Corneal biomechanics and biomaterials

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 13, Issue , 2011, Pages 269-295

  Ruberti, Jeffrey W ^a   Sinha Roy, Abhijit ^b   Roberts, Cynthia J ^c  

^a Northeastern University   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anisotropic hyperelasticity; Collagen fibers; Corneal hydration; Keratoprosthesis, intraocular pressure; Viscoelasticity

Indexed keywords

COLLAGEN FIBERS; CORNEAL BIOMECHANICS; CORNEAL HYDRATION; FRONT END; HYPER-ELASTICITY; INTRAOCULAR; KERATOPROSTHESIS, INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; OPEN PROBLEMS; OPTICAL APERTURE; OPTICAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS; PROTEOGLYCANS; REFRACTIVE POWER; REFRACTIVE PROPERTIES; SIMULTANEOUS DESIGNS; STRUCTURAL STABILITIES; SYNTHETIC BIOMATERIALS; VISIBLE LIGHT; VISIBLE SPECTRA;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOMECHANICS; COLLAGEN; ELASTICITY; SPINNING (FIBERS); STABILITY;

BIOPHYSICS;

BIOMATERIAL; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN FIBER; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); PROTEOGLYCAN;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ANISOTROPIC HYPERELASTICITY; ARTICLE; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOENGINEERING; BIOMECHANICS; BIOPHYSICS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORNEA; CORNEA DYSTROPHY; CORNEA EDEMA; CORNEA THICKNESS; CORNEA TRANSPLANTATION; CORNEAL BIOMECHANICS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; IMAGING SYSTEM; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; KERATOCONUS; KERATOMILEUSIS; KERATOPROSTHESIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MYOPIA; NONHUMAN; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; OPTICS; OSTEOODONTAL KERATOPROSTHESIS; POROSITY; REFRACTION INDEX; TONOMETRY; VISCOELASTICITY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

ANIMALS; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; BIOMECHANICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CORNEA; ELASTIC MODULUS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS; HUMANS; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; KERATOCONUS; KERATOPLASTY, PENETRATING; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; PROTEOGLYCANS; STRESS, MECHANICAL; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

ANIMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 79960536949     PISSN: 15239829     EISSN: 15454274     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-070909-105243     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Abahussin M, Hayes S, Knox Cartwright NE, Kamma-Lorger CS, Khan Y, et al. 2009. 3D collagen orientation study of the human cornea usingX-ray diffraction and femtosecond laser technology. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50(11):5159-64
2. Meek KM, Blamires T, Elliott GF, Gyi TJ, Nave C. 1987. The organisation of collagen fibrils in the human corneal stroma: a synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. Curr. Eye Res. 6(7):841-46 (Pubitemid 17123202)
3. Meek KM, Quantock AJ. 2001. The use of X-ray scattering techniques to determine corneal ultrastructure. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20(1):95-137
4. Ruberti JW, Klyce SD. 2001. Physiology system models of the cornea. In Models of the Visual System, ed. GK Hung, KJ Ciuffreda, pp. 3-56. New York: Kluwer Acad./Plenum
5. Boyce BL, Jones RE, Nguyen TD, Grazier JM. 2007. Stress-controlled viscoelastic tensile response of bovine cornea. J. Biomech. 40(11):2367-76
6. Bryant MR, McDonnell PJ. 1996. Constitutive laws for biomechanical modeling of refractive surgery. J. Biomech. Eng. 118(4):473-81 (Pubitemid 26397082)
7. Hjortdal JO. 1996. Regional elastic performance of the human cornea. J. Biomech. 29(7):931-42 (Pubitemid 26192311)
8. Hoeltzel DA, Altman P, Buzard K, Choe K. 1992. Strip extensiometry for comparison of the mechanical response of bovine, rabbit, and human corneas. J. Biomech. Eng. 114(2):202-15
