Glycemic control in the ICU

Chest

Volumn 140, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 212-220

  Egi, Moritoki ^a   Finfer, Simon ^b   Bellomo, Rinaldo ^c  

^a OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c AUSTIN HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN;

ACCURACY; BELGIUM; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MEASUREMENT ERROR; MEDICAL RESEARCH; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT SAFETY; POINT OF CARE TESTING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC ERROR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79960435703     PISSN: 00123692     EISSN: 19313543     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-1478     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1359-1367.
2. Mizock BA. Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during stress: a review of the literature. Am J Med. 1995;98(1):75-84.
3. McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17(1):107-124. (Pubitemid 32163181)
4. Khaodhiar L, McCowen K, Bistrian B. Perioperative hyperglycemia, infection or risk? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999;2(1):79-82.
5. Robinson LE, van Soeren MH. Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in critical illness: role of insulin in glycemic control. AACN Clin Issues. 2004;15(1):45-62.
6. Gearhart MM, Parbhoo SK. Hyperglycemia in the critically ill patient. AACN Clin Issues. 2006;17(1):50-55.
7. Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW. Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA. 2003;290(15): 2041-2047. (Pubitemid 37430587)
8. Laird AM, Miller PR, Kilgo PD, Meredith JW, Chang MC. Relationship of early hyperglycemia to mortality in trauma patients. J Trauma. 2004;56(5):1058-1062. (Pubitemid 38788732)
9. Christiansen C, Toft P, Jørgensen HS, Andersen SK, Tønnesen E. Hyperglycaemia and mortality in critically ill patients. A prospective study. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(8): 1685-1688.
10. Suleiman M, Hammerman H, Boulos M, et al. Fasting glucose is an important independent risk factor for 30-day mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction:a prospective study. Circulation. 2005;111(6):754-760. (Pubitemid 40250636)
11. Badjatia N, Topcuoglu MA, Buonanno FS, et al. Relationship between hyperglycemia and symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(7): 1603-1609. (Pubitemid 40980619)
12. Bagdade JD, Stewart M, Walters E. Impaired granulocyte adherence. A reversible defect in host defense in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetes. 1978;27(6):677-681.
13. Mowat A, Baum J. Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1971;284(12):621-627.
14. Latham R, Lancaster AD, Covington JF, Pirolo JS, Thomas CS. The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2001;22(10):607-612. (Pubitemid 33152102)
15. Burkett E, Keijzers G, Lind J. The relationship between blood glucose level and QTc duration in the critically ill. Crit Care Resusc. 2009;11(1):8-13.
16. Mitchell I, Knight E, Gissane J, et al; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. A phase II randomised controlled trial of intensive insulin therapy in general intensive care patients. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(4):289-293.
17. Coursin DB, Connery LE, Ketzler JT. Perioperative diabetic and hyperglycemic management issues. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(suppl 4):S116-S125. (Pubitemid 38471500)
18. Malmberg K, Rydén L, Efendic S, et al. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26(1):57-65.
19. Malmberg K. Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ. 1997;314(7093):1512-1515.
20. Orford N, Stow P, Green D, Corke C. Safety and feasibility of an insulin adjustment protocol to maintain blood glucose concentrations within a narrow range in critically ill patients in an Australian level III adult intensive care unit. Crit Care Resusc. 2004;6(2):92-98.
21. Orford NR. Intensive insulin therapy in septic shock. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(3):230-234.
22. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(5):449-461. (Pubitemid 43200296)
23. Wang R, Lagakos SW, Ware JH, Hunter DJ, Drazen JM. Statistics in medicine - reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(21):2189-2194.
24. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, et al. Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(2): 359-366. (Pubitemid 36232926)
25. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al; International Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee; American Association of Critical-Care Nurses; American College of Chest Physicians; American College of Emergency Physicians; Canadian Critical Care Society; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; European Respiratory Society; International Sepsis Forum; Japanese Association for Acute Medicine; Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Hospital Medicine; Surgical Infection Society; World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sep sis and septic shock:2008. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1): 296-327.
26. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical intensive care units: benefit versus harm. Diabetes. 2006;55(11):3151-3159. (Pubitemid 44923655)
27. Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R. The need to reform our assessment of evidence from clinical trials: a commentary. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2008;3:23.
28. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, et al; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors; American College of Critical Care Medicine ;Society of Critical Care Medicine. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient:Society of Critical Care Medicine(SCCM)and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition(A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(3):277-316.
29. Martindale RG, McClave SA, Vanek VW, et al; American College of Critical Care Medicine; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: Executive Summary. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(5):1757-1761.
30. Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):387-400.
31. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in postoperative intensive care unit patients: a decision analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(4):407-413. (Pubitemid 43228328)
32. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al; German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet). Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(2):125-139.
33. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al; NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1283-1297.
34. Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(10):1738-1748.
35. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults:a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(8):933-944.
36. Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients:a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ. 2009;180(8):821-827.
37. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010;137(3):544-551.
38. Cahill NE, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, Jiang X, Heyland DK. Nutrition therapy in the critical care setting: what is "best achievable" practice? An international multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(2):395-401.
39. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. Early parenteral nutrition vs. standard care in the critically ill patient. ACTRN012605000704695. ANZICS.com. Carlton South, VIC, Australia: Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. http://www.anzics.com.au/ctg/current-research/65-early-pn. Accessed March 15, 2011.
40. National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Impact of early parenteral nutrition completing enteral nutrition in adult critically ill patients (EPaNIC). NCT00512122. ClinicalTrials. gov. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00512122?term=epanic&rank=1. Accessed March 15, 2011.
41. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, et al. Hypoglycemia and outcome in critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(3): 217-224.
42. Vriesendorp TM, DeVries JH, van Santen S, et al. Evaluation of short-term consequences of hypoglycemia in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(11):2714-2718.
43. Dotson S, Freeman R, Failing HJ, Adler GK. Hypoglycemia increases serum interleukin-6 levels in healthy men and women. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(6):1222-1223.
44. Schlenk F, Graetz D, Nagel A, Schmidt M, Sarrafzadeh AS. Insulin-related decrease in cerebral glucose despite normoglycemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care. 2008;12(1):R9.
45. Keller-Wood ME, Shinsako J, Dallman MF. Inhibition of the adrenocorticotropin and corticosteroid responses to hypoglycemia after prior stress. Endocrinology. 1983;113(2): 491-496.
46. Herlein JA, Morgan DA, Phillips BG, Haynes WG, Sivitz WI. Antecedent hypoglycemia, catecholamine depletion, and subsequent sympathetic neural responses. Endocrinology. 2006; 147(6):2781-2788.
47. Diéguez G, Fernández N, García JL, García-Villalón AL, Monge L, Gomez B. Role of nitric oxide in the effects of hypoglycemia on the cerebral circulation in awake goats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997;330(2-3):185-193.
48. Dagogo-Jack SE, Craft S, Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Recent antecedent hypoglycemia reduces autonomic responses to, symptoms of, and defense against subsequent hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(3):819-828.
49. Bellomo R, Egi M. What is a NICE-SUGAR for patients in the intensive care unit? Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(5):400-402.
50. Krinsley JS, Grover A. Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients:risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35(10):2262-2267.
51. Arabi YM, Tamim HM, Rishu AH. Hypoglycemia with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: predisposing factors and association with mortality. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37(9):2536-2544.
52. Vriesendorp TM, van Santen S, DeVries JH, et al. Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(1):96-101.
53. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G, Stow P. Circadian rhythm of blood glucose values in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):416-421.
54. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G. Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(2): 244-252.
55. Ali NA, O'Brien JM Jr, Dungan K, et al. Glucose variability and mortality in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36(8):2316-2321.
56. Hirshberg E, Larsen G, Van Duker H. Alterations in glucose homeostasis in the pediatric intensive care unit: hyperglycemia and glucose variability are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9(4): 361-366.
57. Dossett LA, Cao H, Mowery NT, Dortch MJ, Morris JM Jr, May AK. Blood glucose variability is associated with mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Am Surg. 2008;74(8): 679-685.
58. Waeschle RM, Moerer O, Hilgers R, Herrmann P, Neumann P, Quintel M. The impact of the severity of sepsis on the risk of hypoglycaemia and glycaemic variability. Crit Care. 2008; 12(5):R129.
59. Krinsley JS. Glycemic variability:a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(11):3008-3013.
60. Meyfroidt G, Keenan DM, Wang X, Wouters PJ, Veldhuis JD, Van den Berghe G. Dynamic characteristics of blood glucose time series during the course of critical illness: effects of intensive insulin therapy and relative association with mortality. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(4):1021-1029.
61. Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Assaloni R, Martinelli L, Motz E, Ceriello A. Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis related to oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: the role of protein kinase C and NAD(P)H-oxidase activation. Diabetes. 2003;52(11):2795-2804.
62. Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006;295(14):1681-1687.
63. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001;414(6865):813-820.
64. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes. 2005;54(6):1615-1625.
