Impact of SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1) and ABCG2 (BCRP) genetic polymorphisms and inhibition on LDL-C lowering and myopathy of statins

Xenobiotica

Volumn 41, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 639-651

  Generaux, Grant T ^a   Bonomo, Fiorenza M ^b   Johnson, Marta ^a   Mahar Doan, Kelly M ^a  

^a GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United States)

^b Aptuit Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

drug development; drug drug interaction; efficacy; HMG CoA reductase inhibitors; pharmacogenetics; transporters

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; BREAST CANCER RESISTANCE PROTEIN; CERIVASTATIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 1; ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 1B1; PITAVASTATIN; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABCG2 GENE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; GENE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MYOPATHY; REVIEW; SLCO1B1 GENE;

ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; MUSCULAR DISEASES; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 79960148136     PISSN: 00498254     EISSN: 13665928     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.562566     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Annaert P, Ye ZW, Stieger B, Augustijns P. (2010).Interaction of HIV protease inhibitors with OATP1B1, 1B3, and 2B1. Xenobiotica 40:163-176.
2. Armitage J. (2007).The safety of statins in clinical practice. Lancet 370:1781-1790. (Pubitemid 350137473)
3. Asberg A, Hartmann A, Fjelds•E, Bergan S, Holdaas H. (2001). Bilateral pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporine A and atorvastatin in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 1:382-386. (Pubitemid 33681704)
4. Backman JT, Kyrklund C, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ. (2002). Gemfibrozil greatly increases plasma concentrations of cerivastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 72:685-691. (Pubitemid 36021007)
5. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. (2005).Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective metaanalysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366:1267-1278.
6. Bailey KM, Romaine SP, Jackson BM, Farrin AJ, Efthymiou M, Barth JH, Copeland J, McCormack T, Whitehead A, Flather MD, Samani NJ, Nixon J, Hall AS, Balmforth AJ; SPACE ROCKET Trial Group. (2010).Hepatic metabolism and transporter gene variants enhance response to rosuvastatin in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the GEOSTAT-1 Study. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 3:276-285.
7. Ballantyne CM, Corsini A, Davidson MH, Holdaas H, Jacobson TA, Leitersdorf E, Mz W, Reckless JP, Stein EA. (2003).Risk for myopathy with statin therapy in high-risk patients. Arch Intern Med 163:553-564. (Pubitemid 36314342)
8. Bellosta S, Paoletti R, Corsini A. (2004).Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Circulation 109:III50-III57. (Pubitemid 38786444)
9. Bilchick KC, Henrikson CA, Skojec D, Kasper EK, Blumenthal RS. (2004).Treatment of hyperlipidemia in cardiac transplant recipients. Am Heart J 148:200-210. (Pubitemid 39092785)
10. Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. (2009).Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 361:62-72.
11. Brewer HB Jr. (2003).Benefit-risk assessment of Rosuvastatin 10 to 40 milligrams. Am J Cardiol 92:23K-29K.
12. Chang JT, Staffa JA, Parks M, Green L. (2004).Rhabdomyolysis with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and gemfibrozil combination therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 13:417-426. (Pubitemid 38996852)
13. Chapman MJ, Carrie A. (2005).Mechanisms of statin-induced myopathy: a role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:2441-2444. (Pubitemid 43732261)
14. Choi MK, Shin HJ, Choi YL, Deng JW, Shin JG, Song IS. (2011). Differential effect of genetic variants of Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and organic aniontransporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) on the uptake of HMGCoA reductase inhibitors. Xenobiotica 41:24-34.
15. Corsini A, Maggi FM, Catapano AL. (1995).Pharmacology of competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. Pharmacol Res 31:9-27.
16. Corsini A, Bellosta S, Baetta R, Fumagalli R, Paoletti R, Bernini F. (1999). New insights into the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of statins. Pharmacol Ther 84:413-428.
17. Couvert P, Giral P, Dejager S, Gu J, Huby T, Chapman MJ, Bruckert E, Carri•A. (2008).Association between a frequent allele of the gene encoding OATP1B1 and enhanced LDL-lowering response to fluvastatin therapy. Pharmacogenomics 9:1217-1227.
18. CRESTOR. (2010).(Rosuvastatin) labeling (available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2010/021366s021lbl.pdf ).
19. Dalakas MC. (2009).Toxic and drug-induced myopathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 80:832-838.
20. Davidson MH. (2004).Rosuvastatin safety: lessons from the FDA review and post-approval surveillance. Expert Opin Drug Saf 3:547-557. (Pubitemid 39530208)
21. Davidson MH. (2005).Reducing residual risk for patients on statin therapy: the potential role of combination therapy. Am J Cardiol 96:3K-13K. (Pubitemid 41598106)
22. Davidson MH, Armani A, McKenney JM, Jacobson TA. (2007).Safety considerations with fibrate therapy. Am J Cardiol 99:3C-18C.
