Antiretroviral therapy for HIV-2 infection: Recommendations for management in low-resource settings

AIDS Research and Treatment

Volumn 2011, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Peterson, Kevin ^a   Jallow, Sabelle ^b   Rowland Jones, Sarah L ^b   De Silva, Thushan I ^a,c  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LABORATORIES   (Gambia)

^b JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960155810     PISSN: 20901240     EISSN: 20901259     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2011/463704     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Damond F., Worobey M., Campa P., Farfara I., Colin G., Matheron S., Brun-Vézinet F., Robertson D. L., Simon F., Identification of a highly divergent HIV type 2 and proposal for a change in HIV type 2 classification. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2004 20 6 666 672 2-s2.0-3042645081 10.1089/0889222041217392 (Pubitemid 38813665)
2. Jaffar S., Grant A. D., Whitworth J., Smith P. G., Whittle H., The natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in adults in Africa: a literature review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2004 82 6 462 469 2-s2.0-3042664676 (Pubitemid 38828433)
3. Poulsen A. G., Aaby P., Larsen O., Jensen H., Nauclér A., Lisse I. M., Christiansen C. B., Dias F., Melbye M., 9-year HIV-2-associated mortality in an urban community in Bissau, West Africa. Lancet 1997 349 9056 911 914 2-s2.0-0030934469 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04402-9 (Pubitemid 27139820)
4. Whittle H., Morris J., Todd J., Corrah T., Sabally S., Bangali J., Ngom P. T., Rolfe M., Wilkins A., HIV-2-infected patients survive longer than HlV-1-infected patients. AIDS 1994 8 11 1617 1620 2-s2.0-0027972124
5. Martinez-Steele E., Awasana A. A., Corrah T., Sabally S., Van Der Sande M., Jaye A., Togun T., Sarge-Njie R., McConkey S. J., Whittle H., Schim Van Der Loeff M. F., Is HIV-2- induced AIDS different from HIV-1-associated AIDS? Data from a West African clinic. AIDS 2007 21 3 317 324 2-s2.0-33846572410 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011d7ab (Pubitemid 46175044)
6. Schim van der Loeff M. F., Aaby P., Towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV-2. AIDS 1999 13, supplement S69 S84 2-s2.0-0002315910
7. Isaka Y., Miki S., Kawauchi S., Suyama A., Sugimoto H., Adachi A., Miura T., Hayami M., Yoshie O., Fujiwara T., Sato A., A single amino acid change at Leu-188 in the reverse transcriptase of HIV-2 and SIV renders them sensitive to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Archives of Virology 2001 146 4 743 755 2-s2.0-0035016048 10.1007/s007050170143 (Pubitemid 32437309)
8. Witvrouw M., Pannecouque C., Switzer W. M., Folks T. M., De Clercq E., Heneine W., Susceptibility of HIV-2, SIV and SHIV to various anti-HIV-1 compounds: implications for treatment and postexposure prophylaxis. Antiviral Therapy 2004 9 1 57 65 2-s2.0-1542319002 (Pubitemid 38313948)
9. http://data.unaids.org/Publications/External-DocumentsRestored/ whoepicountryprofilesafrica2002-en.pdf
10. Poulsen A. G., Aaby P., Gottschau A., Kvinesdal B. B., Dias F., Molbak K., Lauritzen E., HIV-2 infection in Bissau, West Africa, 1987-1989: incidence, prevalences, and routes of transmission. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1993 6 8 941 948 2-s2.0-0027197545 (Pubitemid 23207463)
11. Da Silva Z. J., Liveira I., Andersen A., Dias F., Rodrigues A., Holmgren B., Andersson S., Aaby P., Changes in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual infections in urban areas of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: is HIV-2 disappearing? AIDS 2008 22 10 1195 1202 2-s2.0-50949123267 10.1097/QAD. 0b013e328300a33d
12. Van Tienen C., cvantienen@mrc.gm Van Der Loeff M. F., Zaman S. M.A., Vincent T., Sarge-Njie R., Peterson I., Leligdowicz A., Jaye A., Rowland-Jones S., Aaby P., Whittle H., Two distinct epidemics: the rise of HIV-1 and decline of HIV-2 infection between 1990 and 2007 in rural guinea-bissau. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010 53 5 640 647 10.1097/QAI. 0b013e3181bf1a25
13. Wilkins A., Ricard D., Todd J., Whittle H., Dias F., Da Silva A. P., The epidemiology of HIV infection in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau. AIDS 1993 7 8 1119 1122 2-s2.0-0027260334 (Pubitemid 23246458)
14. Dietrich U., Maniar J. K., Rubsamen-Waigmann H., The epidemiology of HIV in India. Trends in Microbiology 1995 3 1 17 21 2-s2.0-0028836386 10.1016/S0966-842X(00)88863-0
15. Smallman-Raynor M., Cliff A., The spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 into Europe: a geographical analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 1991 20 2 480 489 2-s2.0-0025923723
