Metalloproteinases in metabolic syndrome

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 412, Issue 19-20, 2011, Pages 1731-1739

  Berg, Gabriela ^a   Miksztowicz, Veronica ^a   Schreier, Laura ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Abdominal obesity; Atherosclerosis; Metabolic syndrome; Metalloproteinases

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CYTOKINE; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE; LEPTIN; METALLOPROTEINASE; NEUTROPHIL COLLAGENASE;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ADIPOGENESIS; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; DISEASE COURSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW;

CYTOKINES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; METABOLIC SYNDROME X;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 79960624807     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: 18733492     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.013     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Alberti K.G., Eckel R.H., Grundy S.M., Zimmet P.Z., Cleeman J.I., Donato K.A., et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the study of obesity. Circulation 2009, 120:1640-1645.
2. Vu T.H., Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases: effectors of development and normal physiology. Genes Dev 2000, 14(17):2123-2133.
3. Lu M. Rabie AB matrix metalloproteinase-9 regulates graft bone resorption. Angle Orthod 2006, 76(4):598-604.
4. Roy R., Zhang B., Moses M.A. Making the cut: protease-mediated regulation of angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2006, 312(5):608-622.
5. Newby A.C. Dual role of matrix metalloproteinases (matrixins) in intimal thickening and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Physiol Rev 2005, 85(1):1-31.
6. Raffetto J.D., Khalil R.A. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in vascular remodeling and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2008, 75(2):346-359.
7. Blankenberg S., Rupprecht H.J., Poirier O., Bickel C., Smieja M., Hafner G., et al. Plasma concentrations and genetic variation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2003, 107(12):1579-1585.
8. Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome-a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006, 23(5):469-480.
9. Executive summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Jama 2001, 285:2486-2497.
10. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Daniels S.R., Donato K.A., Eckel R.H., Franklin B.A., et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement [published corrections appear in Circulation. 2005; 112:e297 and Circulation. 2005;112:e298]. Circulation 2005, 112:2735-2752.
11. Cameron A.J., Shaw J.E., Zimmet P.Z. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004, 33:351-375.
12. Lau D.C., Yan H., Dhillon B. Metabolic syndrome: a marker of patients at high cardiovascular risk. Can J Cardiol 2006, 22(Suppl B):85B-90B.
13. Ford E.S., Giles W.H., Dietz W.H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002, 287:356-359.
14. Carr M.C., Brunzell J.D. Abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome: importance of type 2 diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidemia in coronary artery disease risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89(6):2601-2607.
15. Muzzio M.L., Berg G., Zago V., Basilio F., Sanguinetti S., Lopez G., et al. Circulating small dense LDL, endothelial injuring factors and fibronectin in healthy postmenopausal women. Clin Chim Acta 2007, 381(2):157-163.
16. Krauss R.M. Dense low density lipoproteins and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995, 75(6):53B-57B.
17. Schreier L., Berg G., Zago V., Gonzalez A.I., Wikinski R. Kinetic of in vitro lipólisis of human very low density lipoprotein by lipoprotein lipase. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002, 12:13-18.
18. Lucero D., Zago V., López G.I., Graffigna M., López G.H., Fainboim H., et al. Does non-alcoholic fatty liver impair alterations of plasma lipoproteins and associated factors in metabolic syndrome?. Clin Chim Acta 2011, 412(7-8):587-592.
19. Nagase H., Visse R., Murphy G. Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs. Cardiovasc Res 2006, 69(3):562-573.
20. Johnson J.L. Matrix metalloproteinases: influence on smooth muscle cells and atherosclerotic plaque stability. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007, 5(2):265-282.
21. Lijnen H.R. Angiogenesis and obesity. Cardiovasc Res 2008, 78(2):286-293.
22. Nagase H. Metalloproteases. Curr Protoc Protein Sci 2001, Chapter 21(Unit 21.4):1-13.
23. Visse R., Nagase H. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, function, and biochemistry. Circ Res 2003, 92(8):827-839.