65. Watada H, Azuma K, Kawamori R. Glucose fluctuation on the progression of diabetic macroangiopathy - new findings from monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(suppl 1):S58-S61.
66. Azuma K, Kawamori R, Toyofuku Y, et al. Repetitive fluctuations in blood glucose enhance monocyte adhesion to the endothelium of rat thoracic aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26(10):2275-2280.
67. Risso A, Mercuri F, Quagliaro L, Damante G, Ceriello A. Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;281(5):E924-E930.
68. Scott MG, Bruns DE, Boyd JC, Sacks DB. Tight glucose control in the intensive care unit: are glucose meters up to the task? Clin Chem. 2009;55(1):18-20.
69. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307-310.
70. Finkielman JD, Oyen LJ, Afessa B. Agreement between bedside blood and plasma glucose measurement in the ICU setting. Chest. 2005;127(5):1749-1751.
71. Neely RD, Kiwanuka JB, Hadden DR. Influence of sample type on the interpretation of the oral glucose tolerance test for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1991;8(2):129-134.
72. D'Orazio P, Burnett RW, Fogh-Andersen N, et al; International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Scientific Division Working Group on Selective Electrodes and Point of Care Testing. Approved IFCC recommendation on reporting results for blood glucose (abbreviated). Clin Chem. 2005;51(9):1573-1576.
73. D'Orazio P, Burnett RW, Fogh-Andersen N, et al; IFCC-SD-WG-SEPOCT. Approved IFCC recommendation on reporting results for blood glucose: International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Scientific Divi sion, Working Group on Selective Electrodes and Point-of-Care Testing (IFCC-SD-WG-SEPOCT). Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(12):1486-1490.
74. Dungan K, Chapman J, Braithwaite SS, Buse J. Glucose measurement: confounding issues in setting targets for inpatient management. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(2):403-409.
75. Louie RF, Tang Z, Sutton DV, Lee JH, Kost GJ. Point-of-care glucose testing:effects of critical care variables, influence of reference instruments, and a modular glucose meter design. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(2):257-266.
76. Hoedemaekers CW, Klein Gunnewiek JM, Prinsen MA, Willems JL, Van der Hoeven JG. Accuracy of bedside glucose measurement from three glucometers in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(11):3062-3066.
77. Vanavanan S, Santanirand P, Chaichanajarernkul U, et al. Performance of a new interference-resistant glucose meter. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(1-2):186-192.
78. Tang Z, Louie RF, Payes M, Chang KC, Kost GJ. Oxygen effects on glucose measurements with a reference analyzer and three handheld meters. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000; 2(3):349-362.
79. Kilpatrick ES, Rumley AG, Smith EA. Variations in sample pH and pO2 affect ExacTech meter glucose measurements. Diabet Med. 1994;11(5):506-509.
80. Rice MJ, Pitkin AD, Coursin DB. Review article: glucose measurement in the operating room: more complicated than it seems. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(4):1056-1065.
81. Fahy BG, Coursin DB. Critical glucose control: the devil is in the details. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(4):394-397.
82. Executive summary: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1):S4-S10.
83. Olson DE, Rhee MK, Herrick K, Ziemer DC, Twombly JG, Phillips LS. Screening for diabetes and pre-diabetes with proposed A1C-based diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(10):2184-2189.
84. Ziemer DC, Kolm P, Weintraub WS, et al. Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels:a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(12):770-777.
85. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(1):17-60.
86. Collier B, Diaz J Jr, Forbes R, et al. The impact of a normoglycemic management protocol on clinical outcomes in the trauma intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005;29(5):353-358.
87. Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79(8):992-1000.
88. Zimmerman CR, Mlynarek ME, Jordan JA, Rajda CA, Horst HM. An insulin infusion protocol in critically ill cardiothoracic surgery patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(7-8): 1123-1129.
89. Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, et al. Blood glucose concentration and outcome of critical illness: the impact of diabetes. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(8):2249-2255.
90. Rady MY, Johnson DJ, Patel BM, Larson JS, Helmers RA. Influence of individual characteristics on outcome of glycemic control in intensive care unit patients with or without diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(12):1558-1567.
91. Krinsley JS. Glycemic control, diabetic status, and mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients before and during the era of intensive glycemic management:six and one-half years experience at a university-affiliated community hospital. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;18(4): 317-325.
92. Whitcomb BW, Pradhan EK, Pittas AG, Roghmann MC, Perencevich EN. Impact of admission hyperglycemia on hospital mortality in various intensive care unit populations. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(12):2772-2777.
93. Falciglia M, Freyberg RW, Almenoff PL, D'Alessio DA, Render ML. Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(12):3001-3009.
94. Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(3):978-982.
95. Moghissi ES. Reexamining the evidence for inpatient glucose control: new recommendations for glycemic targets. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(16 suppl 8):S3-S8.
96. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1):S11-S61.
97. Blaha J, Kopecky P, Matias M, et al. Comparison of three protocols for tight glycemic control in cardiac surgery patients. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):757-761.
98. Eslami S, Abu-Hanna A, de Jonge E, de Keizer NF. Tight glycemic control and computerized decision-support systems: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(9): 1505-1517.