16. Santos-Ferreira M. O., Cohen T., Lourenco M. H., Matos Almeida M. J., Chamaret S., Montagnier L., A study of seroprevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in six provinces of People's Republic of Angola: clues to the spread of HIV infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1990 3 8 780 786 2-s2.0-0025126732 (Pubitemid 20280606)
17. Barreto J., Liljestrand J., Palha de Sousa C., Bergstrom S., Bottiger B., Biberfeld G., De la Cruz F., HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in pregnant women in the city of Maputo, Mozambique: a comparative study between 1982/1983 and 1990. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1993 25 6 685 688 2-s2.0-0027716689 (Pubitemid 24017076)
18. Cortes E., Detels R., Aboulafia D., Li X. L., Moudgil T., Alam M., Bonecker C., Gonzaga A., Oyafuso L., Tondo M., Boite C., Hammershlak N., Capitani C., Slamon D. J., Ho D. D., HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I infection in high-risk groups in Brazil. New England Journal of Medicine 1989 320 15 953 958 2-s2.0-0024522042 (Pubitemid 19101611)
19. Balzarini J., Current status of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2004 4 9 921 944 2-s2.0-2942524068 10.2174/1568026043388420 (Pubitemid 38864691)
20. Johnson V. A., Brun-Vezinet F., Clotet B., Gunthard H. F., Kuritzkes D. R., Pillay D., Schapiro J. M., Richman D. D., Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1: December 2009. Topics in HIV Medicine 2009 17 5 138 145 2-s2.0-77949324191
21. HIVdb: Genotypic Resistance Interpretation Algorithm, Stanford University: HIV Drug Resistance Database. http://sierra2.stanford.edu/sierra/ servlet/JSierra
22. Giuseppe L., Soria A., Gori A., Pharmacotherapy of HIV: focus on etravirine. Clinical Medicine 2009 1 483 494
23. Siegel L., Gulick R. M., New antiretroviral agents. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2007 9 3 243 251 2-s2.0-34248339168 10.1007/s11908-007-0038-8 (Pubitemid 46736262)
24. Reid P., MacInnes H., Cong M. E., Heneine W., García-Lerma J. G., Natural resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 to zidovudine. Virology 2005 336 2 251 264 2-s2.0-18844390284 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.030 (Pubitemid 40693959)
25. Smith R. A., Gottlieb G. S., Anderson D. J., Pyrak C. L., Preston B. D., Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 exhibit comparable sensitivities to zidovudine and other nucleoside analog inhibitors in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2008 52 1 329 332 2-s2.0-37849043631 10.1128/AAC.01004-07
26. Ntemgwa M. L., Toni T. D., Brenner B. G., Oliveira M., Asahchop E. L., Moisi D., Wainberg M. A., Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs select in culture for different patterns of drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2009 53 2 708 715 2-s2.0-59749087787 10.1128/AAC.01109-08
27. Jallow S., Kaye S., Alabi A., Aveika A., Sarge-Njie R., Sabally S., Corrah T., Whittle H., Vanham G., Rowland-Jones S., Janssens W., McConkey S. J., Virological and immunological response to Combivir and emergence of drug resistance mutations in a cohort of HIV-2 patients in The Gambia. AIDS 2006 20 10 1455 1458 2-s2.0-33745441758 10.1097/01.aids.0000233582.64467.8e (Pubitemid 43948255)
28. Van Der Ende M. E., Prins J. M., Brinkman K., Keuter M., Veenstra J., Danner S. A., Niesters H. G. M., Osterhaus A. D. M. E., Schutten M., Clinical, immunological and virological response to different antiretroviral regimens in a cohort of HIV-2-infected patients. AIDS 2003 17 3 S55 S61 2-s2.0-0043033106 (Pubitemid 36951670)
29. Adjé-Touré C. A., Cheingsong R., Garcìa-Lerma J. G., Eholié S., Borget M. Y., Bouchez J. M., Otten R. A., Maurice C., Sassan-Morokro M., Ekpini R. E., Nolan M., Chorba T., Heneine W., Nkengasong J. N., Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-2-infected patients: changes in plasma viral load, CD4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of patients treated in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. AIDS 2003 17 supplement 3 S49 S54 2-s2.0-0042128342 (Pubitemid 36951669)
30. Smith R. A., Anderson D. J., Pyrak C. L., Preston B. D., Gottlieb G. S., Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-2: three amino acid changes are sufficient for classwide nucleoside analogue resistance. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009 199 9 1323 1326 2-s2.0-65649146417 10.1086/597802