24. Stracke J.O., Fosang A.J., Last K., et al. Matrix metalloproteinases 19 and 20 cleave aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). FEBS Lett 2000, 478:52-56.
25. Gomez D.E., Alonso D.F., Yoshiji H., Thorgeirsson U.P. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, regulation and biological functions. Eur J Cell Biol 1997, 74:111-122.
26. Baker A.H., Edwards D.R., Murphy G. Metalloproteinase inhibitors: biological actions and therapeutic opportunities. J Cell Sci 2002, 115:3719-3727.
27. Li Z., Li L., Zielke H.R., Cheng L., Xiao R., Crow M.T., et al. Increased expression of 72-kd type IV collagenase (MMP-2) in human aortic atherosclerosis lesions. Am J Pathol 1996, 148:121-128.
28. Schönbeck U., Mach F., Sukhova G.K., et al. Expression of stromelysin-3 in atherosclerotic lesions: regulation via CD40-CD40 ligand signaling in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1999, 189:843-853.
29. Uzui H., Harpf A., Liu M., et al. Increased expression of membrane type 3-matrix metalloproteinase in human atherosclerotic plaque. Role of activated macrophages and inflammatory cytokines. Circ Res 2002, 106:3024-3030.
30. de Nooijer R., Verkleij C.J., von der Thusen J.H., et al. Lesional overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced lesions but not at earlier stages of atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:340-346.
31. Choudhary S., Higgins C.L., Chen I.Y., Reardon M., Lawrie G., Vick 3rd G.W., et al. Quantitation and localization of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human carotid endarterectomy tissues. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:2351-2358.
32. Bäck M., Ketelhuth D.F., Agewall S. Matrix metalloproteinases in atherothrombosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010, 52(5):410-428.
33. Lijnen H.R., Maquoi E., Demeulemeester D., Van Hoef B., Collen D. Modulation of fibrinolytic and gelatinolytic activity during adipose tissue development in a mouse model of nutritionally induced obesity. Thromb Haemost 2002, 88(2):345-353.
34. Demeulemeester D., Collen D., Lijnen H.R. Effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on adipose tissue development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 329(1):105-110.
35. Wisse B.E. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15(11):2792-2800.
36. Death A.K., Fisher E.J., McGrath K.C., Yue D.K. High glucose alters matrix metalloproteinase expression in two key vascular cells: potential impact on atherosclerosis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2003, 168(2):263-269.
37. Uemura S., Matsushita H., Li W., Glassford A.J., Asagami T., Lee K.H., et al. Diabetes mellitus enhances vascular matrix metalloproteinase activity: role of oxidative stress. Circ Res 2001, 88(12):1291-1298.
38. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes 2005, 54(6):1615-1625.
39. Novaro V., Colman-Lerner A., Ortega F.V., Jawerbaum A., Paz D., Lo Nostro F., et al. Regulation of metalloproteinases by nitric oxide in human trophoblast cells in culture. Reprod Fertil Dev 2001, 13(5-6):411-420.
40. Mo Y., Wan R., Wang J., Chien S., Tollerud D.J., Zhang Q. Diabetes is associated with increased sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to urban particulate matter exposure. Toxicology 2009, 262(2):130-137.
41. Valentin F., Bueb J.L., Kieffer P., Tschirhart E., Atkinson J. Oxidative stress activates MMP-2 in cultured human coronary smooth muscle cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2005, 19:661-667.
42. Kowluru R.A., Kanwar M. Oxidative stress and the development of diabetic retinopathy: contributory role of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Free Radic Biol Med 2009, 46(12):1677-1685.
43. Federici M., Menghini R., Mauriello A., Hribal M.L., Ferrelli F., Lauro D., et al. Insulin-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is impaired by O-linked glycosylation modification of signalling proteins in human coronary endothelial cells. Circulation 2002, 106(4):466-472.
44. Cardellini M., Menghini R., Martelli E., Casagrande V., Marino A., Rizza S., et al. TIMP3 is reduced in atherosclerotic plaques from subjects with type 2 diabetes and increased by SirT1. Diabetes 2009, 58(10):2396-2401.