9. Jue B, Maurice DM. 1986. The mechanical properties of the rabbit and human cornea. J. Biomech. 19(10):847-53 (Pubitemid 17482054)
10. Shin TJ, Vito RP, Johnson LW, McCarey BE. 1997. The distribution of strain in the human cornea. J. Biomech. 30(5):497-503 (Pubitemid 27173222)
11. Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. 2003. Stress-strain measurements of human and porcine corneas after riboflavin-ultraviolet-A-induced cross-linking. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 29(9):1780-85
12. Boyce BL, Grazier JM, Jones RE, Nguyen TD. 2008. Full-field deformation of bovine cornea under constrained inflation conditions. Biomaterials 29(28):3896-904
13. Elsheikh A, Alhasso D, Rama P. 2008. Biomechanical properties of human and porcine corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 86(5):783-90
14. Elsheikh A, Wang D, Brown M, Rama P, Campanelli M, Pye D. 2007. Assessment of corneal biomechanical properties and their variation with age. Curr. Eye Res. 32(1):11-19
15. Randleman JB, Dawson DG, Grossniklaus HE, McCarey BE, Edelhauser HF. 2008. Depth-dependent cohesive tensile strength in human donor corneas: implications for refractive surgery. J. Refract. Surg. 24(1):S85-89
16. Smolek MK. 1993. Interlamellar cohesive strength in the vertical meridian of human eye bank corneas. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34(10):2962-69
17. Elsheikh A, Anderson K. 2005. Comparative study of corneal strip extensometry and inflation tests. J. R. Soc. Interface 2(3):177-85
18. Dupps WJ Jr, Netto MV, Herekar S, Krueger RR. 2007. Surface wave elastometry of the cornea in porcine and human donor eyes. J. Refract. Surg. 23(1):66-75 (Pubitemid 46122699)
19. Liu J, He X, Pan X, Roberts CJ. 2007. Ultrasonic model and system for measurement of corneal biomechanical properties and validation on phantoms. J. Biomech. 40(5):1177-82
20. Tanter M, Touboul D, Gennisson JL, Bercoff J, FinkM. 2009. High-resolution quantitative imaging of cornea elasticity using supersonic shear imaging. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 28(12):1881-93
21. Luce DA. 2005. Determining in vivo biomechanical properties of the cornea with an ocular response analyzer. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31(1):156-62 (Pubitemid 40260703)
22. Glass DH, Roberts CJ, Litsky AS, Weber PA. 2008. A viscoelastic biomechanical model of the cornea describing the effect of viscosity and elasticity on hysteresis. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49(9):3919-26
23. Kerautret J, Colin J, Touboul D, Roberts C. 2008. Biomechanical characteristics of the ectatic cornea. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 34(3):510-13 (Pubitemid 351625580)
24. Hallahan KM, Sinha Roy A, Ambŕ osio R Jr, Salomao M, Dupps WJ Jr. 2008. Evaluation of standard and derived Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) biomechanical measures in keratoconus. ARVO Epub. 49:4350
25. Grabner G, Eilmsteiner R, Steindl C, Ruckhofer J, Mattioli R, Husinsky W. 2005. Dynamic corneal imaging. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31(1):163-74 (Pubitemid 40260704)
26. Jaycock PD, Lobo L, Ibrahim J, Tyrer J, Marshall J. 2005. Interferometric technique to measure biomechanical changes in the cornea induced by refractive surgery. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31(1):175-84 (Pubitemid 40260705)
27. Ford MR, Sinha Roy A, Rollins AM, Dupps WJ Jr. 2009. Spatially resolved biomechanical effects of Riboflavin/UV cross linking in the human cornea with optical coherence elastography. ARVO Epub. 50:5478
28. Hollman KW, Emelianov SY, Neiss JH, Jotyan G, Spooner GJ, et al. 2002. Strain imaging of corneal tissue with an ultrasound elasticity microscope. Cornea 21(1):68-73 (Pubitemid 33144407)
29. Pinsky PM, Datye DV. 1992. Numerical modeling of radial, astigmatic, and hexagonal keratotomy. Refract. Corneal Surg. 8(2):164-72
30. Elsheikh A, Ross S, Alhasso D, Rama P. 2009. Numerical study of the effect of corneal layered structure on ocular biomechanics. Curr. Eye Res. 34(1):26-35
