To what extent do gestalt grouping principles influence tactile perception?

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 137, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 538-561

  Gallace, Alberto ^a   Spence, Charles ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Body; Gestalt; Perception; Tactile information processing; Touch

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959939001     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0022335     Document Type: Article

References (241)

1. Ando H., Ashida H. Touch can influence visual depth reversal of the Necker cube [Abstract]. Perception 2003, 32(Suppl.):97.
2. Anjum F., Turni H., Mulder P.G., van der Burg J., Brecht M. Tactile guidance of prey capture in Etruscan shrews. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2006, 103:16544-16549. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605573103.
3. Arnheim R. Art and visual perception 1956, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
4. Atkinson J., Campbell F.W., Francis M.R. The magic number 4±2: A new look at visual numerosity judgments. Perception 1976, 5:327-334. doi: 10.1068/p050327.
5. Axelrod S., Cohen L.D. Senescence and embedded-figure performance in vision and touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1961, 12:283-288. doi: 10.2466/PMS.12.3.283-288.
6. Azañón E., Soto-Faraco S. Alleviating the " crossed-hands" deficit by seeing uncrossed rubber hands. Experimental Brain Research 2007, 182:537-548. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-1011-3.
7. Azañón E., Soto-Faraco S. Changing reference frames during the encoding of tactile events. Current Biology 2008, 18:1044-1049. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.045.
8. Bach-y-Rita P. Brain mechanisms in sensory substitution 1972, Academic Press, New York, NY.
9. Bach-y-Rita P. Tactile sensory substitution studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004, 1013:83-91. doi: 10.1196/annals.1305.006.
10. Bach-y-Rita P., Collins C.C., Saunders F., White B., Scadden L. Vision substitution by tactile image projection. Nature 1969, March 8, 221:963-964. doi: 10.1038/221963a0.
11. Bach-y-Rita P., Kaczmarek K., Tyler M., Garcia-Lara J. Form perception with a 49-point electrotactile stimulus array on the tongue. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 1998, 35:427-430.
12. Baumann R., van der Zwan R., Peterhans E. Figure-ground segregation at contours: A neural mechanism in the visual cortex of the alert monkey. European Journal of Neuroscience 1997, 9:1290-1303. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01484.x.
13. Baumgartner G., von der Heydt R., Peterhans E. Anomalous contours: A tool in studying the neurophysiology of vision. Experimental Brain Research 1984, 9:413-419.
14. Benedetti F. Processing of tactile spatial information with crossed fingers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1985, 11:517-525. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.11.4.517.
15. Bidet-Caulet A., Bertrand O. Neurophysiological mechanisms involved in auditory perceptual organization. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2009, 3:182-191. doi: 10.3389/neuro.01.025.2009.
16. Blake R., Logothetis N. Visual competition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2002, 3:13-21. doi: 10.1038/nrn701.
17. Blankenburg F., Ruff C.C., Deichmann R., Rees G., Driver J. The cutaneous " rabbit" illusion affects human primary sensory cortex somatopically. PLoS Biology 2006, 4:e69. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040069.
18. Blumenfeld W. The relationship between the optical and haptic construction of space. Acta Psychologica 1936, 2:125-174. doi: 10.1016/S0001-6918(37)90011-8.
19. Bohlhalter S., Fretz C., Weder B. Hierarchical versus parallel processing in tactile object recognition. Brain 2002, 125:2537-2548. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf245.
20. Braddick O.J. Low-level and high-level processes in apparent motion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1980, 290:137-151. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1980.0087.
21. Bregman A.S. Auditory scene analysis: The perceptual organization of sound 1990, MIT Press, Cambridge. MA.
22. Breitmeyer B.G., Ritter A. The role of visual-pattern persistence in bistable stroboscopic motion. Vision Research 1986, 26:1801-1806. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(86)90131-8.
23. Bremer C.D., Pittenger J.B., Warren R., Jenkins J.J. An illusion of auditory saltation similar to the cutaneous " rabbit." American Journal of Psychology 1977, 90:645-654.
24. Bruno N., Jacomuzzi A., Bertamini M., Meyer G. A visual-haptic Necker cube reveals temporal constraints on intersensory merging during perceptual exploration. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:469-475. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.032.
25. Buonomano D.V., Merzenich M.M. Cortical plasticity: From synapses to maps. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1998, 21:149-186. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.149.
26. Calvert G.A., Spence C., Stein B.E. The handbook of multisensory processing 2004, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
27. Cardinali L., Frassinetti F., Brozzoli C., Urquizar C., Roy A.C., Farnè A. Tool-use induces morphological updating of the body schema. Current Biology 2009, 19:R478-R479. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.009.
28. Carter O., Konkle T., Wang Q., Hayward V., Moore C. Tactile rivalry demonstrated with ambiguous apparent motion quartet. Current Biology 2008, 18:1050-1054. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.027.
29. Chang D., Nesbitt K.V., Wilkins K. The Gestalt principles of similarity and proximity apply to both the haptic and visual grouping of elements. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology 2007, 64:79-86. The Australian Computer Society, Ballarat, Australia. W. Piekarski, B. Plimmer (Eds.).