45. Tarallo S., Beltramo E., Berrone E., Dentelli P., Porta M. Effects of high glucose and thiamine on the balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in vascular cells. Acta Diabetol 2010, 47(2):105-111.
46. Sun J., Xu Y., Dai Z., Sun Y. Intermittent high glucose enhances proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by upregulating osteopontin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009, 313(1-2):64-69.
47. Derosa G., D'Angelo A., Salvadeo S.A., Ferrari I., Fogari E., Gravina A., et al. Modification of vascular and inflammation biomarkers after OGTT in overweight healthy and diabetic subjects. Microvasc Res 2010, 79(2):144-149.
48. Thrailkill K.M., Bunn R.C., Moreau C.S., Cockrell G.E., Simpson P.M., Coleman H.N., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 dysregulation in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(9):2321-2326.
49. Maxwell P.R., Timms P.M., Chandran S., Gordon D. Peripheral blood level alterations of TIMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2001, 8(10):777-780.
50. Nanni S., Melandri G., Hanemaaijer R., Cervi V., Tomasi L., Altimari A., et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in premature coronary atherosclerosis: influence of inhibitors, inflammation, and genetic polymorphisms. Transl Res 2007, 149(3):137-144.
51. Humphrey J.D. Mechanisms of arterial remodelling in hypertension: coupled roles of wall shear an intramural stress. Hypertension 2008, 52:195-200.
52. Ahmed S.H., Clark L., Pennington W.R., Webb C.S., Bonnema D.D., Leonardi A.H., et al. Matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: relationship between changes in proteolytic determinants of matrix composition and structural, functional, and clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 2006, 113:2089-2096.
53. Bouvet C., Gilbert L.A., Girardot D., deBlois D., Moreau P. Different involvement of extracellular matrix components in small and large arteries during chronic NO synthase inhibition. Hypertension 2005, 45:432-437.
54. Flamant M., Placier S., Dubroca C., Esposito B., Lopes I., Chatziantoniou C., et al. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in early hypertensive vascular remodeling. Hypertension 2007, 50:212-218.
55. Tayebjee M.H., Nadar S.K., MacFadyen R.J., Lip G.Y. Tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 and MMP-9 levels in patients with hypertension. Relationship to tissue Doppler indices of diastolic relaxation. AJH 2004, 17:770-774.
56. Li-Saw-Hee Fl, Edmunds E., Blann A.D., Beevers D.G., Lip G.Y. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase -1 levels in essential hypertension. Relationship to left ventricular mass and anti-hypertensive therapy. Int J Cardiol 2000, 75:43-47.
57. Browatzki M., Larsen D., Pfeiffer C.A., Gehrke S.G., Schmidt J., Kranzhofer A., et al. Angiotensin II stimulates matrix metalloproteinases secretion in vascular smooth muscle cells via nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein 1 in a redox sensitive manner. J Vasc Res 2005, 42:415-423.
58. Schieffer B., Bünte C., Witte J., Hoeper K., Böger R.H., Schwedhelm E., et al. Comparative effects of AT1-antagonism and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on markers of inflammation and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 44(2):362-368.
59. Gurjar M.V., Sharma R.V., Bhalla R.C. eNOS gene transfer inhibits smooth muscle cells migration and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Artherioscler Thromb Vasc Bio 1999, 19:2871-2877.
60. Huang Y., Mironova M., Lopes-Virella M.F. Oxidized LDL stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19(11):2640-2647.
61. Xu X.P., Meisel S.R., Ong J.M., Kaul S., Cercek B., Rajavashisth T.B., et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation 1999, 99(8):993-998.
62. van Tits L., de Graaf J., Toenhake H., van Heerde W., Stalenhoef A. C-reactive protein and annexin A5 bind to distinct sites of negatively charged phospholipids present in oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25(4):717-722.
63. Singh U., Dasu M.R., Yancey P.G., Afify A., Devaraj S., Jialal I. Human C-reactive protein promotes oxidized low density lipoprotein uptake and matrix metalloproteinase-9 release in Wistar rats. J Lipid Res 2008, 49(5):1015-1023.