31. Grytz R, Meschke G. 2010. A computational remodeling approach to predict the physiological architecture of the collagen fibril network in corneo-scleral shells. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 9(2):225-35
32. Nguyen TD, Jones RE, Boyce BL. 2008. A nonlinear anisotropic viscoelastic model for the tensile behavior of the corneal stroma. J. Biomech. Eng. 130(4):041020
33. Pandolfi A,Holzapfel GA. 2008. Three-dimensional modeling and computational analysis of the human cornea considering distributed collagen fibril orientations. J. Biomech. Eng. 130(6):061006
34. Pinsky PM, van der Heide D, Chernyak D. 2005. Computational modeling of mechanical anisotropy in the cornea and sclera. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31(1):136-45 (Pubitemid 40260701)
35. Studer H, Larrea X, Riedwyl H, B̈uchler P. 2010. Biomechanical model of human cornea based on stromal microstructure. J. Biomech. 43(5):836-42
36. Lyon C, McEwen WK, ShepherdMD. 1970. Ocular rigidity and decay curves analyzed by two nonlinear systems. Investig. Ophthalmol. 9(12):935-45
37. McEwen WK, Shepherd M, McBain EH. 1967. An electrical model of the human eye. I: The basic model. Investig. Ophthalmol. 6(2):155-59
38. St.Helen R, McEwenWK.1961. Rheology of the human sclera. 1:Anelastic behavior. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 52:539-48
39. Katsube N, Wang R, Okuma E, Roberts C. 2002. Biomechanical response of the cornea to phototherapeutic keratectomy when treated as a fluid-filled porous material. J. Refract. Surg. 18(5):S593-97
40. Dupps WJ Jr, Roberts C. 2001. Effect of acute biomechanical changes on corneal curvature after photokeratectomy. J. Refract. Surg. 17(6):658-69 (Pubitemid 33098089)
41. Bryant MR, McDonnell PJ. 1998. A triphasic analysis of corneal swelling and hydration control. J. Biomech. Eng. 120(3):370-81 (Pubitemid 28309010)
42. Li LY, Tighe BJ, Ruberti JW. 2004. Mathematical modelling of corneal swelling. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 3(2):114-23 (Pubitemid 40265575)
43. Lia L, Pinsky PM. 2011. A nonlinearmacroscopicmultiphasic model for describing interactions between solid, fluid and ionic species in biological tissue materials. Philos. Mag. 91(2):300-14
44. DjotyanGP, KurtzRM, FerńandezDC, Juhasz T. 2001. An analytically solvable model for biomechanical response of the cornea to refractive surgery. J. Biomech. Eng. 123(5):440-45 (Pubitemid 32943564)
45. HowlandHC, Rand RH, Lubkin SR. 1992. A thin-shellmodel of the cornea and its application to corneal surgery. Refract. Corneal Surg. 8(2):183-86
46. Liu J, Roberts CJ. 2005. Influence of corneal biomechanical properties on intraocular pressure measurement: quantitative analysis. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31(1):146-55 (Pubitemid 40260702)
47. Ehlers N, Bramsen T, Sperling S. 1975. Applanation tonometry and central corneal thickness. Acta Ophthalmol. 53:34-43
48. Brandt JD, Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Lin SC, AlexanderMY, Kass MA. 2008. Changes in central corneal thickness over time: the ocular hypertension treatment study. Ophthalmology 115(9):1550-56
49. Goldmann H, Schmidt T. 1957. Applanation tonometry. Ophthalmologica 134:221-42 (In German)
50. Chang DH, Stulting RD. 2005. Change in intraocular pressure measurements after LASIK: the effect of the refractive correction and the lamellar flap. Ophthalmology 112(6):1009-16
51. Hanna KD, Jouve FE, Waring GO III, Ciarlet PG. 1992. Computer simulation of arcuate keratotomy for astigmatism. Refract. Corneal Surg. 8(2):152-63
52. Velinsky SA, Bryant MR. 1992. On the computer-aided and optimal design of keratorefractive surgery. Refract. Corneal Surg. 8(2):173-82
53. Vito RP, Shin TJ, McCarey BE. 1989. A mechanical model of the cornea: the effects of physiological and surgical factors on radial keratotomy surgery. Refract. Corneal Surg. 5(2):82-88 (Pubitemid 20302193)
54. Alastrúe V, Calvo B, Pe ̃ na E, Doblaŕe M. 2006. Biomechanical modeling of refractive corneal surgery. J. Biomech. Eng. 128(1):150-60
