Challenges associated with exposure to chronic trauma:Using a public health framework to foster resilient outcomes among youth

Psychology in the Schools

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 738-754

  Overstreet, Stacy ^a   Mathews, Tara ^b  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960041582     PISSN: 00333085     EISSN: 15206807     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pits.20584     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Ackerman, P., Newton, J., McPherson, W. B., Jones, J. G., & Dykman, R. A. (1998). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both). Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 759-774.
2. Aisenberg, E., & Herrenkohl, T. (2008). Community violence in context: Risk and resilience in children and families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 296-315.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-TR (Text-revision). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Becker, B. E., & Luthar, S. S. (2002). Social-emotional factors affecting achievement outcomes among disadvantaged students: Closing the achievement gap. Educational Psychologist, 37, 197-214.
5. Beers, S., & De Bellis, M. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 483-486.
6. Brock, S. E., Nickerson, A. B., Reeves, M. A., Jimerson, S. R., Lieberman, R. A., & Feinberg, T. A. (2009). School crisis prevention and intervention: The PREPaRE Model. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychology.
7. Buka, S. L., Stichick, T. L., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. J. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: Prevalence, risks, and consequences. Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 298-310.
8. Burns, B. J., Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Tweed, D., Stangl, D. Farmer, E. M., et al., (1995). Children's mental health service use across sectors. Health Affairs, 14, 147-159.
9. Burns, M. K., Peters, R., & Noell, G. H., (2008). Using performance feedback to enhance implementation fidelity of the problem-solving team process. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 537-550.
10. Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R. D., & Reiss, A. L. (2002). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: The phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 166-173.
11. Catron, T., Harris, V., & Weiss, B. (1998). Posttreatment results after 2 years of services in the Vanderbilt School-Based Counseling project. In M. H. Epstein K. Kutash, & A. Duchnowski (Eds.). Outcomes for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders and their families: Programs and evaluation best practices (pp. 653-656). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
12. Center for Mental Health in Schools. (2006). The current status of mental health in schools: A policy and practice analysis. Los Angeles: Author.
13. Center for Mental Health in Schools.x (2010). Turning around, transforming, and continuously improving schools: Federal proposals are still based on a two- rather than a three-component blueprint. Los Angeles: Author.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). School Health Policies and Program Study (SHHPS 2006). Washington, DC: Author.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance-United States, 2007. Washington, DC: Author.
16. Chapman, D. P., Dube, S. R., & Anda, R. F. (2007). Adverse childhood events as risk factors for negative mental health outcomes. Psychiatric Annals, 37, 359-364.
17. Chorpita, B. F., Becker, K. D., & Daleiden, E. L., (2007). Understanding the common elements of evidence-based practice: Misconceptions and clinical examples. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 647-652.
18. Cochrane, W. S., & Laux, J. M. (2008). A survey investigating school psychologists' measurement of treatment integrity in school-based interventions and their beliefs about its importance. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 499-507.
19. Cooley, M. R., & Lambert, S. F. (2006). School-based interventions for children and adolescents exposed to chronic community violence. In A. F. Lieberman & R. DeMartino (Eds.), Interventions for children exposed to violence (pp. 187-208). Langhorne, PA: Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute.
20. Cooley-Quille, M. R., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (1995). Emotional impact of children's exposure to community violence: A preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1362-1368.
21. Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577-584.
22. Curtis, T., Miller, B. C., & Berry, E. H. (2000). Changes in reports and incidence of child abuse following natural disasters. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1151-1162.
23. Daignault, I. V., & Hebert, M. (2009). Profiles of school adaptation: Social, behavioral, and academic functioning in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33, 102-115.
24. de Arellano, M. A., Ko, S. J., Danielson, C. K. & Sprague, C. M. (2008). Trauma-informed interventions: Clinical and research evidence and culture-specific information project. Los Angeles, CA: National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
25. Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Ondersma, S. J., Nordstrom-Klee, B., Templin, T., Ager, J., et al. (2002). Violence exposure, trauma, and IQ and/or reading deficits among urban children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 15, 280-285.
26. DePrince, A. P., Weinzierl, K. M., & Combs, M. D. (2009). Executive function performance and trauma exposure in a community sample of children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33, 353-361.
27. DuPaul, G. J. (2009). Assessing integrity of intervention implementation: Critical factors and future directions. School Mental Health, 1, 154-157.
28. Evans, S. W., & Weist, M. D. (2004). Implementing empirically supported treatments in the schools: What are we asking? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 263-267.
29. Feeny, N. C., Foa, E. B., Treadwell, K. R., & March, J. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder in youth: A critical review of the cognitive and behavioral treatment outcome literature. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 466-476.
30. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Re-victimization patterns in a national longitudinal sample of children and youth. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 479-502.
31. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2009). Lifetime assessment of poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33, 403-411.
32. Fletcher, K. E. (1996). Childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 242-275). New York: The Guilford Press.
33. Gresham, F. M., Gansle, K. A., & Noell, G. H. (1993). Treatment integrity in applied behavior analysis with children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 257-264.
34. Guterman, N., Hahm, H., & Cameron, M. (2002). Adolescent victimization and subsequent use of mental health counseling services. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 336-345.
35. Hahn, R., Fuqua-Whitley, D., Wethington, H., Lowy, J., Crosby, A. Fullilove, M., et al. (2007). Effectiveness of universal school-based programs to prevent violent and aggressive behavior: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, 114-129.
36. Harris, W. W., Putnam, F. W., & Fairbank, J. A. (2006). Mobilizing trauma resources for children. In A. F. Lieberman & R. DeMartino (Eds.), Interventions for children exposed to violence (pp. 311-339). Langhorne, PA: Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute.
37. Harrison, P., & Cummings, J. (2002). Online learning module I. Retrieved from.
38. Henrich, C. C., Schwab-Stone, M., Fanti, K., Jones, S. M., & Ruchkin, V. (2004). The association of community violence exposure with middle school achievement: A prospective study. Applied Developmental Psychology. 25, 327-348.
39. Hurt, H., Malmud, E., Brodsky, N. L., & Giannetta, J. (2001). Exposure to violence: Psychological and academic correlates in child witnesses. Archival of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 155, 1351-1356.
40. Husain, S. A., Allwood, M. A., & Bell, D. J. (2008). The relationship between PTSD symptoms and attention problems in children exposed to the Bosnian War. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 16, 52-62.
41. Jaycox, L. H. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral intervention for trauma in schools. Longmont, CO: Sopris West Educational Services.
42. Jaycox, L. H., Langley, A. K., Stein, B. D., Wong, M., Sharma, P., Scott, M. et al. (2009). Support for students exposed to trauma: A pilot study. School Mental Health, 1, 49-60.
43. Jaycox, L. H., Tanielian, T. L., Sharma, P., Morse, L., Clum, G., & Stein, B. D. (2007). Schools' mental health responses after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Psychiatric Services, 58, 1339-1343.
44. Keenan, H. T., Marshall, S. W., Nocera, M. A., & Runyan, D. K. (2004). Increased incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury in children after a natural disaster. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26, 189-193.
45. Kessler, R., McGonagle, K., Zhao, S., Nelson, C., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
46. Kopiec, K., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2004). Which juvenile crime victims get mental health treatment? Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 45-59.
47. Leaf, P. J., & Keys, S. G. (2005). Collaborating for violence prevention: Training health professionals to work with schools. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29, 279-287.
48. Leff, S. S., Hoffman, J. A., & Gullan, R. L. (2009). Intervention integrity: New paradigms and applications. School Mental Health, 1, 103-106.
49. Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children's symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 235-258.
50. Margolin, G., Vickerman, K. A., Ramos, M. C., Serrano, S. D., Gordis, E. B., Iturralde, E., et al., (2009). Youth exposed to violence: Stability, co-occurrence, and context. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12, 39-54.
51. Mathews, T. (2009). Attention deficits in youth with posttraumatic stress disorder. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.
52. Mathews, T., Dempsey, M., & Overstreet, S. (2009). Effects of exposure to community violence on school functioning: The mediating role of posttraumatic stress. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 586-591.
53. Mazza, J. J., & Reynolds, W. M. (1999). Exposure to violence in young inner-city adolescents: Relationships with suicidal ideation, depression, and PTSD symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 203-213.
54. Moradi, A. R., Neshat Doost, H. T., Taghavi, M. R., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T., (1999). Everyday memory deficits in children and adolescents with PTSD: Performance on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 357-361.
55. st century: Conceptual framework, professional identity, and professional practice. School Psychology Review, 29, 540-554.
56. Nastasi, B. K., & Varjas, K. (2008). Best practices in developing exemplary mental health programs in schools. In A. Thomas & J. Grimes (Eds.), Best practices in school psychology V (Vol. 4, pp. 1349-1360) Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.
57. National Institutes of Health. (2004). NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behavior in Adolescents. NIH Consensus State of the Science Statements, 21, 1-34. Washington, DC: Author.
58. Neiman, S., & DeVoe, J. F. (2009). Crime, violence, discipline, and safety in U.S. public schools: Findings from the school survey on crime and safety: 2007-08. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.
59. Ngo, V., Langley, A., Kataoka, S. H., Nadeem, E., Escudero, P., & Stein, B. D. (2008). Providing evidence-based practice to ethnically diverse youths: Examples from the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) program. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 858-862.