64. Kojima C., Ino J., Ishii H., Nitta K., Yoshida M. MMP-9 inhibition by ACE inhibitor reduces oxidized LDL-mediated foam-cell formation. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010, 17(1):97-105.
65. Muzzio M.L., Miksztowicz V., Brites F., Aguilar D., Repetto E.M., Wikinski R., et al. Metalloproteases 2 and 9, Lp-PLA(2) and lipoprotein profile in coronary patients. Arch Med Res 2009, 40(1):48-53.
66. Lehrke M., Greif M., Broedl U.C., Lebherz C., Laubender R.P., Becker A., et al. MMP-1 serum levels predict coronary atherosclerosis in humans. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009, 8:50.
67. Miksztowicz V., Muzzio M.L., Royer M., Prada M., Wikinski R., Schreier L., et al. Increased plasma activity of metalloproteinase 2 in women with metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2008, 57(11):1493-1496.
68. Derosa G., Maffioli P., D'Angelo A., Salvadeo S.A., Ferrari I., Fogari E., et al. Evaluation of metalloproteinase 2 and 9 levels and their inhibitors in combined dyslipidemia. Clin Invest Med 2009, 32(2):E124-E132.
69. Pasarica M., Sereda O.R., Redman L.M., Albarado D.C., Hymel D.T., Roan L.E., et al. Reduced adipose tissue oxygenation in human obesity: evidence for rarefaction, macrophage chemotaxis, and inflammation without an angiogenic response. Diabetes 2009, 58(3):718-725.
70. Boden G. Obesity and free fatty acids. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008, 37(3):635-646.
71. Maquoi E., Munaut C., Colige A., Collen D., Lijnen H.R. Modulation of adipose tissue expression of murine matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors with obesity. Diabetes 2002, 51(4):1093-1101.
72. Christiaens V., Lijnen H.R. Role of the fibrinolytic and matrix metalloproteinase systems in development of adipose tissue. Arch Physiol Biochem 2006, 112(4-5):254-259.
73. Chavey C., Mari B., Monthouel M.N., Bonnafous S., Anglard P., Van Obberghen E., et al. Matrix metalloproteinases are differentially expressed in adipose tissue during obesity and modulate adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2003, 278(14):11888-11896.
74. Nair S., Lee Y.H., Rousseau E., Cam M., Tataranni P.A., Baier L.J., et al. Increased expression of inflammation-related genes in cultured preadipocytes/stromal vascular cells from obese compared with non-obese Pima Indians. Diabetologia 2005, 48(9):1784-1788.
75. Unal R., Yao-Borengasser A., Varma V., Rasouli N., Labbate C., Kern P.A., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased in obese subjects and decreases in response to pioglitazone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95(6):2993-3001.
76. Laimer M., Kaser S., Kranebitter M., Sandhofer A., Mühlmann G., Schwelberger H., et al. Effect of pronounced weight loss on the nontraditional cardiovascular risk marker matrix metalloproteinase-9 in middle-aged morbidly obese women. Int J Obes 2005, 29(5):498-501.
77. Boden G., Song W., Pashko L., Kresge K. In vivo effects of insulin and free fatty acids on matrix metalloproteinases in rat aorta. Diabetes 2008, 57(2):476-483.
78. Boden G., Song W., Kresge K., Mozzoli M., Cheung P. Effects of hyperinsulinemia on hepatic metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008, 295(3):E692-E697.
79. Gummesson A., Hagg D., Olson F.J., Hulthe J., Carlsson L.M., Fagerberg B. Adipose tissue is not an important source for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the circulation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009, 69(6):636-642.
80. Fanjul-Fernández M., Folgueras A., Cabrera S., López-Otín C. Matrix metalloproteinases: evolution, gene regulation and functional analysis in mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1803:3-19.
81. Kumada M., Kihara S., Ouchi N., Kobayashi H., Okamoto Y., Ohashi K., et al. Adiponectin specifically increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 through interleukin-10 expression in human macrophages. Circulation 2004, 109(17):2046-2049.
