducts, hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Lett, 252: 104-114.doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.010 PMID:17250958
246. Wu HC, Wang Q, Yang HI et al. (2008). Urinary 15-F2tisoprostane, aflatoxin B1 exposure and hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Carcinogenesis, 29: 971-976.doi:10.1093/carcin/bgn057 PMID:18310087
247. Yalcin K, Degertekin H, Bahcecioglu IH et al. (2004). Hepatitis B virus genotype D prevails in patients with persistently elevated or normal ALT levels in Turkey. Infection, 32: 24-29.doi:10.1007/s15010-004-3010-7 PMID:15007739
248. Yamanaka T, Shiraki K, Nakazaawa S et al. (2001). Impact of hepatitis B and C virus infection on the clinical prognosis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Anticancer Res, 21: 4B:2937-2940.PMID:11712790
249. Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF et al. Taiwan Community-Based Cancer Screening Project Group. (2002). Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 347: 168-174.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013215 PMID:12124405
250. Yang HI, Yeh SH, Chen PJ et al. REVEAL-HBV Study Group. (2008). Associations between hepatitis B virus genotype and mutants and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst, 100: 1134-1143.doi:10.1093/jnci/djn243 PMID:18695135
251. Yang W & Summers J (1999). Integration of hepadnavirus DNA in infected liver: evidence for a linear precursor. J Virol, 73: 9710-9717.PMID:10559280
252. Yu MC, Yuan JM, Ross RK, Govindarajan S (1997c). Presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen is associated with an excess risk for hepatocellular carcinoma among non-Asians in Los Angeles County, California. Hepatology, 25: 226-228.doi:10.1002/hep.510250141 PMID:8985295
253. Yu MW, Hsu FC, Sheen IS et al. (1997a). Prospective study of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosisin asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Am J Epidemiol, 145: 1039-1047.PMID:9169913
254. Yu MW, Shih WL, Lin CL et al. (2008). Body-mass index and progression of hepatitis B: a population-based cohort study in men. J Clin Oncol, 26: 5576-5582.doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.1075 PMID:18955457
255. Yu MW, Yang SY, Pan IJ et al. (2003). Polymorphisms in XRCC1 and glutathione S-transferase genes and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst, 95: 1485-1488.PMID:14519756
256. Yu MW, Yeh SH, Chen PJ et al. (2005). Hepatitis B virus genotype and DNA level and hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in men. J Natl Cancer Inst, 97: 265-272.doi:10.1093/jnci/dji043 PMID:15713961
257. Yuen MF, Sablon E, Tanaka Y et al. (2004). Epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus genotypes, core promoter and precore mutations of chronic hepatitis B infection in Hong Kong. J Hepatol, 41: 119-125.doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.03.004 PMID:15246217
258. Zarski JP, Bohn B, Bastie A et al. (1998). Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. J Hepatol, 28: 27-33.doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80198-0 PMID:9537860
259. Zeng G, Wang Z, Wen S et al. (2005). Geographic distribution, virologic and clinical characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotypes in China. J Viral Hepat, 12: 609-617.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2005.00657.x PMID:16255762
260. Zhang JY, Dai M, Wang X et al. (1998). A case-control study of hepatitis B and C virus infection as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Henan, China. Int J Epidemiol, 27: 574-578.doi:10.1093/ije/27.4.574 PMID:9758109
261. Zhang Z, Torii N, Furusaka A et al. (2000). Structural and functional characterization of interaction between hepatitis B virus X protein and the proteasome complex. J Biol Chem, 275: 15157-15165.doi:10.1074/jbc.M910378199 PMID:10748218
262. Zhou T, Evans AA, London WT et al. (1997). Glutathione S-transferase expression in hepatitis B virus-associated human hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Cancer Res, 57: 2749-2753.PMID:9205086
263. Zhu L, Tse CH, Wong VW et al. (2008). A complete genomic analysis of hepatitis B virus genotypes and mutations in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in China. J Viral Hepat, 15: 449-458.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.00967.x PMID:18266648
264. Zoli M, Magalotti D, Bianchi G et al. (1996). Efficacy of a surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 78: 977-985.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960901)78:5<977::AIDCNCR6>3.0.CO;2-9 PMID:8780534