31. Kuritzkes D. R., Bassett R. L., Hazelwood J. D., Barrett H., Rhodes R. A., Young R. K., Johnson V. A., Rate of thymidine analogue resistance mutation accumulation with zidovudine- or stavudine-based regimens. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2004 36 1 600 603 2-s2.0-2142650638 10.1097/00126334-200405010-00008 (Pubitemid 38544509)
32. Rodés B., Holguín A., Soriano V., Dourana M., Mansinho K., Antunes F., González-Lahoz J., Emergence of drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000 38 4 1370 1374 2-s2.0-0033999842 (Pubitemid 30216656)
33. Brandin E., Lindborg L., Gyllensten K., Broström C., Hagberg L., Gisslen M., Tuvesson B., Blaxhult A., Albert J., pol gene sequence variation in Swedish HIV-2 patients failing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2003 19 7 543 550 2-s2.0-0041366926 10.1089/088922203322230905 (Pubitemid 36900572)
34. Jallow S., Alabi A., Sarge-Njie R., Peterson K., Whittle H., Corrah T., Jaye A., Cotten M., Vanham G., McConkey S. J., Rowland-Jones S., Janssens W., Virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and in patients dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 in the gambia and emergence of drug-resistant variants. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2009 47 7 2200 2208 2-s2.0-67650034266 10.1128/JCM.01654-08
35. Gottlieb G. S., Badiane N. M. D., Hawes S. E., Fortes L., Toure M., Ndour C. T., Starling A. K., Traore F., Sall F., Wong K. G., Cherne S. L., Anderson D. J., Dye S. A., Smith R. A., Mullins J. I., Kiviat N. B., Sow P. S., Emergence of multiclass drug-resistance in HIV-2 in antiretroviral-treated individuals in Senegal: implications for HIV-2 treatment in resouce-limited West Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009 48 4 476 483 2-s2.0-58749087228 10.1086/596504
36. Colson P., Henry M., Tivoli N., Gallais H., Gastaut J. A., Moreau J., Tamalet C., Polymorphism and drug-selected mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene of HIV-2 from patients living in Southeastern France. Journal of Medical Virology 2005 75 3 381 390 2-s2.0-12944265178 10.1002/jmv.20296 (Pubitemid 40175902)
37. Nkengasong J. N., Adje-Toure C., Weidle P. J., HIV antiretroviral drug resistance in Africa. AIDS Reviews 2004 6 1 4 12 2-s2.0-2342662220 (Pubitemid 38607536)
38. Moyle G. J., The K65R mutation: selection, frequency, and possible consequences. AIDS Reader 2004 14 11 595 601 2-s2.0-19944427117
39. Damond F., Matheron S., Peytavin G., Campa P., Taieb A., Collin G., Delaunay C., Chêne G., Brun-Vézinet F., Descamps D., Selection of K65R mutation in HIV-2-infected patients receiving tenofovir-containing regimen. Antiviral Therapy 2004 9 4 635 636 2-s2.0-4344674318 (Pubitemid 39150222)
40. Descamps D., Damond F., Matheron S., Collin G., Campa P., Delarue S., Pueyo S., Chêne G., Brun-Vézinet F., High frequency of selection of K65R and Q151M mutations in HIV-2 infected patients receiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors containing regimen. Journal of Medical Virology 2004 74 2 197 201 2-s2.0-4344603602 10.1002/jmv.20174 (Pubitemid 39150384)
41. Ntemgwa M. L., Toni T. D., Brenner B. G., Camacho R. J., Wainberg M. A., Antiretroviral drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2009 53 9 3611 3619 2-s2.0-70349091852 10.1128/AAC.00154-09
42. Tong L., Pav S., Pargellis C., Do F., Lamarre D., Anderson P. C., Crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 protease in complex with a reduced amide inhibitor and comparison with HIV-1 protease structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993 90 18 8387 8391 2-s2.0-0027321544 (Pubitemid 23277673)
43. Damond F., Brun-Vezinet F., Matheron S., Peytavin G., Campa P., Pueyo S., Mammano F., Lastere S., Farfara I., Simon F., Chene G., Descamps D., Polymorphism of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) protease gene and selection of drug resistance mutations in HIV-2-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005 43 1 484 487 2-s2.0-19944429697 10.1128/JCM.43.1.484-487.2005 (Pubitemid 40096351)
44. Hightower M., Kallas E. G., Diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, and emergence of resistance to antiretroviral agents in HIV-2 infection: a review. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003 7 1 7 15 2-s2.0-0142062156
45. Colson P., Henry M., Tourres C., Lozachmeur D., Gallais H., Gastaut J. A., Moreau J., Tamalet C., Polymorphism and drug-selected mutations in the protease gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from patients living in Southern France. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004 42 2 570 577 2-s2.0-1242269308 10.1128/JCM.42.2.570-577.2004 (Pubitemid 38222630)