82. Cheng M., Hashmi S., Mao X., Zeng Q.T. Relationships of adiponectin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio with coronary plaque morphology in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Can J Cardiol 2008, 24(5):385-390.
83. Otake H., Shite J., Shinke T., Watanabe S., Tanino Y., Ogasawara D., et al. Relation between plasma adiponectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and coronary plaque components in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101(1):1-7.
84. Park J.P., Lee B.K., Shim J.M., Kim S.H., Lee C.W., Kang D.H., et al. Relationship between multiple plasma biomarkers and vulnerable plaque determined by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound. Circ J 2010, 74(2):332-336.
85. Hwang J.J., Yang W.S., Chiang F.T., Chen M.F., Lin H.J., Huang P.J., et al. Association of circulating matrix metalloproteinase-1, but not adiponectin, with advanced coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2009, 204(1):293-297.
86. Park H.Y., Kwon H.M., Lim H.J., Hong B.K., Lee J.Y., Park B.E., et al. Potential role of leptin in angiogenesis: leptin induces endothelial cell proliferation and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo and in vitro. Exp Mol Med 2001, 33:95-102.
87. Oda A., Taniguchi T., Yokoyama M. Leptin stimulates rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Kobe J Med Sci 2001, 47:141-150.
88. Li L., Mamputu J.C., Wiernsperger N., Renier G. Signaling pathways involved in human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression induced by leptin: inhibitory effect of metformin. Diabetes 2005, 54(7):2227-2234.
89. Deardorff R., Spinale F.G. Cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases as potential biomarkers in chronic heart failure. Biomark Med 2009, 3(5):513-523.
90. Siwik D.A., Chang D.L., Colucci W.S. Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha decrease collagen synthesis and increase matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Circ Res 2000, 86(12):1259-1265.
91. Bujak M., Frangogiannis N.G. The role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of heart disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2009, 57(3):165-176.
92. Tedgui A., Mallat Z. Cytokines in atherosclerosis: pathogenic and regulatory pathways. Physiol Rev 2006, 86(2):515-581.
93. Cicero A.F., Derosa G., Manca M., Bove M., Borghi C., Gaddi A.V. Vascular remodeling and prothrombotic markers in subjects affected by familial combined hyperlipidemia and/or metabolic syndrome in primary prevention for cardiovascular disease. Endothelium 2007, 14(4-5):193-198.
94. Harman-Boehm I., Blüher M., Redel H., Sion-Vardy N., Ovadia S., Avinoach E., et al. Macrophage infiltration into omental versus subcutaneous fat across different populations: effect of regional adiposity and the comorbidities of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(6):2240-2247.
95. Gonçalves F.M., Jacob-Ferreira A.L., Gomes V.A., Casella-Filho A., Chagas A.C., Marcaccini A.M., et al. Increased circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and pro-inflammatory markers in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2009, 403(1-2):173-177.
96. Aquilante C.L., Beitelshees A.L., Zineh I. Correlates of serum matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) concentrations in nondiabetic subjects without cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2007, 379(1-2):48-52.
97. Chu M.C., Cushman M., Solomon R., Lobo R.A. Metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: the influence of oral or transdermal estradiol on inflammation and coagulation markers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 199(5):526.e1-526.e7.
98. Lewandowski K.C., Komorowski J., Mikhalidis D.P., Bienkiewicz M., Tan B.K., O'Callaghan C.J., et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy type and route of administration on plasma matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 91(8):3123-3130.
99. Hu P., Greendale G.A., Palla S.L., Reboussin B.A., Herrington D.M., Barrett-Connor E., et al. The effects of hormone therapy on the markers of inflammation and endothelial function and plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in postmenopausal women: the postmenopausal estrogen progestin intervention (PEPI) trial. Atherosclerosis 2006, 185(2):347-352.
100. Lewandowski K.C., Komorowski J., O'Callaghan C.J., Tan B.K., Chen J., Prelevic G.m., et al. Increased circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91(3):1173-1177.