55. Cabrera Ferńandez D, Niazy AM, Kurtz RM, Djotyan GP, Juhasz T. 2005. Finite element analysis applied to cornea reshaping. J. Biomed. Opt. 10(6):064018
56. Cabrera Ferńandez D, Niazy AM, Kurtz RM, Djotyan GP, Juhasz T. 2006. Biomechanical model of corneal transplantation. J. Refract. Surg. 22(3):293-302
57. Deenadayalu C, Mobasher B, Rajan SD, Hall GW. 2006. Refractive change induced by the LASIK flap in a biomechanical finite element model. J. Refract. Surg. 22(3):286-92
58. Elsheikh A, Wang D, Kotecha A, Brown M, Garway-Heath D. 2006. Evaluation of Goldmann applanation tonometry using a nonlinear finite element ocular model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34(10):1628-40
59. Gefen A, Shalom R, Elad D, Mandel Y. 2009. Biomechanical analysis of the keratoconic cornea. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2(3):224-36
60. Lanchares E, Calvo B, Crist ́ obal JA, Doblaŕe M. 2008. Finite element simulation of arcuates for astigmatism correction. J. Biomech. 41(4):797-805
61. Navarro R, Palos F, Lanchares E, Calvo B, Crist ́ obal JA. 2009. Lower-and higher-order aberrations predicted by an optomechanical model of arcuate keratotomy for astigmatism. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 35(1):158-65
62. Roy AS, Dupps WJ Jr. 2009. Effects of altered corneal stiffness on native and postoperative LASIK corneal biomechanical behavior: a whole-eye finite element analysis. J. Refract. Surg. 25(10):875-87
63. Nguyen TD, Boyce BL. 2010. An inverse finite element method for determining the anisotropic properties of the cornea. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 10:323-37
64. Sinha Roy A, Dupps WJ. 2011. Patient-specific modeling of corneal refractive surgery outcomes and inverse estimation of elastic property changes. J. Biomech. Eng. 133(1):011002
65. Andreassen TT, Simonsen AH, Oxlund H. 1980. Biomechanical properties of keratoconus and normal corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 31(4):435-41 (Pubitemid 11241070)
66. Nash IS, Greene PR, Foster CS. 1982. Comparison of mechanical properties of keratoconus and normal corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 35(5):413-24 (Pubitemid 13250623)
67. Meek KM, Tuft SJ, Huang Y, Gill PS, Hayes S, et al. 2005. Changes in collagen orientation and distribution in keratoconus corneas. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46(6):1948-56
68. Bron AJ. 1988. Keratoconus. Cornea 7(3):163-69
69. Zimmermann DR, Fischer RW, Winterhalter KH, Witmer R, Vaughan L. 1988. Comparative studies of collagens in normal and keratoconus corneas. Exp. Eye Res. 46(3):431-42
70. McMonnies CW. 2008. The evidentiary significance of case reports: eye rubbing and keratoconus. Optom. Vis. Sci. 85(4):262-69 (Pubitemid 351489394)
71. Wang Y, Rabinowitz YS, Rotter JI, Yang H. 2000. Genetic epidemiological study of keratoconus: evidence for major gene determination. Am. J. Med. Genet. 93(5):403-9 (Pubitemid 30622187)
72. RobertsCJ. 2007. Biomechanics of INTACS in keratoconus. In Intracorneal Ring Segments and Alternative Treatments for Corneal Ectatic Diseases, ed. A Ertan, J Colin, pp. 157-66. Ankara, Turkey: Kudret Eye Hosp.
73. Fontes BM, Ambŕ osio R Jr, Jardim D, Velarde GC, NośeW. 2010. Corneal biomechanical metrics and anterior segment parameters in mild keratoconus. Ophthalmology 117(4):673-79
74. Saad A, Lteif Y, Azan E, GatinelD. 2010. Biomechanical properties of keratoconus suspect eyes. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51(6):2912-16
75. Vinciguerra P, Alb̀e E, Mahmoud AM, Trazza S, Hafezi F, Roberts CJ. 2010. Intra-and postoperative variation in ocular response analyzer parameters in keratoconic eyes after corneal cross-linking. J. Refract. Surg. 26(9):669-76
76. Glass DH, Roberts CJ, Litsky AS, Weber PA, Lembach RG. 2008. Evaluation of the deformation response to an air puff in healthy and diseased in vivo human corneas. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49:646 (E-Abstr.)
