The evidentiary significance of case reports: Eye rubbing and keratoconus

Optometry and Vision Science

Volumn 85, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 262-269

  McMonnies, Charles W ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Case report; Evidence based significance; Eye rubbing; Keratoconus

Indexed keywords

DISEASES; EYE MOVEMENTS;

CASE REPORT; EVIDENCE-BASED SIGNIFICANCE; EYE-RUBBING; KERATOCONUS;

CASE BASED REASONING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CHRONICITY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EYE IRRITATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HABIT; HUMAN; KERATOCONUS; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SYSTEMIC DISEASE;

ADULT; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GENETIC SCREENING; HUMANS; KERATOCONUS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; OBSERVER VARIATION; PHYSICAL STIMULATION;

EID: 41749122860     PISSN: 10405488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e318169287a     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Coleman AL. Applying evidence-based medicine in ophthalmic practice. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134:599-601.
2. Adams AJ. The role of research, evidence and education in optometry: a perspective. Clin Exp Optom 2007;90:232-7.
3. Anderton PJ. Implementation of evidence-based practice in optometry. Clin Exp Optom 2007;90:238-43.
4. Sharma S. Levels of evidence. Evidence Base Eye Care 2001;5-6.
5. National Health & Medical Research Council. A Guide to the Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 1999. Available at: http://www.csp.nsw.gov. au/nhmrc/downloads/pdfs/NHMRC%20Clinical%20Practice.pdf. Accessed December 21, 2007.
6. Miller DW Jr, Miller CG. On evidence, medical and legal. J Am Phys Surg 2005;10:70-5. Available at: http://www.jpands.org/vol10no3/miller.pdf. Accessed December 21, 2007.
7. Johnson R. An unusual case of an extra row of eyelashes in the superior eyelid skin crease. Clin Exp Optom 2006;89:322-4.
8. Korb DR, Leahy CD, Greiner JV. Prevalence and characteristics of eye rubbing for keratoconic and non-keratoconic subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32(suppl):884.
9. Korb DK, Greiner JV, Leahy CD. Forceful eye rubbing as a causative factor in keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1995;102(suppl):152.
10. McMonnies CW, Boneham GC. Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye-rubbing and hand-dominance. Clin Exp Optom 2003;86:376-84.
11. McMonnies CW. Management of chronic habits of abnormal eye rubbing. Cont Lens Ant Eye 2008;31: in press.
12. Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW. Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;28: 293-322.
13. Rabinowitz YS. Classification of keratoconus sub-types. Cornea 1996;15:219-20.
14. Edwards M, McGhee CN, Dean S. The genetics of keratoconus. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001;29:345-51.
15. McMonnies CW. Abnormal rubbing and keratectasia. Eye Contact Lens 2007;33:265-71.
16. Bawazeer AM, Hodge WG, Lorimer B. Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:834-6.
17. Ridley F. Eye rubbing and contact lenses. Br J Ophthalmol 1961;45: 832.
18. Rabinowitz YS, Nesburn AB, McDonnell PJ. Videokeratography of the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1993;100: 181-6.
19. Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, Everett DF, Jameson M, McMahon TT, Shin JA, Sterling JL, Wagner H, Gordon MO. Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39:2537-46.
20. Harrison RJ, Klouda PT, Easty DL, Manku M, Charles J, Stewart CM. Association between keratoconus and atopy. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:816-22.
21. McMonnies CW. Keratoconus fittings: apical clearance or apical support? Eye Contact Lens 2004;30:147-55.
22. McMonnies CW. The biomechanics of keratoconus and rigid contact lenses. Eye Contact Lens 2005;31:80-92.
23. McMonnies CW, Schief WK. Biomechanically coupled curvature transfer in normal and keratoconus corneal collagen. Eye Contact Lens 2006;32:51-62.
24. Gasset AR, Hinson WA, Frias JL. Keratoconus and atopic diseases. Ann Ophthalmol 1978;10:991-4.
25. Greiner JV, Leahy CD, Welter DA, Hearn SL, Weidman TA, Korb DR. Histopathology of the ocular surface after eye rubbing. Cornea 1997;16:327-32.
26. Karseras AG, Ruben M. Aetiology of keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1976;60:522-5.