30. Chang D., Nesbitt K.V., Wilkins K. The Gestalt principle of continuation applies to both the haptic and visual grouping of elements. Proceedings of the Second Joint EuroHaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems 2007, 15-20. IEEE Computer Society, Tsukuba, Japan.
31. Chase W.G., Simon H.A. Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology 1973, 4:55-81. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2.
32. Chen L.M., Friedman R.M., Roe A.W. Optical imaging of a tactile illusion in Area 3b of primary somatosensory cortex. Science 2003, October 31, 302:881-885.
33. Collins C.C. Tactile television-mechanical and electrical image projection. IEEE Transactions on Man Machine Systems 1970, 11:65-71. doi: 10.1109/TMMS.1970.299964.
34. Corcoran D.W.J. The phenomena of the disembodied eye or is it a matter of personal geography?. Perception 1977, 6:247-253. doi: 10.1068/p060247.
35. Cornoldi C., Vecchi T. Mental imagery in blind people: The role of passive and active visuo-spatial processes. Touch, representation and blindness 2000, 143-181. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. M.A. Heller (Ed.).
36. Craig J.C. The effect of hand position and pattern motion on temporal order judgments. Perception & Psychophysics 2003, 65:779-788.
37. Craig J.C., Belser A.N. Training reduces the crossed-hands deficit in temporal order judgments [Abstract]. Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society 2005, 10:88.
38. Critchley M. Tactile thought, with special reference to the blind. Brain 1953, 76:19-35. doi: 10.1093/brain/76.1.19.
39. Davis G., Driver J. Parallel detection of Kanisza subjective figures in the human visual system. Nature 1994, 371:791-793.
40. Deibert E., Kraut M., Kremen S., Hart J. Neural pathways in tactile object recognition. Neurology 1999, 52:1413-1417.
41. Delwiche J. The impact of perceptual interactions on perceived flavor. Food Quality and Preference 2004, 15:137-146. doi: 10.1016/S0950-3293(03)00041-7.
42. Di Dio C., Macaluso E., Rizzolatti G. The golden beauty: Brain response to classical and renaissance sculptures. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e1201. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001201.
43. Driver J. Egocentric and object-based visual neglect. The hippocampal and parietal foundations of spatial cognition 1999, 67-89. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. N. Burgess, K.J. Jeffrey, J. O'Keefe (Eds.).
44. Dyson B.J. Perceptual organization. The Oxford handbook of auditory science: Auditory perception 2009, 177-206. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. C. Plack (Ed.).
45. Eckhorn R., Reitboeck H.J., Arndt M., Dicke P. Feature linking via synchronization among distributed assemblies: Simulations of results from cat visual cortex 1990, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
46. Ehrenstein W.H., Spillmann L., Sarris V. Gestalt issues in modern neuroscience. Axiomathes 2003, 13:433-458. doi: 10.1023/B:AXIO.0000007203.44686.aa.
47. Eimer M., Forster B., Vibell J. Cutaneous saltation within and across arms: A new measure of the saltation illusion in somatosensation. Perception & Psychophysics 2005, 67:458-468.
48. Ellis W.D. A source book of Gestalt psychology 1938, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, England, doi: 10.1037/11496-000.
49. Epstein W., Hatfield G. Gestalt psychology and the philosophy of mind. Philosophical Psychology 1994, 7:163-181. doi: 10.1080/09515089408573118.
50. Eriksson J., Nyberg L. Details of the construction of perception: A closer look at illusory contours. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2009, 3:159-160. doi: 10.3389/neuro.01.018.2009.
51. Felleman D.J., Van Essen D.C. Distributed hierarchical processing in primate cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex 1991, 1:1-47. doi: 10.1093/cercor/1.1.1-a.
52. Flach R., Haggard P. The cutaneous rabbit revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2006, 32:717-732. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.32.3.717.
53. Gallace A., Spence C. Visual capture of apparent limb position influences tactile temporal order judgments. Neuroscience Letters 2005, 379:63-68. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.052.
54. Gallace A., Spence C. The cognitive and neural correlates of " tactile consciousness": A multisensory perspective. Consciousness and Cognition 2008, 17:370-407. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.01.005.
55. Gallace A., Spence C. A memory for touch: The cognitive science of tactile memory. Touch in museums: Policy and practice in object handling 2008, 163-186. Berg, Oxford, England. E. Chatterjee (Ed.).
56. Gallace A., Spence C. The cognitive and neural correlates of tactile memory. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135:380-406. doi: 10.1037/a0015325.
57. Gallace A., Spence C. Touch and the body: The role of the somatosensory cortex in tactile awareness. Psyche 2010, 16:30-67. Retrieved from http://www.theassc.org/journal_psyche/archive/vol_16_no_1_2010.
58. Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (in press). The neglected power of touch: What cognitive neuroscience tells us about the importance of touch in artistic communication. In P. Dent & F. Bacci (Eds.), Sculpture and touch. Farnham, United Kingdom: Ashgate.
59. Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2011). The cognitive and neural foundations of tactile aesthetics. Manuscript submitted for publication, Journal of Social Semiotics.
60. Gallace A., Tan H.Z., Haggard P., Spence C. Short term memory for tactile stimuli. Brain Research 2008, 1190:132-142. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.014.
61. Gallace A., Tan H.Z., Spence C. Numerosity judgments in tactile perception. Perception 2006, 35:247-266. doi: 10.1068/p5380.
62. Gallace A., Tan H.Z., Spence C. The body surface as a communication system: The state of art after 50 years of research. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 2007, 16:655-676. doi: 10.1162/pres.16.6.655.
63. Gallace A., Tan H.Z., Spence C. Can tactile stimuli be subitized? An unresolved controversy within the literature on numerosity judgments. Perception 2008, 37:782-800. doi: 10.1068/p5767.
64. Gallace, A., Torta, D. M., Moseley, G. L., & Iannetti, G. (in press). The analgesic effect of crossing the arms. Pain.
65. Geisler W.S., Perry J.S., Super B.J., Gallogly D.P. Edge co-occurrence in natural images predicts contour grouping performance. Vision Research 2001, 41:711-724. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00277-7.
66. Geldard F.A., Sherrick C.E. The cutaneous " rabbit": A perceptual illusion. Science 1972, October 13, 178:178-179. doi: 10.1126/science.178.4057.178.
67. Gilbert G.M. A study in inter-sensory Gestalten. Psychological Bulletin 1938, 35:698.
68. Gilbert G.M. Inter-sensory facilitation and inhibition. Journal of General Psychology 1941, 24:381-407.
69. Goldreich D. A Bayesian perceptual model replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions. PLoS ONE 2007, 2:e333. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000333.
70. Goldstein E.B. Sensation and perception 1999, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
71. Gregory R.L. Eye and brain: The psychology of seeing 1966, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
72. Guarniero G. Experience of tactile vision. Perception 1974, 3:101-104. doi: 10.1068/p030101.
73. Guarniero G. Tactile vision: A personal view. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 1977, 71:125-130.
74. Han S., Jiang Y., Mao L., Humphreys G.W., Gu H. Attentional modulation of perceptual grouping in human visual cortex: Functional MRI studies. Human Brain Mapping 2005, 25:424-432. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20119.
75. Handel S. Listening: An introduction to the perception of auditory events 1989, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
76. Harrar V., Harris L.R. Multimodal Ternus: Visual, tactile, and multisensory grouping in apparent motion. Perception 2007, 36:1455-1464. doi: 10.1068/p5844.
77. Harrar V., Winter R., Harris L.R. Visuotactile apparent motion. Perception & Psychophysics 2008, 70:807-817.
78. Hayward V. A brief taxonomy of tactile illusions and demonstrations that can be done in a hardware store. Brain Research Bulletin 2008, 75:742-752. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.01.008.
79. Held R. Plasticity in sensory-motor systems. Scientific American 1965, 213:84-94. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican1165-84.
80. Heller M.A. Touch, representation and blindness 2000, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
81. Heller M.A., Brackett D.D., Scroggs E., Allen A.C., Green S. Haptic perception of the horizontal by blind and low-vision individuals. Perception 2001, 30:601-610. doi: 10.1068/p3026.
82. Heller M.A., Calcaterra J.A., Tyler L.A., Burson L.L. Production and interpretation of perspective drawings by blind and sighted people. Perception 1996, 25:321-334. doi: 10.1068/p250321.
83. Heller M.A., Clyburn S. Global versus local processing in haptic perception of form. Bulleting of the Psychonomic Society 1993, 31:574-576.
84. Heller M.A., Wilson K., Steffen H., Yoneyama K., Brackett D.D. Superior haptic perceptual selectivity in late-blind and very-low-vision subjects. Perception 2003, 32:499-511. doi: 10.1068/p3423.
85. Henderson J.M. Human gaze control during real-world scene perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7:498-504. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.006.
86. Henderson J.M., Hollingworth A. Eye movements during scene viewing: An overview. Eye guidance in reading and scene perception 1998, 269-293. Elsevier, Oxford, England, doi: 10.1016/B978-008043361-5/50013-4. G. Underwood (Ed.).
87. Ho C., Spence C. The multisensory driver: Implications for ergonomic car interface design 2008, Ashgate, Aldershot, England.
88. Holmes N.P., Spence C. Beyond the body schema: Visual, prosthetic, and technological contributions to bodily perception and awareness. Human body perception from the inside out 2006, 15-64. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. G. Knoblich, I.M. Thornton, M. Grosjean, M. Shiffrar (Eds.).
89. Huddleston W.E., Lewis J.W., Phinney R.E., DeYoe E.A. Auditory and visual attention-based apparent motion share functional parallels. Perception & Psychophysics 2008, 70:1207-1216. doi: 10.3758/PP.70.7.1207.
