Two distinct epidemics: The rise of HIV-1 and decline of HIV-2 infection between 1990 and 2007 in rural guinea-bissau

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 53, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 640-647

  Van Tienen, Carla ^a   Van Der Loeff, Maarten Schim ^a,b   Zaman, Syed M A ^a,c   Vincent, Tim ^a   Sarge Njie, Ramu ^a   Peterson, Ingrid ^a   Leligdowicz, Aleksandra ^a,d   Jaye, Assan ^a   Rowland Jones, Sarah ^a,d   Aaby, Peter ^e   Whittle, Hilton ^a  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LABORATORIES   (Gambia)

^b MUNICIPAL HEALTH SERVICE   (Netherlands)

^c PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^d JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e Studies of the Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Demographic Surveillance Systems   (Guinea-Bissau)

Author keywords

Guinea Bissau; HIV 1; HIV 2; Incidence; Prevalence; Rural population

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; GUINEA-BISSAU; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; INCIDENCE; MALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RURAL AREA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; COHORT STUDIES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DNA, VIRAL; FEMALE; GUINEA-BISSAU; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HIV-2; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RURAL POPULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77950283779     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181bf1a25     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Guyader M, Emerman M, Sonigo P, et al. Genome organization and transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Nature. 1987;326:662-669
2. http://data.unaids.org/ pub/EPISlides/ 2007/2007-epiupdate-en.pdf. Accessed.
3. Schim van der Loeff MF, Aaby P. Towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV-2. AIDS. 1999;13(Suppl A):S69-S84.
4. Kanki PJ, Travers KU, Mboup S. Slower heterosexual spread of HIV-2 than HIV-1. Lancet. 1994;343:943-946.
5. O'Donovan D, Ariyoshi K, Milligan P, et al. Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/ University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV. AIDS. 2000;14:441-448.
6. Marlink R, Kanki P, Thior I, et al. Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science. 1994;265:1587-1590.
7. Ariyoshi K, Jaffar S, Alabi AS, et al. Plasma RNA viral load predicts the rate of CD4 T cell decline and death in HIV-2-infected patients in West Africa. AIDS. 2000;14:339-344.
8. Whittle H, Egboga A, Todd J, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors of survival in Gambian patients with symptomatic HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection. AIDS. 1992;6:685-689.
9. Martinez-Steele E, Awasana AA, Corrah T, et al. Is HIV-2-induced AIDS different from HIV-1-associated AIDS? Data from a West African clinic. AIDS. 2007;21:317-324.
10. Berry N, Ariyoshi K, Jaffar S, et al. Low peripheral blood viral HIV-2 RNA in individuals with high CD4 percentage differentiates HIV-2 from HIV-1 infection. J Hum Virol. 1998;1:457-468.
11. Berry N, Jaffar S, Schim van der Loeff M, et al. Low level viremia and high CD4% predict normal survival in a cohort of HIV type-2-infected villagers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2002;18:1167-1173.
12. Alabi AS, Jaffar S, Ariyoshi K, et al. Plasma viral load, CD4 cell percentage, HLA and survival of HIV-1, HIV-2, and dually infected Gambian patients. AIDS. 2003;17:1513-1520.
13. Kestens L, Brattegaard K, Adjorlolo G, et al. Immunological comparison of HIV-1-, HIV-2-and dually-reactive women delivering in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. AIDS. 1992;6:803-807.
14. Schim van der Loeff MF, Jaffar S, Aveika AA, et al. Mortality of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected patients in a clinic-based cohort in The Gambia. AIDS. 2002;16:1775-1783.
15. Travers K, Mboup S, Marlink R, et al. Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2. Science. 1995;268:1612-1615.
16. Norrgren H, Andersson S, Biague AJ, et al. Trends and interaction of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau, west Africa: no protection of HIV-2 against HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 1999;13:701-707.
17. Schim van der Loeff MF, Aaby P, Aryioshi K, et al. HIV-2 does not protect against HIV-1 infection in a rural community in Guinea-Bissau. AIDS. 2001;15:2303-2310.
18. Wiktor SZ, Nkengasong JN, Ekpini ER, et al. Lack of protection against HIV-1 infection among women with HIV-2 infection. AIDS. 1999;13: 695-699.
19. Aaby P, Poulsen AG, Larsen O, et al. Does HIV-2 protect against HIV-1 infection? AIDS. 1997;11:939-940.
20. Ariyoshi K, Schim van der Loeff M, Sabally S, et al. Does HIV-2 infection provide cross-protection against HIV-1 infection? AIDS. 1997; 11:1053-1054.