23. Deedwania P, Barter P, Carmena R, Fruchart JC, Grundy SM, Haffner S, Kastelein JJ, LaRosa JC, Schachner H, Shepherd J, Waters DD; Treating to New Targets Investigators. (2006).Reduction of lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. Lancet 368:919-928. (Pubitemid 44331360)
24. Dembowski E, Davidson MH. (2009).A review of lipid management in primary and secondary prevention. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 29:2-12.
25. Eagling VA, Back DJ, Barry MG. (1997).Differential inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by the protease inhibitors, ritonavir, saquinavir and indinavir. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44:190-194. (Pubitemid 27327076)
26. Farmer JA, Torre-Amione G. (2000).Comparative tolerability of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Drug Saf 23:197-213.
27. Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La Grenade L, Gurwitz JH, Chan KA, Goodman MJ, Platt R. (2004).Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipidlowering drugs. JAMA 292:2585-2590. (Pubitemid 39577514)
28. Hedman M, Neuvonen PJ, Neuvonen M, Holmberg C, Antikainen M. (2004).Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pravastatin in pediatric and adolescent cardiac transplant recipients on a regimen of triple immunosuppression. Clin Pharmacol Ther 75:101-109. (Pubitemid 38130122)
29. Hirano M, Maeda K, Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y. (2004).Contribution of OATP2 (OATP1B1) and OATP8 (OATP1B3) to the hepatic uptake of pitavastatin in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 311:139-146. (Pubitemid 39287793)
30. Ho RH, Leake BF, Roberts RL, Lee W, Kim RB. (2004).Ethnicitydependent polymorphism in Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) reveals a domain critical for bile acid substrate recognition. J Biol Chem 279:7213-7222. (Pubitemid 38248869)
31. Ho RH, Tirona RG, Leake BF, Glaeser H, Lee W, Lemke CJ, Wang Y, Kim RB. (2006).Drug and bile acid transporters in rosuvastatin hepatic uptake: function, expression, and pharmacogenetics. Gastroenterology 130:1793-1806.
32. Ho RH, Choi L, Lee W, Mayo G, Schwarz UI, Tirona RG, Bailey DG, Michael Stein C, Kim RB. (2007).Effect of drug transporter genotypes on pravastatin disposition in European- and African- American participants. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17:647-656. (Pubitemid 47057714)
33. Hochman JH, Pudvah N, Qiu J, Yamazaki M, Tang C, Lin JH, Prueksaritanont T. (2004).Interactions of human P-glycoprotein with simvastatin, simva acid, and atorvastatin. Pharm Res 21:1686-1691. (Pubitemid 41184401)
34. Ieiri I, Suwannakul S, Maeda K, Uchimaru H, Hashimoto K, Kimura M, Fujino H, Hirano M, Kusuhara H, Irie S, Higuchi S, Sugiyama Y. (2007).SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1, an uptake transporter) and ABCG2 (BCRP, an efflux transporter) variant alleles and pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82:541-547. (Pubitemid 47622520)
35. Ieiri I, Higuchi S, Sugiyama Y. (2009).Genetic polymorphisms of uptake (OATP1B1, 1B3) and efflux (MRP2, BCRP) transporters: implications for inter-individual differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of statins and other clinically relevant drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 5:703-729.
36. Igel M, Arnold KA, Niemi M, Hofmann U, Schwab M, L•johann D, von Bergmann K, Eichelbaum M, Kivist•KT. (2006).Impact of the SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and lipidlowering efficacy of multiple-dose pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 79:419-426.
37. Jada SR, Xiaochen S, Yan LY, Xiaoqiang X, Lal S, Zhou SF, Ooi LL, Chowbay B. (2007).Pharmacogenetics of SLCO1B1: haplotypes, htSNPs and hepatic expression in three distinct Asian populations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 63:555-563. (Pubitemid 46684484)
38. John S, Schneider MP, Delles C, Jacobi J, Schmieder RE. (2005). Lipid-independent effects of statins on endothelial function and bioavailability of nitric oxide in hypercholesterolemic patients. Am Heart J 149:473.
39. Jones P, Kafonek S, Laurora I, Hunninghake D. (1998).Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study).Am J Cardiol 81:582-587. (Pubitemid 28182422)
40. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, McKenney JM, Miller E, Cain VA, Blasetto JW; STELLAR Study Group. (2003).Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR.* Trial).Am J Cardiol 92:152-160. (Pubitemid 36835963)
41. Keskitalo JE, Pasanen MK, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. (2009a).Different effects of the ABCG2 c.421C>A SNP on the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin. Pharmacogenomics 10:1617-1624.