46. Ntemgwa M., Brenner B. G., Oliveira M., Moisi D., Wainberg M. A., Natural polymorphisms in the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 protease can accelerate time to development of resistance to protease inhibitors. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2007 51 2 604 610 2-s2.0-33846648687 10.1128/AAC.00870-06 (Pubitemid 46185279)
47. Pichova I., Weber J., Litera J., Peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases: a comparative study. Leukemia 1997 11 supplement 3 120 122 (Pubitemid 27313459)
48. Rodés B., Toro C., Sheldon J. A., Jiménez V., Mansinho K., Soriano V., High rate of proV47A selection in HIV-2 patients failing lopinavir-based HAART. AIDS 2006 20 1 127 129 2-s2.0-29144436631 (Pubitemid 41818127)
49. Martin J. A., Mobberley M. A., Redshaw S., Burke A., Tyms A. S., Ryder T. A., The inhibitory activity of a peptide derivative against the growth of simian immunodeficiency virus in C8166 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1991 176 1 180 188 2-s2.0-0025738857
50. Patick A. K., Mo H., Markowitz M., Appelt K., Wu B., Musick L., Kalish V., Kaldor S., Reich S., Ho D., Webber S., Antiviral and resistance studies of AG1343, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1996 40 2 292 297 2-s2.0-13344275873 (Pubitemid 26053135)
51. Vacca J. P., Dorsey B. D., Schleif W. A., Levin R. B., McDaniel S. L., Darke P. L., Zugay J., Quintero J. C., Blahy O. M., Roth E., Sardana V. V., Schlabach A. J., Graham P. I., Condra J. H., Gotlib L., Holloway M. K., Lin J., Chen-I. W., Vastag K.,.,.,.,., L-735,524: an orally bioavailable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994 91 9 4096 4100 2-s2.0-0028222149 (Pubitemid 24139580)
52. Kempf D. J., Marsh K. C., Denissen J. F., McDonald E., Vasavanonda S., Flentge C. A., Green B. E., Fino L., Park C. H., Kong X. P., Wideburg N. E., Saldivar A., Ruiz L., Kati W. M., Sham H. L., Robins T., Stewar K. D., Hsu A., Plattner J. J., Leonard J. M., Norbeck D. W., ABT-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995 92 7 2484 2488 2-s2.0-0028968902 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2484
53. Rodés B., Sheldon J., Toro C., Jiménez V., Álvarez M. A., Soriano V., Susceptibility to protease inhibitors in HIV-2 primary isolates from patients failing antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2006 57 4 709 713 2-s2.0-33645121140 10.1093/jac/dkl034
54. Brower E. T., Bacha U. M., Kawasaki Y., Freire E., Inhibition of HIV-2 protease by HIV-1 protease inhibitors in clinical use. Chemical Biology and Drug Design 2008 71 4 298 305 2-s2.0-40449087448 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00647.x (Pubitemid 351347797)
55. Desbois D., Roquebert B., Peytavin G., Damond F., Collin G., Bénard A., Campa P., Matheron S., Chêne G., Brun-Vézinet F., Descamps D., In vitro phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 clinical isolates to protease inhibitors. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2008 52 4 1545 1548 2-s2.0-42049104340 10.1128/AAC.01284-07 (Pubitemid 351522031)
56. Smith R. A., Hawes S. E., Toure M., Toward optimal antiretroviral therapy for HIV-2: can genotypic and phenotypic drug resistance testing help guide therapy in HIV-2? Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2010 San Francisco, Calif, USA. Abstract 597
57. Kempf D. J., Isaacson J. D., King M. S., Brun S. C., Sylte J., Richards B., Bernstein B., Rode R., Sun E., Analysis of the virological response with respect to baseline viral phenotype and genotype in protease inhibitor-experienced HIV-1-infected patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir therapy. Antiviral Therapy 2002 7 3 165 174 2-s2.0-0036768328 (Pubitemid 36427141)
58. Mo H., King M. S., King K., Molla A., Brun S., Kempf D. J., Selection of resistance in protease inhibitor-experienced, human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects failing lopinavir- and ritonavir-based therapy: mutation patterns and baseline correlates. Journal of Virology 2005 79 6 3329 3338 2-s2.0-14744283486 10.1128/JVI.79.6.3329-3338.2005 (Pubitemid 40330935)
59. Kagan R. M., Shenderovich M. D., Heseltine P. N. R., Ramnarayan K., Structural analysis of an HIV-1 protease I47A mutant resistant to the protease inhibitor lopinavir. Protein Science 2005 14 7 1870 1878 2-s2.0-22244462118 10.1110/ps.051347405 (Pubitemid 40994157)
60. Friend J., Parkin N., Liegler T., Martin J. N., Deeks S. G., Isolated lopinavir resistance after virological rebound of a ritonavir/lopinavir-based regimen. AIDS 2004 18 14 1965 1966 2-s2.0-4744349522 10.1097/00002030-200409240- 00016 (Pubitemid 39313216)