27. Jafri B, Lichter H, Stulting RD. Asymmetric keratoconus attributed to eye rubbing. Cornea 2004;23:560-4.
28. Copeman PW. Eczema and keratoconus. BMJ 1965;2:977-9.
29. Lindsay RG, Bruce AS, Gutteridge IF. Keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to punctal agenesis. Cornea 2000;19: 567-9.
30. Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. Surv Ophthalmol 1998;42:297-319.
31. Yokoi K, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S. Impairment of ocular surface epithelium barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:797-800.
32. Phelan PD, Robertson CF, Olinsky A. The Melbourne Asthma Study: 1964-1999. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:189-94.
33. Abelson MB, Schaefer K. Conjunctivitis of allergic origin: immunologic mechanisms and current approaches to therapy. Surv Ophthalmol 1993;38 Suppl:115-32.
34. Anonymous. Nomenclature for keratoconus suspects. Refract Corneal Surg 1993;9:219-22.
35. Phillips AJ. Can true monocular keratoconus occur? Clin Exp Optom 2003;86:399-402.
36. Mahon L, Kent D. Can true monocular keratoconus occur? Clin Exp Optom 2004;87:126.
37. Lee LR, Hirst LW, Readshaw G. Clinical detection of unilateral keratoconus. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1995;23:129-33.
38. Holland DR, Maeda N, Hannush SB, Riveroll LH, Green MT, Klyce SD, Wilson SE. Unilateral keratoconus. Incidence and quantitative topographic analysis. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1409-13.
39. Li X, Rabinowitz YS, Rasheed K, Yang H. Longitudinal study of the normal eyes in unilateral keratoconus patients. Ophthalmology 2004;111:440-6.
40. Diniz CM, Tzelikis PF, Rodrigues Junior A, Alvim Hda S, Dantas RR, Figueredo AR. [Unilateral keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to nasolacrimal obstruction-case report]. Ar Qbras Oftalmol 2005;68:122-5.
41. Coyle JT. Keratoconus and eye rubbing. Am J Ophthalmol 1984;97: 527-8.
42. Ioannidis AS, Speedwell L, Nischal KK. Unilateral keratoconus in a child with chronic and persistent eye rubbing. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:356-7.
43. Rabinowitz YS, Dong L, Wistow G. Gene expression profile studies of human keratoconus cornea for NEIBank: a novel cornea-expressed gene and the absence of transcripts for aquaporin 5. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:1239-46.
44. Nielsen K, Heegaard S, Vorum H, Birkenkamp-Demtroder K, Ehlers N, Orntoft TF. Altered expression of CLC, DSG3, EMP3, S100A2, and SLPI in corneal epithelium from keratoconus patients. Cornea 2005;24:661-8.
45. Zadnik K, Steger-May K, Fink BA, Joslin CE, Nichols JJ, Rosenstiel CE, Tyler JA, Yu JA, Raasch TW, Schechtman KB. Between-eye asymmetry in keratoconus. Cornea 2002;21:671-9.
46. Vetter N, Matthews I. Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.
47. Greenberg RS, Daniels SR, Flanders WD, Eley JW, Boring JR III. Medical Epidemiology. New York: Lange Medical; 2001.
48. Cristina Kenney M, Brown DJ. The cascade hypothesis of keratoconus. Cont Lens Ant Eye 2003;26:139-46.
49. Wilson SE, He YG, Weng J, Li Q, McDowall AW, Vital M, Chwang EL. Epithelial injury induces keratocyte apoptosis: hypothesized role for the interleukin-1 system in the modulation of corneal tissue organization and wound healing. Exp Eye Res 1996;62:325-7.
50. Katz DL. Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2001.
51. Epstein A. Ask the doctor. National Keratoconus Foundation. Newsletter 2003;Summer:7.
52. Gritz DC, McDonnell PJ. Keratoconus and ocular massage. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:757-8.
53. Russell B. The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1959.
54. Howson C. Evidence and confirmation. In: Newton-Smith WH, ed. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publications; 2001:108-16.
55. Cross ARN. Cross on Evidence, Australian ed., by Gobbo JA, Byrne D, Heydon JD. Sydney: Butterworths; 1984.
56. Kennedy RH, Bourne WM, Dyer JA. A 48-year clinical and epidemiologic study of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;101:267-73.
57. Cameron JA, Al-Rajhi AA, Badr IA. Corneal ectasia in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1989;96:1615-23.
58. Jenicek M. Clinical Case Reporting in Evidence-Based Medicine. London: Arnold; 2001.
59. Vandenbroucke JP. In defense of case reports and case series. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:330-4.