21. Poulsen AG, Kvinesdal B, Aaby P, et al. Prevalence of and mortality from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in Bissau, West Africa. Lancet. 1989;1:827-831.
22. Wilkins A, Ricard D, Todd J, et al. The epidemiology of HIV infection in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau. AIDS. 1993;7:1119-1122.
23. da Silva ZJ, Oliveira I, Andersen A, et al. Changes in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual infections in urban areas of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: is HIV-2 disappearing? AIDS. 2008;22:1195-1202.
24. Mansson F, Alves A, Silva ZJ, et al. Trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence among pregnant women in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: possible effect of the civil war 1998 1999. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83: 463-467.
25. Buckner M. Village women as town prostitutes. In: Becker C, Dozon J-P, Obbo C, et al, eds. Vivre et Penser le Sida en Afrique. Paris: Codesria, IRD, Karthala, 1999:389-404.
26. Aaby P, Ariyoshi K, Buckner M, et al. Age of wife as a major determinant of male-to-female transmission of HIV-2 infection: a community study from rural West Africa. AIDS. 1996;10:1585-1590.
27. Ariyoshi K, Berry N, Wilkins A, et al. A community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 provirus load in rural village in West Africa. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:245-248.
28. De Cock KM, Adjorlolo G, Ekpini E, et al. Epidemiology and transmission of HIV-2. Why there is no HIV-2 pandemic. JAMA. 1993;270: 2083-2086.
29. Djomand G, Greenberg AE, Sassan-Morokro M, et al. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a review of data collected by Projet RETRO-CI from 1987 to 1993. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;10:358-365.
30. Larsen O, da Silva Z, Sandstrom A, et al. Declining HIV-2 prevalence and incidence among men in a community study from Guinea-Bissau. AIDS. 1998;12:1707-1714.
31. Schim van der Loeff MF, Sarge-Njie R, Ceesay S, et al. Regional differences in HIV trends in The Gambia: results from sentinel surveillance among pregnant women. AIDS. 2003;17:1841-1846.
32. Wilkins A, Oelman B, Pepin J, Trends in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in The Gambia. AIDS. 1991;5:1529-1530.
33. Schim van der Loeff MF, Awasana AA, Sarge-Njie R, et al. Sixteen years of HIV surveillance in a West African research clinic reveals divergent epidemic trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35: 1322-1328.
34. Boerma JT, Ghys PD, Walker N. Estimates of HIV-1 prevalence from national population-based surveys as a new gold standard. Lancet. 2003; 362:1929-1931.
35. Buve A, Bishikwabo-Nsarhaza K, Mutangadura G. The spread and effect of HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2002;359:2011-2017.
36. Buckner M. Manjako. In: Ember C, Ember M, eds. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2004:617-624.
37. Diop OM, Pison G, Diouf I, et al. Incidence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in a rural community in southern Senegal. AIDS. 2000;14:1671-1672.
38. Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Gray RH, et al. Trends in HIV-1 prevalence may not reflect trends in incidence in mature epidemics: data from the Rakai population-based cohort, Uganda. AIDS. 1997;11:1023-1030.
39. Mbulaiteye SM, Mahe C, Whitworth JA, et al. Declining HIV-1 incidence and associated prevalence over 10 years in a rural population in south-west Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002;360:41-46.
40. Shafer LA, Biraro S, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, et al. HIV prevalence and incidence are no longer falling in southwest Uganda: evidence from a rural population cohort 1989-2005. AIDS. 2008;22:1641-1649.
41. Mekonnen Y, Sanders E, Messele T, et al. Prevalence and incidence of, and risk factors for, HIV-1 infection among factory workers in Ethiopia, 1997-2001. J Health Popul Nutr. 2005;23:358-368.
42. Kwesigabo G, Killewo J, Urassa W, et al. HIV-1 infection prevalence and incidence trends in areas of contrasting levels of infection in the Kagera region, Tanzania, 1987-2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40: 585-591.
43. Holmgren B, Aaby P, Jensen H, et al. Increased prevalence of retrovirus infections among older women in Africa. Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;31: 459-466.
44. Morgan D, Whitworth J. The natural history of HIV-1 infection in Africa. Nat Med. 2001;7:143-145.
45. Geskus R, Poulin N, Whittle H, et al. A Comparison of Progression of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infection in The Gambia, Africa, Abstract 13-292. 13th International Workshop on HIV Observational Datababases, Lissabon, Portugal. 2009.
46. Lagarde E, Schim van der Loeff M, Enel C, et al. Mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:744-752