77. RobertsC. 1996. Corneal topography: a review of terms and concepts. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 22:624-29 (Pubitemid 26198728)
78. Roberts C. 1997. Principles of corneal topography. In Principles and Practice of Refractive Surgery, ed. R Elander, LF Rich, JB Robin, pp. 475-98. Philadelphia: Saunders
79. O'Keefe M, Kirwan C. 2010. Laser epithelial keratomileusis in 2010-a review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 38(2):183-91
80. Dawson DG, Randleman JB, Grossniklaus HE, O'Brien TP, Dubovy SR, et al. 2008. Corneal ectasia after excimer laser keratorefractive surgery: histopathology, ultrastructure, and pathophysiology. Ophthalmology 115(12):2181-91.e1
81. Belin MW, Ambŕ osio R Jr. 2010. Corneal ectasia risk score: statistical validity and clinical relevance. J. Refract. Surg. 26(4):238-40
82. Randleman JB. 2010. Evaluating risk factors for ectasia: What is the goal of assessing risk? J. Refract. Surg. 26(4):236-37
83. Dupps WJ Jr,Wilson SE. 2006. Biomechanics and wound healing in the cornea. Exp. Eye Res. 83(4):709-20 (Pubitemid 44292672)
84. Roberts C. 2002. Biomechanics of the cornea and wavefront-guided laser refractive surgery. J. Refract. Surg. 18(5):S589-92
85. GrzybowskiDM, RobertsCJ, Mahmoud AM,Chang JS. 2005. Model for nonectatic increase in posterior corneal elevation after ablative procedures. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 31(1):72-81 (Pubitemid 40260693)
86. Schmack I, Dawson DG, McCarey BE, Waring GO III, GrossniklausHE, EdelhauserHF. 2005. Cohesive tensile strength of human LASIK wounds with histologic, ultrastructural, and clinical correlations. J. Refract. Surg. 21(5):433-45 (Pubitemid 41356286)
87. Dauwe C, Touboul D, Roberts CJ, Mahmoud AM, Ḱerautret J, et al. 2009. Biomechanical and morphological corneal response to placement of intrastromal corneal ring segments for keratoconus. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 35(10):1761-67
88. Ertan A, Colin J. 2007. Intracorneal rings for keratoconus and keratectasia. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 33(7):1303-14
89. Spoerl E, HuhleM, Seiler T. 1998. Induction of cross-links in corneal tissue. Exp. Eye Res. 66(1):97-103 (Pubitemid 28070342)
90. Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. 2003. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-A-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135(5):620-27 (Pubitemid 36457967)
91. Ashwin PT, McDonnell PJ. 2010. Collagen cross-linkage: a comprehensive review and directions for future research. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 94(8):965-70
92. Thornton IL, Dupps WJ, Roy AS, Krueger RR. 2009. Biomechanical effects of intraocular pressure elevation on optic nerve/lamina cribrosa before and after peripapillary scleral collagen cross-linking. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50(3):1227-33
93. Wollensak G. 2010. Thermomechanical stability of sclera after glyceraldehyde crosslinking. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 249(3)399-406
94. Kohlhaas M, Spoerl E, Schilde T, Unger G, Wittig C, Pillunat LE. 2006. Biomechanical evidence of the distribution of cross-links in corneas treated with riboflavin and ultraviolet A light. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 32(2):279-83
95. Sedaghat M, Naderi M, Zarei-GhanavatiM. 2010. Biomechanical parameters of the cornea after collagen crosslinking measured by waveform analysis. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 36(10):1728-31
96. Aiken-O'Neill P, Mannis MJ. 2002. Summary of corneal transplant activity: Eye Bank Association of America. Cornea 21(1):1-3 (Pubitemid 33144393)
97. Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP. 2001. Corneal blindness: a global perspective. Bull. World Health Organ. 79(3):214-21 (Pubitemid 32246479)
98. Wright HR, Turner A, Taylor HR. 2008. Trachoma. Lancet 371(9628):1945-54