90. Jevons W.S. The power of numerical discrimination. Nature 1871, 3:281-282. doi: 10.1038/003281a0.
91. Jones L.A., Lockyer B., Piateski E. Tactile display and vibrotactile pattern recognition on the torso. Advanced Robotics 2006, 20:1359-1374. doi: 10.1163/156855306778960563.
92. Jones L.A., Sarter N.B. Tactile displays: Guidance for their design and application. Human Factors 2008, 50:90-111. doi: 10.1518/001872008X250638.
93. Julesz B. Visual pattern discrimination. IRE Transactions on Information Theory 1962, 8:84-92. doi: 10.1109/TIT.1962.1057698.
94. Julesz B. Foundations of cyclopean perception 1971, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
95. Julesz B., Hirsh I.J. Visual and auditory perception-An essay of comparison. Human communication: A unified view 1972, 283-340. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. E.E. David, P.B. Denes (Eds.).
96. Kanizsa G. Organization in vision 1979, Praeger, New York, NY.
97. Kanizsa G., Gerbino W. Amodal completion: Seeing or thinking?. Organization and representation in perception 1982, 167-190. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J. Beck (Ed.).
98. Katz, D. (1989). The world of touch (L. E. Krueger, Trans.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1925).
99. Keil A., Müller M.M., Ray W.J., Gruber T., Elbert T. Human gamma band activity and perception of a gestalt. Journal of Neuroscience 1999, 19:7152-7161.
100. Kennedy J.M., Fox N. Pictures to see and pictures to touch. The arts and cognition 1977, 118-135. John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD. D. Parkins, B. Leondar (Eds.).
101. Kennedy J.M., Juricevic I. Form, projection and pictures for the blind. Touch and blindness: Psychology and neuroscience 2006, 73-93. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M.A. Heller, S. Ballesteros (Eds.).
102. Kilgard M.P., Merzenich M.M. Anticipated stimuli across skin. Nature 1995, February 23, 373:663. doi: 10.1038/373663a0.
103. Kirman J.H. Tactile apparent movement: The effects of interstimulus onset interval and stimulus duration. Perception & Psychophysics 1974, 15:1-6.
104. Kirman J.H. Tactile apparent movement: The effects of number of stimulators. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1974, 103:1175-1180. doi: 10.1037/h0037355.
105. Kirman J.H. Tactile apparent movement: The effects of shape and type of motion. Perception & Psychophysics 1983, 34:96-102.
106. Kitagawa N., Igarashi Y., Kashino M. The tactile continuity illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2009, 35:1784-1790. doi: 10.1037/a0016891.
107. Kitazawa S. Where conscious sensation takes place. Consciousness and Cognition 2002, 11:475-477. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8100(02)00031-4.
108. Klatzky R.L., Lederman S.J., Metzger V. Identifying objects by touch: An " expert system." Perception & Psychophysics 1985, 37:299-302.
109. Klatzky R.L., Loomis J.M., Lederman S.J., Wake H., Fujita N. Haptic identification of objects and their depictions. Perception & Psychophysics 1993, 54:170-178.
110. Koffka K. Principles of Gestalt psychology 1935, Harcourt, Brace, & World, New York, NY.
111. Köhler W. Gestalt psychology 1930, G. Bell & Sons, London, England.
112. Kovacs I., Papathomas T.V., Yang M., Feher A. When the brain changes its mind: Interocular grouping during binocular rivalry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 1996, 93:15508-15511. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15508.
113. Kubovy M., Holcombe A.O., Wagemans J. On the lawfulness of grouping by proximity. Cognitive Psychology 1998, 35:71-98. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1997.0673.
114. Lakatos S., Shepard R.N. Constraints common to apparent motion in visual, tactile, and auditory space. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1997, 23:1050-1060. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.23.4.1050.
115. Lamers M.J., Roelofs A. Role of Gestalt grouping in selective attention: Evidence from the Stroop task. Perception & Psychophysics 2007, 69:1305-1314.
116. Lamote C., Wagemans J. Rapid integration of contour fragments: From simple filling-in to parts-based shape description. Visual Cognition 1999, 6:345-361. doi: 10.1080/135062899395019.
117. Lappin J., Foulke E. Expanding the tactual field of view. Perception & Psychophysics 1973, 14:237-241.
118. Lechelt E.C. Some stimulus parameters of tactile numerousness perception. Conference on vibrotactile communication 1974, 1-5. Psychonomic Press, Austin, TX. F.A. Geldard (Ed.).
119. Lederman S.J., Klatzky R.L. Action for perception: Manual exploratory movements for haptically processing objects and their features. Hand and brain: The neurophysiology and psychology of hand movements 1996, 431-446. Academic Press, New York, NY. A.M. Wing, P. Haggard, J.R. Flanagan (Eds.).
120. Lederman S.J., Klatzky R.L. Haptic perception: A tutorial. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics 2009, 71:1439-1459. doi: 10.3758/APP.71.7.1439.
121. Lederman S.J., Klatzky R.L., Chataway C., Summers C.D. Visual mediation and the haptic recognition of two-dimensional pictures of common objects. Perception & Psychophysics 1990, 47:54-64.