42. Keskitalo JE, Zolk O, Fromm MF, Kurkinen KJ, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. (2009b).ABCG2 polymorphism markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 86:197-203.
43. Kiser JJ, Gerber JG, Predhomme JA, Wolfe P, Flynn DM, Hoody DW. (2008).Drug/Drug interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 47:570-578. (Pubitemid 351442013)
44. Kitamura S, Maeda K, Wang Y, Sugiyama Y. (2008).Involvement of multiple transporters in the hepatobiliary transport of rosuvastatin. Drug Metab Dispos 36:2014-2023.
45. Kivist•KT, Niemi M. (2007).Influence of drug transporter polymorphisms on pravastatin pharmacokinetics in humans. Pharm Res 24:239-247. (Pubitemid 46072183)
46. Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM. (2010).Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 62:1-96.
47. Knauer MJ, Urquhart BL, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE, Schwarz UI, Lemke CJ, Leake BF, Kim RB, Tirona RG. (2010).Human skeletal muscle drug transporters determine local exposure and toxicity of statins. Circ Res 106:297-306.
48. Kobayashi M, Chisaki I, Narumi K, Hidaka K, Kagawa T, Itagaki S, Hirano T, Iseki K. (2008).Association between risk of myopathy and cholesterol-lowering effect: a comparison of all statins. Life Sci 82:969-975.
49. Kondo C, Suzuki H, Itoda M, Ozawa S, Sawada J, Kobayashi D, Ieiri I, Mine K, Ohtsubo K, Sugiyama Y. (2004).Functional analysis of SNPs variants of BCRP/ABCG2. Pharm Res 21:1895-1903. (Pubitemid 39390103)
50. Laufs U, Wassmann S, Hilgers S, Ribaudo N, B öm M, Nickenig G. (2001).Rapid effects on vascular function after initiation and withdrawal of atorvastatin in healthy, normocholesterolemic men. Am J Cardiol 88:1306-1307. (Pubitemid 33132103)
51. Lee E, Ryan S, Birmingham B, Zalikowski J, March R, Ambrose H, Moore R, Lee C, Chen Y, Schneck D. (2005).Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in white and Asian subjects residing in the same environment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:330-341. (Pubitemid 41393668)
52. LESCOL. (2007).(Fluvastatin) labeling (available at: http://www. accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2007/020261s039,021192s013lbl.pdf ).
53. Link E, Parish S, Armitage J, Bowman L, Heath S, Matsuda F, Gut I, Lathrop M, Collins R; SEARCH Collaborative Group. (2008). SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy-a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 359:789-799.
54. LIPITOR. (2009).(Atorvastatin) labeling (available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2009/020702s056lbl.pdf ).
55. LIVALO. (2009).(Pitavastatin) labeling (available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2009/022363s000lbl.pdf ).
56. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, Ford E, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, HailpernS, Ho M, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, McDermott M, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Nichol G, O'Donnell C, Roger V, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Stafford R, Steinberger J, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong N, Wylie- Rosett J, Hong Y; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2009).Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 119:480-486.
57. Mahar Doan KM, Humphreys JE, Webster LO, Wring SA, Shampine LJ, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Adkison KK, Polli JW. (2002).Passive permeability and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux differentiate central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS marketed drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303:1029-1037. (Pubitemid 35424386)
58. Martin PD, Mitchell PD, Schneck DW. (2002).Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, rosuvastatin, after morning or evening administration in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 54:472-477. (Pubitemid 35356872)
59. Martin PD, Warwick MJ, Dane AL, Brindley C, Short T. (2003).Absolute oral bioavailability of rosuvastatin in healthy white adult male volunteers. Clin Ther 25:2553-2563. (Pubitemid 37373930)
60. Mathers CD, Boerma T, Ma Fat D. (2009).Global and regional causes of death. Br Med Bull 92:7-32.
61. McTaggart F, Buckett L, Davidson R, Holdgate G, McCormick A, Schneck D, Smith G, Warwick M. (2001).Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of Rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am J Cardiol 87:28B-32B. (Pubitemid 32274242)
62. MEVACOR. (2009).(Lovastatin) labeling (available at: http://www. accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2010/019643s081lbl.pdf ).