61. Masse S., Lu X., Dekhtyar T., Lu L., Koev G., Gao F., Mo H., Kempf D., Bernstein B., Hanna G. J., Molla A., In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with decreased susceptibility to lopinavir. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2007 51 9 3075 3080 2-s2.0-35948950183 10.1128/AAC.00146-07 (Pubitemid 350067511)
62. Ruelle J., Roman F., Vandenbroucke A. T., Lambert C., Fransen K., Echahidi F., Piérard D., Verhofstede C., Van Laethem K., Delforge M. L., Vaira D., Schmit J. C., Goubau P., Transmitted drug resistance, selection of resistance mutations and moderate antiretroviral efficacy in HIV-2: analysis of the HIV-2 Belgium and Luxembourg database. BMC Infectious Diseases 2008 8, article no. 21 2-s2.0-42249099057 10.1186/1471-2334-8-21 (Pubitemid 351546581)
63. Sarfo F. S., Bibby D. F., Schwab U., Appiah L. T., Clark D. A., Collini P., Phillips R., Green I., Dittmar M. T., Chadwick D. R., Inadvertent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based antiretroviral therapy in dual HIV-1/2 and HIV-2 seropositive West Africans: a retrospective study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2009 64 3 667 669 2-s2.0-69049096138 10.1093/jac/dkp216
64. Rodes B., Toro C., Colombatti R., Selection of the K65R mutation in HIV-2 patients exposed to abacavir. Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Retrovirology and Opportunistic Infections 2008 Boston, Mass, USA. Abstract 885
65. Bénard A., Damond F., Campa P., Peytavin G., Descamps D., Lascoux-Combes C., Taieb A., Simon F., Autran B., Brun-Vézinet F., Chêne G., Matheron S., Good response to lopinavir/ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in antiretroviral-naive HIV-2-infected patients. AIDS 2009 23 9 1171 1173 2-s2.0-67651123217 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832949f0
66. Barreiro P., Soriano V., Suboptimal CD4 gains in HIV-infected patients receiving didanosine plus tenofovir. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2006 57 5 806 809 2-s2.0-33645803189 10.1093/jac/dkl045
67. Pozniak A. L., Gallant J. E., DeJesus E., Arribas J. R., Gazzard B., Campo R. E., Chen S. S., McColl D., Enejosa J., Toole J. J., Cheng A. K., Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz versus fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: virologic, immunologic, and morphologic changes-a 96-week analysis. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2006 43 5 535 540 2-s2.0-33845354174 10.1097/01.qai.0000245886.51262.67 (Pubitemid 44885619)
68. Gallant J. E., Dejesus E., Arribas J. R., Pozniak A. L., Gazzard B., Campo R. E., Lu B., McColl D., Chuck S., Enejosa J., Toole J. J., Cheng A. K., Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. New England Journal of Medicine 2006 354 3 251 260 2-s2.0-30944468562 10.1056/NEJMoa051871 (Pubitemid 43113030)
69. Post F. A., Moyle G. J., Stellbrink H. J., Domingo P., Podzamczer D., Fisher M., Norden A. G., Cavassini M., Rieger A., Khuong-Josses M. A., Branco T., Pearce H. C., Givens N., Vavro C., Lim M. L., Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010 55 1 49 57 2-s2.0-77953266037 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181dd911e
70. Sax P. E., Tierney C., Collier A. C., Fischl M. A., Mollan K., Peeples L., Godfrey C., Jahed N. C., Myers L., Katzenstein D., Farajallah A., Rooney J. F., Ha B., Woodward W. C., Koletar S. L., Johnson V. A., Geiseler P. J., Daar E. S., Abacavir-lamivudine versus tenofovir-emtricitabine for initial HIV-1 therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 2009 361 23 2230 2240 2-s2.0-73349134686 10.1056/NEJMoa0906768
71. Rodriguez-Nvoa S., Alvarez E., Labarga P., Soriano V., Renal toxicity associated with tenofovir use. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2010 9 4 545 559 2-s2.0-77953770191 10.1517/14740331003627458
72. Orkin C., Sadiq S. T., Rice L., Jackson F., Prospective epidemiological study of the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B5701 in HIV-1-infected UK subjects. HIV Medicine 2010 11 3 187 192 2-s2.0-75749085418 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00762.x
73. Yindom L.-M., Leligdowicz A., Martin M. P., Gao X., Qi Y., Zaman S. M. A., Van Der Loeff M. F., Van Tienen C., Jaye A., Aveika A., Worwui A., Diatta M., Vincent T., Whittle H. C., Rowland-Jones S. L., Walton R., Carrington M., carringm@mail.nih.gov Influence of HLA class I and HLA-KIR compound genotypes on HIV-2 infection and markers of disease progression in a Manjako community in West Africa. Journal of Virology 2010 84 16 8202 8208 10.1128/JVI.00116-10
74. Global Price Reporting Mechanism, 2010, http://apps.who.int/hiv/amds/ price/hdd/index.aspx