122. Lee J.H., Spence C. Assessing the benefits of multimodal feedback on dual-task performance under demanding conditions. Proceedings of the 22nd British Computer Society Human-Computer Interaction Group Annual Conference 2008, 185-192. British Computer Society (eWiC), Liverpool, England.
123. Lenay C., Gapenne O., Hanneton S., Marque C., Geouelle C. Sensory substitution: Limits and perspectives. Touching for knowing: Cognitive psychology of haptic manual perception 2003, 276-292. Benjamins, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Y. Hatwell, A. Streri, E. Gentaz (Eds.).
124. Lockhead G.R., Johnson R.C., Gold F.M. Saltation through the blind spot. Perception & Psychophysics 1980, 27:545-549.
125. Lunghi C., Binda P., Morrone M.C. Influence of haptic stimulation on binocular rivalry [Abstract]. Perception 2009, 38(Suppl.):152.
126. Lyons G., Sanabria D., Vatakis A., Spence C. The modulation of crossmodal integration by unimodal perceptual grouping: A visuotactile apparent motion study. Experimental Brain Research 2006, 174:510-516. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0485-8.
127. MacKay D.M. Ways of looking at perception. Models for the perception of speech and visual form 1967, 25-43. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. W. Wathen-Dunn (Ed.).
128. MacKay D.M. Visual stability and voluntary eye movements. Handbook of sensory physiology 1973, 7:307-331. Springer, Berlin, Germany. R. Jung (Ed.).
129. Magee L.E., Kennedy J.M. Exploring pictures tactually. Nature 1980, January 17, 283:287-288. doi: 10.1038/283287a0.
130. Makin T.R., Holmes N.P., Ehrsson H.H. On the other hand: Dummy hands and peripersonal space. Behavioural Brain Research 2008, 191:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.041.
131. Maloney L.T., Dal Martello M.F., Sahm C., Spillmann L. Past trials influence perception of ambiguous motion quartets through pattern completion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 2005, 102:3164-3169. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407157102.
132. Mandler G., Shebo B.J. Subitizing: An analysis of its component processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1982, 111:1-22. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.111.1.1.
133. Marr D. Vision 1982, W. H. Freeman, New York, NY.
134. Martin M. Sight and touch. The contents of experience 1992, 196-215. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511554582.010. T. Crane (Ed.).
135. Mattingley J.B., Davis G., Driver J. Preattentive filling-in of visual surfaces in parietal extinction. Science 1997, 275:671-674. doi: 10.1126/science.275.5300.671.
136. Merabet L., Thut G., Murray B., Andrews J., Hsiao S., Pascual-Leone A. Feeling by sight or seeing by touch?. Neuron 2004, 42:173-179. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00147-3.
137. Merzenich M.M., Recanzone G.H., Jenkins W.M., Grajski K.A. Adaptive mechanisms in cortical networks underlying cortical contributions to learning and nondeclarative memory. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 1990, 55:873-887.
138. Metzger W. Gesetze des Sehens [Laws of seeing] 2006, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (Original work published 1936).
139. Michotte A., Thines G., Crabbe G. Amodal completion of perceptual structures. Michotte's experimental phenomenology of perception 1991, 140-167. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, (Original work published 1964). G. Thines, A. Costall, G. Butterworth (Eds.).
140. Miller G.A. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 1956, 63:81-97. doi: 10.1037/h0043158.
141. Moore B. The psychology of hearing 1977, Macmillan, New York, NY.
142. Moseley, G. L., Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (in press). Bodily illusions in health and disease: Physiological and clinical perspectives and the concept of a cortical " body matrix." Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.
143. Murthy V.N., Fetz E.E. Synchronization of neurons during local field potential oscillations in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology 1996, 76:3968-3982.
144. Narici L., Modena I., Opsomer R.J., Pizzella V., Romani G.L., Torrioli G., Rossini P.M. Neuromagnetic somatosensory homunculus: A non-invasive approach in humans. Neuroscience Letters 1991, 121:51-54. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90647-C.
145. Nicolelis M.A.L., Baccala L.A., Lin R.C.S., Chapin J.K. Sensorimotor encoding by synchronous neural ensemble activity at multiple levels of the somatosensory system. Science 1995, 268:1353-1358. doi: 10.1126/science.7761855.
146. O'Callaghan C. Object perception: Vision and audition. Philosophy Compass 2008, 3/4:803-829. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00145.x.
147. Ohka M., Takayanagi J., Kawamura T., Mitsuya Y. A surface-shape recognition system mimicking human mechanism for tactile sensation. Robotica 2006, 24:595-602. doi: 10.1017/S0263574706002669.
148. O'Regan J.K. Solving the " real" mysteries of visual perception: The world as an outside memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1992, 46:461-488. doi: 10.1037/h0084327.
149. Overvliet K.E., Smeets J.B.J., Brenner E. The use of proprioception and tactile information in haptic search. Acta Psychologica 2008, 129:83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.04.011.
150. Oyama T., Simizu M., Tozawa J. Effects of similarity on apparent motion and perceptual grouping. Perception 1999, 28:739-748. doi: 10.1068/p2799.