63. Mukhtar RY, Reid J, Reckless JP. (2005).Pitavastatin. Int J Clin Pract 59:239-252. (Pubitemid 40331227)
64. Nakai D, Nakagomi R, Furuta Y, Tokui T, Abe T, Ikeda T, Nishimura K. (2001).Human liver-specific organic anion transporter, LST-1, mediates uptake of pravastatin by human hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297:861-867. (Pubitemid 32472480)
65. Naoumova RP, Marais AD, Mountney J, Firth JC, Rendell NB, Taylor GW, Thompson GR. (1996).Plasma mevalonic acid, an index of cholesterol synthesis in vivo, and responsiveness to HMGCoA reductase inhibitors in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 119:203-213. (Pubitemid 26029449)
66. Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT. (2006).Drug interactions with lipid-lowering drugs: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:565-581. (Pubitemid 44908269)
67. Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT, Niemi M. (2008).Pharmacokinetic comparison of the potential over-the-counter statins simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin and pravastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 47:463-474. (Pubitemid 351861958)
68. Niemi M, Pasanen MK, Neuvonen PJ. (2006).SLCO1B1 polymorphism and sex affect the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin but not fluvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:356-366. (Pubitemid 44465886)
69. Niemi M. (2010).Transporter pharmacogenetics and statin toxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87:130-133.
70. No•J, Portmann R, Brun ME, Funk C. (2007).Substrate-dependent drug-drug interactions between gemfibrozil, fluvastatin and other organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP) substrates on OATP1B1, OATP2B1, and OATP1B3. Drug Metab Dispos 35:1308-1314. (Pubitemid 47121771)
71. Ogasawara K, Terada T, Katsura T, Hatano E, Ikai I, Yamaoka Y, Inui K. (2010).Hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis is a major determinant of the expression levels of hepatic drug transporters. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 25:190-199.
72. Park JW, Siekmeier R, Merz M, Krell B, Harder S, Mz W, Seidel D, Sch•er S, Gross W. (2002).Pharmacokinetics of pravastatin in heart-transplant patients taking cyclosporin A. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 40:439-450.
73. Parker TS, McNamara DJ, Brown CD, Kolb R, Ahrens EH Jr, Alberts AW, Tobert J, Chen J, De Schepper PJ. (1984).Plasma mevalonate as a measure of cholesterol synthesis in man. J Clin Invest 74:795-804. (Pubitemid 14031014)
74. Pasanen MK, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. (2006a). Frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 SLCO1B1 gene in a Finnish population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62:409-415. (Pubitemid 43873712)
75. Pasanen MK, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. (2006b).SLCO1B1 polymorphism markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin acid. Pharmacogenet Genomics 16:873-879. (Pubitemid 44772805)
76. Pasanen MK, Fredrikson H, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M. (2007).Different effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82:726-733. (Pubitemid 350114817)
77. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Lenfant C; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2002). ACC/AHA/NHLBI Clinical Advisory on the Use and Safety of Statins. Circulation 106:1024-1028. (Pubitemid 34925341)
78. Pedersen TR, Tobert JA. (1996).Benefits and risks of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the prevention of coronary heart disease: a reappraisal. Drug Saf 14:11-24. (Pubitemid 26025370)
79. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, Suchindran CM, Leon A, Rifkind BM, Tyroler HA. (1990).Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 322:1700-1707. (Pubitemid 20231527)
80. Phillips PS, Haas RH, Bannykh S, Hathaway S, Gray NL, Kimura BJ, Vladutiu GD, England JD; Scripps Mercy Clinical Research Center. (2002).Statin- associated myopathy with normal creatine kinase levels. Ann Intern Med 137:581-585.
81. Pierno S, De Luca A, Tricarico D, Roselli A, Natuzzi F, Ferrannini E, Laico M, Camerino DC. (1995).Potential risk of myopathy by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a comparison of pravastatin and simvastatin effects on membrane electrical properties of rat skeletal muscle fibers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275:1490-1496. (Pubitemid 26129941)
82. PRAVACHOL. (2007).(Pravastatin) labeling (available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2007/019898s060lbl.pdf ).
83. Prueksaritanont T, Subramanian R, Fang X, Ma B, Qiu Y, Lin JH, Pearson PG, Baillie TA. (2002).Glucuronidation of statins in animals and humans: a novel mechanism of statin lactonization. Drug Metab Dispos 30:505-512. (Pubitemid 34456970)
84. Rodrigues AC. (2010).Efflux and uptake transporters as determinants of statin response. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 6:621-632.