60. Norris, F. H., & Slone, L. B. (2007). The epidemiology of trauma and PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice (pp. 78-98). New York: The Guilford Press.
61. Overstreet, S. (2000). Exposure to community violence: Defining the problem and understanding the consequences. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9, 7-25.
62. Paoluci, E. D., Genuis, M. L., & Violatto, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 319-342.
63. Pianta, R. C., & Walsh, D. J. (1998). Applying the construct of resilience in schools: Cautions from a developmental systems perspective. School Psychology Review, 27, 407-417.
64. Power, T. J., Soffer, S. L., Mautone, J. A., Costigan, T. E., Jones, H. A., Clarke, A. T., et al. (2009). An analysis of teacher investment in the context of a family-school intervention for children with ADHD. School Mental Health, 1, 107-117.
65. President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America, executive summary (DHHS Pub No. SMA-0303831). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
66. st century: Lessons from the District of Columbia School Mental Health Program. Washington, DC: The Center for Health and Health Care in Schools.
67. Ruchkin, V., Henrich, C. C., Jones, S. M., Vermeiren, R., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2007). Violence exposure and psychopathology in urban youth: The mediating role of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 578-593.
68. Sabol, W., Coulton, C., & Polousky, E. (2004). Measuring child maltreatment in communities: A life table approach. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 967-983.
69. Saigh, P. A., Mroueh, M., & Bremner, J. D. (1997). Scholastic impairments among traumatized adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 429-436.
70. Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R. A., Halamandaris, P. V., & Bremner, J. D. (2006). The intellectual performance of traumatized children and adolescents with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 332-340.
71. Saltzman, K. M., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2006). IQ and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to interpersonal violence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 36, 261-272.
72. Schwartz, D., & Gorman, A. H. (2003). Community violence exposure and children's academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 163-173.
73. Sedlak, A. J., & Broadhurst, D. D. (1996). Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect: final report. Washington, D.C.: Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, 8-9.
74. Silverman, W., Ortiz, C., Viswesvaran, C., Burns, B., Kolko, D., Putnam, F., et al., (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 156-183.
75. Slep, A. M., & O'Leary, S. G. (2005). Parent and partner violence in families with young children: Rates, patterns, and connection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 435-444.
76. Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 National report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
77. Southwick, S. M., Rasmusson, A., Barron, J., & Arnsten, A. (2005). Neurobiological and neurocognitive alterations in PTSD. In J. J. Vasterling & C. R. Brewin (Eds.), Neuropsychology of PTSD: Biological, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. (pp. 27-58). New York: The Guilford Press.
78. Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S., Wong, M., Tu, W., Willott, M., et al. (2003). A mental health intervention for school children exposed to violence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 603-611.
79. Stephan, S. H., Weist, M., Kataoka, S., Adelsheim, C., & Mills, C. (2007). Transformation of children's mental health services: The role of school mental health. Psychiatric Services, 58, 1330-1338.
80. Strein, W., Hoagwood, K., & Cohn, A. (2003). School psychology: A public health perspective: I. Prevention, populations, and systems change. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 23-38.
81. Thompson, T., Jr., & Rippey Massat, C. (2005). Experiences of violence, posttraumatic stress, academic achievement and behavior problems of urban African American children. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 22, 367-393.
82. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
83. U. S. Public Health Service (2000). Report of the Surgeon General's Conference on Children's Mental Health: a national action agenda. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
84. van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 401-408.
85. Weist, M. D., Lever, N., Stephan, S., Youngstrom, E., Moore, E., Harrison, B., Anthony, L., Rogers, K., Hoagwood, K., Ghunney, A., Lewis, K., & Stiegler, K. (2009). Formative evaluation for high quality, evidence-based services in school mental health. School Mental Health, 1, 196-211.
86. Wethington, H. R., Hahn, R. A., Fuqua-Whitley, D. S., Sipe, T. A., Crosby, A. E., Johnson, R. L., et al. (2008). The effectiveness of interventions to reduce psychological harm from traumatic events among children and adolescents: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 287-313.
87. Wilson, S. J., & Lipsey, M. W. (2007). School-based interventions for aggressive and disruptive behavior: Update of a meta-analysis. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 33, S130-S143.
88. Wong, M. (2006). Building partnerships between schools and academic partners to achieve a health-related research agenda. Ethnicity and Disease, 16, 149-153.
89. Yehuda, R. (2002). Clinical relevance of biologic findings in PTSD. Psychiatric Quarterly, 73, 123-133.
90. Ysseldyke, J., Burns, M., Dawson, P., Kelley, B., Morrison, D., Ortiz, S., et al. (2006) School psychology: A blueprint for training and practice III. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.
91. Zinzow, H. M., Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H., Hanson, R., Smith, D., Saunders, B., et al. (2009). Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 441-450.