151. Palmer S.E. Perceptual grouping: It's later than you think. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2002, 11:101-106. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00178.
152. Palmer S.E., Brooks J.L., Nelson R. When does grouping happen?. Acta Psychologica 2003, 114:311-330. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.06.003.
153. Pelli D.G., Majaj N.J., Raizman N., Christian C.J., Kim D., Palomares M.C. Grouping in object recognition: The role of a Gestalt law in letter identification. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2009, 26:36-49. doi: 10.1080/13546800802550134.
154. Penfield W., Rasmussen T.L. The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization of function 1950, Macmillan, London, England.
155. Pessoa L., De Weerd P. Filling-in: From perceptual completion to cortical reorganization 2003, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
156. Peterhans E., von der Heydt R., Baumgartner G. Neuronal responses to illusory contour stimuli reveal stages of visual cortical processing. Visual neuroscience 1986, 343-351. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. J.D. Pettigrew, K.J. Sanderson, W.R. Levick (Eds.).
157. Petersik J.T., Rice C.M. The evolution of explanations of a perceptual phenomenon: A case history using the Ternus effect. Perception 2006, 35:807-821. doi: 10.1068/p5522.
158. Peterson M.A., Gibson B.S. Must figure-ground organization precede object recognition? An assumption in peril. Psychological Science 1994, 5:253-259. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00622.x.
159. Pizzamiglio L., Carli R. Visual, tactile, and acoustic embedded figures tests in patients with unilateral brain damage. Cortex 1974, 10:238-246.
160. Plack C. Auditory perception 2009, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
161. Plaisier M.A., Bergmann Tiest W.M., Kappers A.M.L. The effect of clustering on haptic numerosity judgment. Perception 2009, 38(Suppl.):160.
162. Pons T.P., Garraghty P.E., Ommaya A.K., Kaas J.H., Taub E., Mishkin M. Massive cortical reorganization after sensory deafferentation in adult macaques. Science 1991, 252:1857-1860. doi: 10.1126/science.1843843.
163. Ponzo M. Intorno ad alcune illusioni nel campo delle sensazioni tattili, sull'illusione di Aristotele e fenomeni analoghi [On some tactile illusions, Aristotle's illusion, and similar phenomena]. Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie 1910, 16:307-345.
164. Qiu F.T., von der Heydt R. Figure and ground in the visual cortex: V2 combines stereoscopic cues with Gestalt rules. Neuron 2005, 47:155-166. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.028.
165. Ramachandran V.S., Anstis S.M. Perceptual organization in multistable apparent motion. Perception 1985, 14:135-143. doi: 10.1068/p140135.
166. Ramachandran V.S., Anstis S. The perception of apparent motion. Scientific American 1986, 254:102-109. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0686-102.
167. Ramachandran V.S., Hirstein W. The perception of phantom limbs: The D. O. Hebb lecture. Brain 1998, 121:1603-1630.
168. Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124:372-422. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372.
169. Révész G. The psychology and art of the blind 1950, Longmans Green, London, England.
170. Riggs K.J., Ferrand L., Lancelin D., Fryziel L., Dumur G., Simpson A. Subitizing in tactile perception. Psychological Science 2006, 17:271-272. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01696.x.
171. Rivers W.H.R. A modification of Aristotle's experiment. Mind 1894, 3:583-584.
172. Röder B., Rösler F., Spence C. Early vision impairs tactile perception in the blind. Current Biology 2004, 14:121-124. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.054.
173. Rubin E. Figure and ground. Visual perception 2001, 225-229. Psychology Press, Philadelphia, PA. S. Yantis (Ed.).
174. Sadato N. How the blind " see" Braille: Lessons from functional resonance imaging. Neuroscientist 2005, 11:577-582.
175. Sanabria D., Soto-Faraco S., Spence C. Assessing the effect of visual and tactile distractors on the perception of auditory apparent motion. Experimental Brain Research 2005, 166:548-558. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-2395-6.
176. Sanabria D., Soto-Faraco S., Spence C. Spatiotemporal interactions between audition and touch depend on hand posture. Experimental Brain Research 2005, 165:505-514. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-2327-5.
177. Schadow J., Dettler N., Paramei G.V., Lenz D., Fründ I., Sabel B.A., Herrmann C.S. Impairments of Gestalt perception in the intact hemifield of hemianopic patients are reflected in gamma-band EEG activity. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47:556-568. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.012.
178. Schicke T., Bauer F., Röder B. Interactions of different body parts in peripersonal space: How vision of the foot influences tactile perception at the hand. Experimental Brain Research 2009, 192:703-715. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1587-2.
179. Schiewe M., Köhlmann W., Nadig O., Weber G. What you feel is what you get: Mapping GUIs on planar tactile displays. Universal access in HCI, Part II, HCII 2009 2009, 5615:564-573. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. C. Stephanidis (Ed.).
180. Schiff W., Foulke E. Tactual perception: A source book 1982, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
181. Schiller P.H., Carvey C.E. Demonstrations of spatiotemporal integration and what they tell us about the visual system. Perception 2006, 35:1521-1555.