85. Schachter M. (2005).Chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of statins: an update. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 19:117-125. (Pubitemid 40204354)
86. Seithel A, Glaeser H, Fromm MF, K öig J. (2008).The functional consequences of genetic variations in transporter genes encoding human organic anion-transporting polypeptide family members. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 4:51-64. (Pubitemid 351234100)
87. Sekhar RV, Balasubramanyam A. (2010).Treatment of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11:1845-1854.
88. Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R, Deedwania P, Fruchart JC, Haffner S, Hsia J, Breazna A, LaRosa J, Grundy S, Waters D. (2006). Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care 29:1220-1226. (Pubitemid 44125913)
89. Shitara Y, Hirano M, Sato H, Sugiyama Y. (2004).Gemfibrozil and its glucuronide inhibit the organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2/OATP1B1:SLC21A6)-mediated hepatic uptake and CYP2C8-mediated metabolism of cerivastatin: analysis of the mechanism of the clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between cerivastatin and gemfibrozil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 311:228-236. (Pubitemid 39287802)
90. Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y. (2006).Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors: drug-drug interactions and interindividual differences in transporter and metabolic enzyme functions. Pharmacol Ther 112:71-105. (Pubitemid 44301483)
91. Simonson SG, Raza A, Martin PD, Mitchell PD, Jarcho JA, Brown CD, Windass AS, Schneck DW. (2004).Rosuvastatin pharmacokineticsin heart transplan recipients administered an antirejection regimen including cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 76:167-177. (Pubitemid 39013406)
92. Sirvent P, Mercier J, Lacampagne A. (2008).New insights into mechanisms of statin-associated myotoxicity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:333-338.
93. Smith NF, Figg WD, Sparreboom A. (2005).Role of the liver-specific transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in governing drug elimination. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 1:429-445.
94. Smith NF, Marsh S, Scott-Horton TJ, Hamada A, Mielke S, Mross K, Figg WD, Verweij J, McLeod HL, Sparreboom A. (2007).Variants in the SLCO1B3 gene: interethnic distribution and association with paclitaxel pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81:76-82. (Pubitemid 46050869)
95. Spence JD, Munoz CE, Hendricks L, Latchinian L, Khouri HE. (1995).Pharmacokinetics of the combination of fluvastatin and gemfibrozil. Am J Cardiol 76:80A-83A.
96. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. (1986).Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA 256:2823-2828. (Pubitemid 17178359)
97. Takane H, Miyata M, Burioka N, Shigemasa C, Shimizu E, Otsubo K, Ieiri I. (2006).Pharmacogenetic determinants of variability in lipid-lowering response to pravastatin therapy. J Hum Genet 51:822-826. (Pubitemid 44386828)
98. Tomlinson B, Hu M, Lee VW, Lui SS, Chu TT, Poon EW, Ko GT, Baum L, Tam LS, Li EK. (2010).ABCG2 polymorphism is associated with the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to rosuvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87:558-562.
99. Toth PP, Harper CR, Jacobson TA. (2008).Clinical characterization and molecular mechanisms of statin myopathy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 6:955-969.
100. Tsujimoto M, Hirata S, Dan Y, Ohtani H, Sawada Y. (2006). Polymorphisms and linkage disequilibrium of the OATP8 (OATP1B3) gene in Japanese subjects. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 21:165-169.
101. Venero CV, Thompson PD. (2009).Managing statin myopathy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 38:121-136.
102. Voora D, Shah SH, Spasojevic I, Ali S, Reed CR, Salisbury BA, Ginsburg GS. (2009).The SLCO1B1.*5 genetic variant is associated with statin-induced side effects. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1609-1616.
103. Weiss J, Rose J, Storch CH, Ketabi-Kiyanvash N, Sauer A, Haefeli WE, Efferth T. (2007).Modulation of human BCRP (ABCG2) activity by anti-HIV drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 59:238-245. (Pubitemid 47072063)
104. Windass AS, Lowes S, Wang Y, Brown CD. (2007).The contribution of organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3 to the renal uptake of rosuvastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 322:1221-1227. (Pubitemid 47295808)
105. Wong ND, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. (1991).Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 115:687-693.
106. Yang GP, Yuan H, Tang B, Zhang W, Wang LS, Huang ZJ, Ou-Yang DS, Zhang GX, Zhou HH. (2010).Lack of effect of genetic polymorphisms of SLCO1B1 on the lipid-lowering response to pitavastatin in Chinese patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 31:382-386.
107. Zhang W, Chen BL, Ozdemir V, He YJ, Zhou G, Peng DD, Deng S, Xie QY, Xie W, Xu LY, Wang LC, Fan L, Wang A, Zhou HH. (2007). SLCO1B1 521T->C functional genetic polymorphism and lipidlowering efficacy of multiple-dose pravastatin in Chinese coronary heart disease patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64:346-352. (Pubitemid 47283861)
108. ZOCOR. (2010).(Simvastatin) labeling (available at: ).