99. Dua HS, Miri A, Said DG. 2010. Contemporary limbal stem cell transplantation: a review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 38(2):104-17
100. ThompsonRWJr, Price MO, Bowers PJ, Price FW Jr. 2003. Long-term graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 110(7):1396-402 (Pubitemid 36842478)
101. Evans MDM, Sweeney DF. 2010. Synthetic corneal implants. In Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine in Ophthalmology, ed. TV Chirila. Oxford:Woodhead
102. Marshall J. 1985. Radiation and the ageing eye. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 5(3):241-63 (Pubitemid 15045776)
103. Podskochy A. 2004. Protective role of corneal epithelium against ultraviolet radiation damage. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 82(6):714-17 (Pubitemid 40057782)
104. Streilein JW. 1990. Anterior chamber associated immune deviation: the privilege of immunity in the eye. Surv. Ophthalmol. 35(1):67-73 (Pubitemid 20246195)
105. Pellier de Quengsy G. 1789. Pŕecis ou Cours D'oṕerations sur la Chirurgie des Yeux. Paris: Didot
106. Heusser. 1860. Denkschrift des Medizinisch Chirurgischen Gesellschaft des Kantons Z̈urich. Zurich: Z̈urcher & Furrer
107. vonHippel A. 1888. Eine neue methode der hornhauttransplantation. Graefe's Arch. Ophthalmol. 34:108-30
108. Dimmer F. 1891. Zwie falle von celluloidplatten der homher. Klin. Monarsbl. Augenheilkd. 29:104-5
109. Stone W Jr, Herbert E. 1953. Experimental study of plastic materials as replacement for the cornea: a preliminary report. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 36:168-73
110. Binder GB, Binder RF. 1956. Experiments on plexiglass corneal implants. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 41:793-97
111. Gyorffy L. 1956. Acrylic corneal implant in keratoplasty. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 34:757-58
112. Castroviejo R, Cardona H, DeVoe AG. 1969. Present status of prosthokeratoplasty. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 68(4):613-25
113. Bock RH, Maumenee AE. 1953. Corneal fluid metabolism. Arch. Ophthalmol. 50:282-85
114. Turss R, Friend J,Dohlman CH. 1970. Effect of a corneal fluid barrier on the nutrition of the epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 9(2):254-59
115. Aquavella JV, Qian Y, McCormick GJ, Palakuru JR. 2006. Keratoprosthesis: current techniques. Cornea 25(6):656-62
116. DohlmanCH, Harissi-DagherM,Graney J. 2007. The Boston keratoprosthesis: a new threadless design. Digit. J. Ophthalmol. 13(3)
117. Aldave AJ, Kamal KM, Vo RC, Yu F. 2009. The Boston type I keratoprosthesis: improving outcomes and expanding indications. Ophthalmology 116(4):640-51
118. Aquavella JV, Gearinger MD, Akpek EK, McCormick GJ. 2007. Pediatric keratoprosthesis. Ophthalmology 114(5):989-94 (Pubitemid 46635863)
119. Strampelli B. 1963. Osteo-odontokeratoprosthesis. Ann. Ottalmol. Clin. Ocul. 89:1039-44
120. Gomaa A, Comyn O, Liu C. 2010. Keratoprostheses in clinical practice: a review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 38(2):211-24
121. Falcinelli G, Falsini B, Taloni M, Colliardo P, Falcinelli G. 2005. Modified osteo-odontokeratoprosthesis for treatment of corneal blindness: long-term anatomical and functional outcomes in 181 cases. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123(10):1319-29
122. Pintucci S, Pintucci F, Caiazza S, Cecconi M. 1996. The Dacron felt colonizable keratoprosthesis: after 15 years. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 6(2):125-30 (Pubitemid 26232765)
123. Pintucci S, Pintucci F, Cecconi M, Caiazza S. 1995. New Dacron tissue colonisable keratoprosthesis: clinical experience. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 79(9):825-29
124. Ruberti J, Zieske J, Trinkaus-Randall V. 2007. Corneal tissue replacement. In Principles of Tissue Engineering, ed. R Lanza, R Langer, J Vacanti, pp. 1025-48. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Acad. 3rd ed.