75. Petrella M., Wainberg M. A., Might the M184V substitution in HIV-1 RT confer clinical benefit? AIDS Reviews 2002 4 4 224 232 2-s2.0-0036822850 (Pubitemid 36104233)
76. Wakefield J. K., Jablonski S. A., Morrow C. D., In vitro enzymatic activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutants in the highly conserved YMDD amino acid motif correlates with the infectious potential of the proviral genome. Journal of Virology 1992 66 11 6806 6812 2-s2.0-0026757344
77. Alabi A. S., Jaffar S., Ariyoshi K., Blanchard T., Schim Van Der Loeff M., Awasana A. A., Corrah T., Sabally S., Sarge-Njie R., Cham-Jallow F., Jaye A., Berry N., Whittle H., Plasma viral load, CD4 cell percentage, HLA and survival of HIV-1, HIV-2, and dually infected Gambian patients. AIDS 2003 17 10 1513 1520 2-s2.0-0041867779 10.1097/00002030-200307040-00012 (Pubitemid 36900552)
78. Rodés B., Toro C., Jiménez V., Soriano V., Viral response to antiretroviral therapy in a patient coinfected with HIV type 1 and type 2. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005 41 2 e19 e21 2-s2.0-33645110510
79. de Silva T., Van Tienen C., Rowland-Jones S., Cotten M., Dual infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2: double trouble or destructive interference? HIV Therapy 2010 4 305 323
80. Reeves J. D., Doms R. W., Human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Journal of General Virology 2002 83 6 1253 1265 2-s2.0-0036268538 (Pubitemid 34591319)
81. Daar E. S., Kesler K. L., Petropoulos C. J., Huang W., Bates M., Lail A. E., Coakley E. P., Gomperts E. D., Donfield S. M., Baseline HIV type 1 coreceptor tropism predicts disease progression. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007 45 5 643 649 2-s2.0-34548235885 10.1086/520650 (Pubitemid 47328648)
82. Willey S., Peters P. J., Sullivan W. M., Dorr P., Perros M., Clapham P. R., Inhibition of CCR5-mediated infection by diverse R5 and R5X4 HIV and SIV isolates using novel small molecule inhibitors of CCR5: effects of viral diversity, target cell and receptor density. Antiviral Research 2005 68 2 96 108 2-s2.0-27644593773 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.006 (Pubitemid 41565524)
83. Armstrong-James D., Stebbing J., Scourfield A., Smit E., Ferns B., Pillay D., Nelson M., Clinical outcome in resistant HIV-2 infection treated with raltegravir and maraviroc. Antiviral Research 2010 86 2 224 226 2-s2.0-77951298322 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.324
84. Owen S. M., Ellenberger D., Rayfield M., Wiktor S., Michel P., Grieco M. H., Gao F., Hahn B. H., Lal R. B., Genetically divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 use multiple coreceptors for viral entry. Journal of Virology 1998 72 7 5425 5432 2-s2.0-0031747199 (Pubitemid 28283323)
85. Shi Y., Brandin E., Vincic E., Jansson M., Blaxhult A., Glyllensten K., Moberg L., Broström C., Fenyö E. M., Albert J., Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 coreceptor usage, autologous neutralization, envelope sequence and glycosylation. Journal of General Virology 2005 86 12 3385 3396 2-s2.0-28044433655 10.1099/vir.0.81259-0 (Pubitemid 41685173)
86. Lennox J. L., DeJesus E., Berger D. S., Lazzarin A., Pollard R. B., Ramalho Madruga J. V., Zhao J., Wan H., Gilbert C. L., Teppler H., Rodgers A. J., Barnard R., Miller M. D., DiNubile M. J., Nguyen B. Y., Leavitt R., Sklar P., Raltegravir versus efavirenz regimens in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy, durability, subgroup, safety, and metabolic analyses. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010 55 1 39 48 2-s2.0-77953126319 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181da1287
87. Steigbigel R. T., Cooper D. A., Teppler H., Eron J. J., Gatell J. M., Kumar P. N., Rockstroh J. K., Schlechter M., Katlama C., Markowitz M., Yeni P., Loutfy M. R., Lazzarin A., Lennox J. L., Clotet B., Zhao J., Wan H., Rhodes R. R., Strohmaier K. M., Barnard R. J., Isaacs R. D., Nguyen B. Y. T., Long-term efficacy and safety of raltegravir combined with optimized background therapy in treatmentexperienced patients with drugresistant hiv infection: week 96 results of the benchmrk 1 and 2 phase III trials. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010 50 4 605 612 2-s2.0-75749107023 10.1086/650002
88. Roquebert B., Damond F., Collin G., Matheron S., Peytavin G., Bénard A., Campa P., Chêne G., Brun-Vézinet F., Descamps D., HIV-2 integrase gene polymorphism and phenotypic susceptibility of HIV-2 clinical isolates to the integrase inhibitors raltegravir and elvitegravir in vitro. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008 62 5 914 920 2-s2.0-54549099338 10.1093/jac/dkn335