182. Scholtz D.A. Fundamental principles of form perception in touch. Acta Psychologica 1957, 13:299-333. doi: 10.1016/0001-6918(57)90029-X.
183. Sekuler A.B., Bennett P.J. Generalized common fate: Grouping by common luminance changes. Psychological Science 2001, 12:437-444. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00382.
184. Sergent J. An investigation into perceptual completion in blind areas of the visual field. Brain 1988, 111:347-373. doi: 10.1093/brain/111.2.347.
185. Serino A., Giovagnoli G., de Vignemont F., Haggard P. Spatial organisation in passive tactile perception: Is there a tactile field?. Acta Psychologica 2008, 128:355-360.
186. Shepard R.N. Psychophysical complementarity. Perceptual organization 1981, 279-341. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. M. Kubovy, J.R. Pomerantz (Eds.).
187. Sherrick C.E. Effects of double simultaneous stimulation of the skin. American Journal of Psychology 1964, 77:42-53. doi: 10.2307/1419270.
188. Shi, Z., Chen, L., & Muller, H. J. (2009, June 29-July 2). Auditory modulation of the visual Ternus effect: The influence of subjective time interval. Poster presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the International Multisensory Research Forum (IMRF), New York, NY.
189. Shopland J.C., Gregory R.L. The effect of touch on a visually three-dimensional figure. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1964, 16:66-70. doi: 10.1080/17470216408416348.
190. Shore D.I., Gray K., Spry E., Spence C. Spatial modulation of tactile temporal order judgments. Perception 2005, 34:1251-1262.
191. Shore D.I., Hall S.E., Klein R.M. Auditory saltation: A new measure for an old illusion. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1998, 103:3730-3733.
192. Shore D.I., Spry E., Spence C. Confusing the mind by crossing the hands. Cognitive Brain Research 2002, 14:153-163.
193. Singer W., Gray C.M. Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1995, 18:555-586.
194. Smith B. Foundations of Gestalt theory 1988, Philosophia Verlag, Munich, Germany.
195. Sonneveld M.H., Schifferstein H.N.J. The tactual experience of objects. Product experience 2008, 41-67. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, doi: 10.1016/B978-008045089-6.50005-8. H.N.J. Schifferstein, P. Hekkert (Eds.).
196. Soriano M., Spillmann L., Bach M. The abutting grating illusion. Vision Research 1996, 36:109-116. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(95)00107-B.
197. Soto-Faraco S., Ronald A., Spence C. Tactile selective attention and body posture: Assessing the contribution of vision and proprioception. Perception & Psychophysics 2004, 66:1077-1094.
198. Spence C., Driver J. Crossmodal space and crossmodal attention 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
199. Spence C., Gallace A. Recent developments in the study of tactile attention. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 2007, 61:196-207. doi: 10.1037/cjep2007021.
200. Spence C., Gallace A. Making sense of touch. Touch in museums: Policy and practice in object handling 2008, 21-40. Berg, Oxford, England. E. Chatterjee (Ed.).
201. Spence C., Gallace A. Multisensory design: Reaching out to touch the consumer. Psychology & Marketing 2011, 28:267-308.
202. Spence C., Ho C. Tactile and multisensory spatial warning signals for drivers. IEEE Transactions on Haptics 2008, 1:121-129. doi: 10.1109/TOH.2008.14.
203. Spence C., Pavani F., Maravita A., Holmes N.P. Multi-sensory interactions. Haptic rendering: Foundations, algorithms, and applications 2008, 21-52. A K Peters, Wellesley, MA. M.C. Lin, M.A. Otaduy (Eds.).
204. Spence C., Sanabria D., Soto-Faraco S. Intersensory Gestalten and crossmodal scene perception. Psychology of beauty and Kansei: New horizons of Gestalt perception 2007, 519-579. Fuzanbo International, Tokyo, Japan. K. Noguchi (Ed.).
205. Sperling G. Comparisons of real and apparent motion. The Journal of the Optical Society of America 1966, 56:1442.
206. Spillmann L. Foveal perceptive fields in the human visual system measured with simultaneous contrast in grids and bars. Pflugers Archiv 1971, 326:281-299. doi: 10.1007/BF00586993.
207. Spillmann L. From perceptive fields to Gestalt. Progress in Brain Research 2006, 155:67-92. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)55005-8.
208. Spillmann L., Dresp B. Phenomena of illusory form: Can we bridge the gap between levels of explanation?. Perception 1995, 24:1333-1364. doi: 10.1068/p241333.
209. Spillmann L., Ehrenstein W.H. From neuron to Gestalt: Mechanisms of visual perception. Comprehensive human physiology 1996, 1:861-893. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. R. Greger, U. Windhorst (Eds.).
210. Spillmann L., Ehrenstein W.H. Gestalt factors in the visual neurosciences. The visual neurosciences 2003, 1573-1589. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. L. Chalupa, J.S. Werner (Eds.).
211. Spillmann L., Ransom-Hogg A., Oehler R. A comparison of perceptive and receptive fields in man and monkey. Human Neurobiology 1987, 6:51-62.