125. Laroche L, Honiger J, Thenot JC, Scarano M, Assouline M. 1989. Keratophakie alloplastique. Ophtalmologie 3:227-28
126. Latkany R, Tsuk A, Sheu MS, Loh IH, Trinkaus-Randall V. 1997. Plasma surface modification of artificial corneas for optimal epithelialization. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 36(1):29-37 (Pubitemid 27270995)
127. Trinkaus-Randall V, BanwattR,WuXY, LeibowitzHM, Franzblau C. 1994. Effect of pretreating porous webs on stromal fibroplasia in vivo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 28(2):195-202 (Pubitemid 24039013)
128. Wu XY, Cornell-Bell A, Davies TA, Simons ER, Trinkaus-Randall V. 1994. Expression of integrin and organization of F-actin in epithelial cells depends on the underlying surface. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35(3):878-90 (Pubitemid 24079818)
129. Trinkaus-Randall V, Capecchi J, Newton A, Vadasz A, Leibowitz H, Franzblau C. 1988. Development of a biopolymeric keratoprosthetic material: evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29(3):393-400 (Pubitemid 18078034)
130. Tsuk AG, Trinkaus-Randall V, Leibowitz HM. 1997. Advances in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel keratoprostheses: protection against ultraviolet light and fabrication by a molding process. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 34(3):299-304 (Pubitemid 27097799)
131. Trinkaus-Randall V, Nugent MA. 1998. Biological response to a synthetic cornea. J. Control. Release 53(1-3):205-14 (Pubitemid 28218703)
132. Trinkaus-Randall V, Wu XY, Tablante R, Tsuk A. 1997. Implantation of a synthetic cornea: design, development and biological response. Artif. Organs 21(11):1185-91
133. Chirila TV. 2001. An overview of the development of artificial corneas with porous skirts and the use of PHEMA for such an application. Biomaterials 22(24):3311-17
134. Vijayasekaran S, Chirila TV, Robertson TA, Lou X, Fitton JH, et al. 2000. Calcification of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel sponges implanted in the rabbit cornea: a 3-month study. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 11(6):599-615 (Pubitemid 30623756)
135. Lou X, Vijayasekaran S, Chirila TV,MaleyMA, Hicks CR, Constable IJ. 1999. Synthesis, physical characterization, and biological performance of sequential homointerpenetrating polymer network sponges based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 47(3):404-11
136. Vijayasekaran S, Fitton JH, Hicks CR, Chirila TV, Crawford GJ, Constable IJ. 1998. Cell viability and inflammatory response in hydrogel sponges implanted in the rabbit cornea. Biomaterials 19(24):2255-67
137. Chirila TV, Thompson-Wallis DE, Crawford GJ, Constable IJ, Vijayasekaran S. 1996. Production of neocollagen by cells invading hydrogel sponges implanted in the rabbit cornea. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 234(3):193-98 (Pubitemid 26050914)
138. Crawford GJ, Constable IJ, Chirila TV, Vijayasekaran S, Thompson DE. 1993. Tissue interaction with hydrogel sponges implanted in the rabbit cornea. Cornea 12(4):348-57 (Pubitemid 23182132)
139. Chirila TV,Constable IJ, Crawford GJ, Vijayasekaran S, Thompson DE, et al. 1993. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) sponges as implantmaterials: in vivo and in vitro evaluation of cellular invasion. Biomaterials 14(1):26-38 (Pubitemid 23037168)
140. Coassin M, Zhang C, Green WR, Aquavella JV, Akpek EK. 2007. Histopathologic and immunologic aspects of AlphaCor artificial corneal failure. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 144(5):699-704
141. Holak SA, Holak HM, Bleckmann H. 2009. AlphaCor keratoprosthesis: postoperative development of six patients. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 247(4):535-39
142. Hicks CR, Crawford GJ, Dart JK, Grabner G, Holland EJ, et al. 2006. AlphaCor: clinical outcomes. Cornea 25(9):1034-42
143. Chirila TV,Morrison DA, HicksCR, Gridneva Z, Barry CJ, Vijayasekaran S. 2004. In vitro drug-induced spoliation of a keratoprosthetic hydrogel. Cornea 23(6):620-29 (Pubitemid 38988704)
144. Hicks CR, Chirila TV, Werner L, Crawford GJ, Apple DJ, Constable IJ. 2004. Deposits in artificial corneas: risk factors and prevention. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 32(2):185-91 (Pubitemid 38618408)
145. Ruberti JW, Zieske JD. 2008. Prelude to corneal tissue engineering-gaining control of collagen organization. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 27(5):549-77
146. Zieske JD, Mason VS, Wasson ME, Meunier SF, Nolte CJ, et al. 1994. Basement membrane assembly and differentiation of cultured corneal cells: importance of culture environment and endothelial cell interaction. Exp. Cell Res. 214(2):621-33 (Pubitemid 24310821)
147. Fagerholm P, Lagali NS, Merrett K, JacksonWB, Munger R, et al. 2010. A biosynthetic alternative to human donor tissue for inducing corneal regeneration: 24-month follow-up of a phase 1 clinical study. Sci. Transl. Med. 2(46):46ra61