89. Garrido C., Geretti A. M., Zahonero N., Booth C., Strang A., Soriano V., De Mendoza C., Integrase variability and susceptibility to HIV integrase inhibitors: impact of subtypes, antiretroviral experience and duration of HIV infection. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2010 65 2 320 326 2-s2.0-77949497696 10.1093/jac/dkp423
90. Damond F., Lariven S., Roquebert B., Males S., Peytavin G., Morau G., Toledano D., Descamps D., Brun-Vezinet F., Matheron S., Virological and immunological response to HAART regimen containing integrase inhibitors in HIV-2-infected patients. AIDS 2008 22 5 665 666 2-s2.0-43149114678 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f51203 (Pubitemid 351640604)
91. Garrett N., Xu L., Smit E., Ferns B., El-Gadi S., Anderson J., Raltegravir treatment response in an HIV-2 infected patient: a case report. AIDS 2008 22 9 1091 1092 2-s2.0-44449096529 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f9b165 (Pubitemid 351769751)
92. Salgado M., Toro C., Simón A., Garrido C., Blanco F., Soriano V., Rodés B., Mutation N155H in HIV-2 integrase confers high phenotypic resistance to raltegravir and impairs replication capacity. Journal of Clinical Virology 2009 46 2 173 175 2-s2.0-69449092080 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.020
93. Ota M. O. C., O'Donovan D., Alabi A. S., Milligan P., Yamuah L. K., N'Gom PA. T., Harding E., Ariyoshi K., Wilkins A., Whittle H. C., Maternal HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection and child survival in the Gambia. AIDS 2000 14 4 435 439 2-s2.0-0034030452 10.1097/00002030-200003100-00018 (Pubitemid 30182441)
94. Lorenzi P., Spicher V. M., Laubereau B., Kind C., Irion O., Kaiser L., Antiretroviral therapies in pregnancy: maternal, fetal and neonatal effects. AIDS 1998 12 18 F241 F247 (Pubitemid 28558591)
95. Mirochnick M., Capparelli E., Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in pregnant women. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2004 43 15 1071 1087 2-s2.0-10944246142 10.2165/00003088-200443150-00002 (Pubitemid 40013177)
96. Van Der Lugt J., Colbers A., Burger D., Clinical pharmacology of HIV protease inhibitors in pregnancy. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2008 3 6 620 626 2-s2.0-67649628165 10.1097/COH.0b013e3283136cc5
97. Best B. M., brookie@ucsd.edu Stek A. M., Mirochnick M., Hu C., Li H., Burchett S. K., Rossi S. S., Smith E., Read J. S., Capparelli E. V., Lopinavir tablet pharmacokinetics with an increased dose during pregnancy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010 54 4 381 388 10.1097/QAI. 0b013e3181d6c9ed
98. van der Lugt J., Colbers A., Molto J., Hawkins D., van der Ende M., Vogel M., Wyen C., Schutz M., Koopmans P., Ruxrungtham K., Richter C., Burgers D., The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of boosted saquinavir tablets in HIV type-1-infected Pregnant women. Antiviral Therapy 2009 14 3 443 450 2-s2.0-67649188468
99. von Hentig N., Nísius G., Lennemann T., Khaykin P., Stephan C., Babacan E., Staszewski S., Kurowski M., Harder S., Haberl A., Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of saquinavir/ritonavir 1,000/100 mg twice daily as HIV type-1 therapy and transmission prophylaxis in pregnancy. Antiviral Therapy 2008 13 8 1039 1046 2-s2.0-58149510604
100. Ghosn J., De Montgolfier I., Cornélie C., Dominguez S., Pérot C., Peytavin G., Marcelin A. G., Pauchard M., Ouagari Z., Bonmarchand M., Agher R., Calvez V., Bricaire F., Dommergues M., Katlama C., Tubiana R., Antiretroviral therapy with a twice-daily regimen containing 400 milligrams of indinavir and 100 milligrams of ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women during pregnancy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2008 52 4 1542 1544 2-s2.0-42049110122 10.1128/AAC.01301-07 (Pubitemid 351522030)
101. Squires K., Olmscheid B., Zhang S. L., Tenofovir-DF (TDF)-containing antiretroviral (ARV) regimens for treatment of HIV in pregnancy: findings from the antiretroviral pregnancy registry (APR). Proceedings of the 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC '09) 2009 San Francisco, Calif, USA
102. L'Homme R. F., Nijland H. M., Gras L., aarnoutse R. E., Crevel R. V., Boeree M., Brinkman K., Prins J. M., Juttmann J. R., Burger D. M., Clinical experience with the combined use of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin. AIDS 2009 23 7 863 865 2-s2.0-67649651998 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328329148e