212. Sriskanthan N., Subramanian K.R. Braille display terminal for personal computers. IEEE Transactions in Consumer Electronics 1990, 36:121-128. doi: 10.1109/30.54278.
213. Stein B.E., Meredith M.A. The merging of the senses 1993, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
214. Steinmetz P.N., Roy A., Fitzgerald S.S., Hsiao K.O., Johnson K.O., Niebur E. Attention modulates synchronized neuronal firing in primate somatosensory cortex. Nature 2000, 404:187-190. doi: 10.1038/35004588.
215. Steriade M., Amzica F., Contreras D. Synchronization of fast (30-40 Hz) spontaneous cortical rhythms during brain activation. Journal of Neuroscience 1996, 16:392-417.
216. Strybel T.S., Vatakis A. A comparison of auditory and visual apparent motion presented individually and with crossmodal moving distractors. Perception 2004, 33:1033-1048.
217. Sutherland M.T. The hand and the ipsilateral primary somatosensory cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:8217-8218. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2698-06.2006.
218. Ternus J. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über phänomenale Identität [Experimental findings on phenomenal identity]. Psychologische Forschung 1926, 7:87-106. doi: 10.1007/BF02424350.
219. Trick L.M., Pylyshyn Z.W. What enumeration studies can show us about spatial attention: Evidence for limited capacity preattentive processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1993, 19:331-351. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.19.2.331.
220. Trick L.M., Pylyshyn Z.W. Why are small and large numbers enumerated differently? A limited-capacity preattentive stage in vision. Psychological Review 1994, 101:80-102. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.80.
221. Tsakiris M., Constantini M., Haggard P. The role of the right temporo-parietal junction in maintaining a coherent sense of one's body. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:3014-3018. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.004.
222. Uttal W.R., Spillmann L., Sekuler A. How common must common fate be?. Perception 1998, 27(Suppl.):198.
223. Uttal W.R., Spillmann L., Stuerzel F., Sekuler A.B. Motion and shape in common fate. Vision Research 2000, 40:301-310. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00177-7.
224. van Oeffelen M.P., Vos P.G. Configurational effects on the enumeration of dots-Counting by groups. Memory & Cognition 1982, 10:396-404.
225. Verhagen J.V., Engelen L. The neurocognitive bases of human multimodal food perception: Sensory integration. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2006, 30:613-650. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.11.003.
226. von der Heydt R., Peterhans E., Baumgartner G. Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. Science 1984, 224:1260-1262. doi: 10.1126/science.6539501.
227. von Ehrenfels C.F. Über Gestaltqualitäten [On the qualities of form]. Vierteljahresschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie 1890, 14:249-292.
228. von Frey M. Variations in tactual impressions. A source book of Gestalt psychology 1950, 193-195. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, England. W.D. Ellis (Ed.).
229. Vos P.G., van Oeffelen M.P., Tibosch H.J., Allik J. Interactions between area and numerosity. Psychological Research 1988, 50:148-154. doi: 10.1007/BF00310175.
230. Weinstein S. Neuropsychological studies of the phantom. Contributions to clinical neuropsychology 1969, 73-107. Aldine, Chicago, IL. A.L. Benton (Ed.).
231. Wender K.F., Rothkegel R. Subitizing and its subprocesses. Psychological Research 2000, 64:81-92. doi: 10.1007/s004260000021.
232. Wertheimer M. Experimentelle Studien über das Sehen von Bewegung [Experimental studies on the visual perception of movement]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 1912, 61:161-265.
233. Wertheimer M. Laws of organization in perceptual forms. A source book of Gestalt psychology 1938, 71-88. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, England, (Original work published 1923). W. Ellis (Ed.).
234. Woods A.T., Moore A., Newell F.N. Canonical views in haptic object perception. Perception 2008, 37:1867-1878. doi: 10.1068/p6038.
235. Yamamoto S., Kitazawa S. Reversal of subjective temporal order due to arm crossing. Nature Neuroscience 2001, 4:759-765. doi: 10.1038/89559.
236. Yantis S. Visual perception: Essential reading 2000, Taylor & Francis, London, England.
237. Yao R., Simons D., Ro T. Keep your eye on the rabbit: Cross-modal influences on the cutaneous rabbit illusion. Journal of Vision 2009, 9:705. doi: 10.1167/9.8.705.
238. Zampini M., Harris C., Spence C. Effect of posture change on tactile perception: Impaired direction discrimination performance with interleaved fingers. Experimental Brain Research 2005, 166:498-508. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-2390-y.
239. Zhou H., Friedman H.S., von der Heydt R. Coding of border ownership in monkey visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 2000, 20:6594-6611.
240. Zhou W., Chen D. Binaral rivalry between the nostrils and in the cortex. Current Biology 2009, 19:1561-1565. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.052.
241. Zion-Golumbic E., Bentin S. Dissociated neural mechanisms for face detection and configural encoding: Evidence from N170 and gamma-band oscillation effects. Cerebral Cortex 2007, 17:1741-1749.