103. La Porte C. J. L., Colbers E. P. H., Bertz R., Voncken D. S., Wikstrom K., Boeree M. J., Koopmans P. P., Hekster Y. A., Burger D. M., Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose lopinavir-ritonavir combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004 48 5 1553 1560 2-s2.0-2142827107 10.1128/AAC.48.5.1553-1560.2004 (Pubitemid 38544359)
104. Kirk G. D., Lesi O. A., Mendy M., Akano A. O., Sam O., Goedert J. J., Hainaut P., Hall A. J., Whittle H., Montesano R., The Gambia Liver Cancer Study: Infection with hepatitis B and C and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africa. Hepatology 2004 39 1 211 219 2-s2.0-1442306660 10.1002/hep.20027 (Pubitemid 38461484)
105. Collenberg E., Ouedraogo T., Ganamé J., Fickenscher H., Kynast-Wolf G., Becher H., Kouyaté B., Kräusslich H. G., Sangaré L., Tebit D. M., Seroprevalence of six different viruses among pregnant women and blood donors in rural and urban Burkina Faso: a comparative analysis. Journal of Medical Virology 2006 78 5 683 692 2-s2.0-33645917375 10.1002/jmv.20593
106. Rouet F., Chaix M. L., Inwoley A., Msellati P., Viho I., Combe P., Leroy V., Dabis F., Rouzioux C., HBV and HCV prevalence and viraemia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: the ANRS 1236 study. Journal of Medical Virology 2004 74 1 34 40 2-s2.0-3342912110 10.1002/jmv.20143 (Pubitemid 38988857)
107. Dumpis U., Holmes E. C., Mendy M., Hill A., Thursz M., Hall A., Whittle H., Karayiannis P., Transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Gambian families revealed by phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Hepatology 2001 35 1 99 104 2-s2.0-0034947195 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00064-2 (Pubitemid 32646231)
108. Rockstroh J. K., Bhagani S., Benhamou Y., Bruno R., Mauss S., Peters L., Puoti M., Soriano V., Tural C., European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines for the clinical management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C coinfection in HIV-infected adults. HIV Medicine 2008 9 2 82 88 2-s2.0-38949125850 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00535.x (Pubitemid 351228130)
109. Nüesch R., Ananworanich J., Srasuebkul P., Chetchotisakd P., Prasithsirikul W., Klinbuayam W., Mahanontharit A., Jupimai T., Ruxrungtham K.,., Interruptions of tenofovir/emtricitabine-based antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infection. AIDS 2008 22 1 152 154 2-s2.0-37349095628 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f303bf (Pubitemid 350294891)
110. Grigsby I. F., Pham L., Mansky L. M., Gopalakrishnan R., Mansky K. C., Tenofovir-associated bone density loss. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2010 6 1 41 47 2-s2.0-77949875327
111. Nkengasong J. N., Maurice C., Koblavi S., Kalou M., Bile C., Yavo D., Boateng E., Wiktor S. Z., Greenberg A. E., Field evaluation of a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for type-specific diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infections in HIV-seropositive persons in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1998 36 1 123 127 2-s2.0-0031984228 (Pubitemid 28047446)
112. Rouet F., Ekouevi D. K., Inwoley A., Chaix M. L., Burgard M., Bequet L., Viho I., Leroy V., Simon F., Dabis F., Rouzioux C., Field evaluation of a rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serial serologic testing algorithm for diagnosis and differentiation of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and dual HIV-1-HIV-2 infections in West African pregnant women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004 42 9 4147 4153 2-s2.0-4644233012 10.1128/JCM.42.9.4147-4153.2004 (Pubitemid 39296137)
113. Matheron S., Damond F., Benard A., Taieb A., Campa P., Peytavin G., Pueyo S., Brun-Vezinet F., Chene G., CD4 cell recovery in treated HIV-2-infected adults is lower than expected: results from the French ANRS CO5 HIV-2 cohort. AIDS 2006 20 3 459 462 2-s2.0-33645024195 10.1097/01.aids.0000199829.57112.2f
114. Damond F., Benard A., Ruelle J., Alabi A., Kupfer B., Gomes P., Rodes B., Albert J., Böni J., Garson J., Ferns B., Matheron S., Chene G., Brun-Vezinet F., Quality control assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) viral load quantification assays: results from an international collaboration on HIV-2 infection in 2006. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2008 46 6 2088 2091 2-s2.0-45149095391 10.1128/JCM.00126-08 (Pubitemid 351831850)
115. Bender M. A., Kumarasamy N., Mayer K. H., Wang B., Walensky R. P., Flanigan T., Schackman B. R., Scott C. A., Lu Z., Kenneth A., Cost-effectiveness of tenofovir as first-line antiretroviral therapy in India. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010 50 3 416 425 2-s2.0-75749104632 10.1086/649884