Novel biomarkers in human terminal heart failure and under mechanical circulatory support

Biomarkers

Volumn 16, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2011, Pages

  Kramer, Frank ^a   Milting, Hendrik ^b  

^a BAYER PHARMA AG   (Germany)

^b ST JOSEF HOSPITAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

bridge to transplantation; Cardiovascular disease; heart failure; heart transplantation; mechanical circulatory support; ventricular assist device

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; GALECTIN 3; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 15; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 5; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; PROTEIN ST2; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 2; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 3; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 4; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTIFICIAL HEART; DETERIORATION; HEART ASSIST DEVICE; HEART FAILURE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TERMINAL DISEASE;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; GALECTIN 3; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 15; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 5; HEART FAILURE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART-ASSIST DEVICES; HUMANS; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 9; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES;

EID: 79959823887     PISSN: 1354750X     EISSN: 13665804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/1354750X.2011.561498     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Ahmed SH, Clark LL, Pennington WR, Webb CS, Bonnema DD, Leonardi AH, McClure CD, Spinale FG, Zile MR. (2006). Matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: Relationship between changes in proteolytic determinants of matrix composition and structural, functional, and clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 113:2089-2096.
2. Altemose GT, Gritsus V, Jeevanandam V, Goldman B, Margulies KB. (1997). Altered myocardial phenotype after mechanical support in human beings with advanced cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 16:765-773. (Pubitemid 27319153)
3. Arend WP, Palmer G, Gabay C. (2008). IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines. Immunol Rev 223:20-38. (Pubitemid 351986169)
4. Birkedal-Hansen H, Moore WG, Bodden MK, Windsor LJ, Birkedal-Hansen B, DeCarlo A, Engler JA. (1993). Matrix metalloproteinases: A review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 4:197-250. (Pubitemid 23103292)
5. Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, Moore AG, Bansal M, He XY, Zhang HP, Donnellan M, Mahler S, Pryor K, Walsh BJ, Nicholson RC, Fairlie WD, Por SB, Robbins JM, Breit SN. (1997). MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:11514-11519. (Pubitemid 27451030)
6. Borden P, Heller RA. (1997). Transcriptional control of matrix metalloproteinases and the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 7:159-78. (Pubitemid 27148904)
7. Bruggink AH, de Jonge N, van Oosterhout MF, Van Wichen DF, de Koning E, Lahpor JR, Kemperman H, Gmelig-Meyling FH, de Weger RA. (2006). Brain natriuretic peptide is produced both by cardiomyocytes and cells infiltrating the heart in patients with severe heart failure supported by a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant 25:174-180. (Pubitemid 43156368)
8. Bruggink AH, van Oosterhout MF, de Jonge N, Cleutjens JP, van Wichen DF, van Kuik J, Tilanus MG, Gmelig-Meyling FH, van den Tweel JG, de Weger RA. (2007). Type IV collagen degradation in the myocardial basement membrane after unloading of the failing heart by a left ventricular assist device. Lab Invest 87:1125-1137. (Pubitemid 47609022)
9. Brunner M, Krenn C, Roth G, Moser B, Dworschak M, Jensen-Jarolim E, Spittler A, Sautner T, Bonaros N, Wolner E, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Ankersmit HJ. (2004). Increased levels of soluble ST2 protein and IgG1 production in patients with sepsis and trauma. Intensive Care Med 30:1468-1473. (Pubitemid 38951733)
10. Buralli S, Dini FL, Ballo P, Conti U, Fontanive P, Duranti E, Metelli MR, Marzilli M, Taddei S. (2010). Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-3 and metalloproteinase-9 and tissue Doppler measures of diastolic dysfunction to risk stratify patients with systolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 105:853-856.
11. Chow AK, Cena J, Schulz R. (2007). Acute actions and novel targets of matrix metalloproteinases in the heart and vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 152:189-205. (Pubitemid 47517601)
12. Clark IM, Swingler TE, Sampieri CL, Edwards DR. (2008). The regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:1362-78.
13. Coleman CM, Tuan RS. (2003). Functional role of growth/ differentiation factor 5 in chondrogenesis of limb mesenchymal cells. Mech Dev 120:823-836. (Pubitemid 36952653)
14. Coyle LA, Martin MM, Kurien S, Graham JD, Gallagher C, Silver MA, Slaughter MS. (2008). Destination therapy: Safety and feasibility of national and international travel. Asaio J 54:172-176. (Pubitemid 351450761)
15. Dandel M, Weng Y, Siniawski H, Potapov E, Lehmkuhl HB, Hetzer R. (2005). Long-Term results in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy after weaning from left ventricular assist devices. Circulation 112:I37-I45. (Pubitemid 41266651)
16. de Boer RA, Yu L, van Veldhuisen DJ. (2010). Galectin-3 in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 7:1-8.
17. Dieplinger B, Januzzi JL Jr, Steinmair M, Gabriel C, Poelz W, Haltmayer M, Mueller T. (2009). Analytical and clinical evaluation of a novel high-sensitivity assay for measurement of soluble ST2 in human plasma-The Presage ST2 assay. Clin Chim Acta 409: 33-40.
18. Doust JA, Pietrzak E, Dobson A, Glasziou P. (2005). How well does B-Type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure: Systematic review. Bmj 330:625.
19. Erkilet G, Schulte-Eistrup S, Morshuis M Bohms B, Roefe D, Gummert J, Milting H. (2010). Plasma galectin 3 is increased in terminal heart failure patients and is elevated in patients not surviving mechanical circulatory support. J Heart Lung Transplant 29: S65.
20. Felkin LE, Birks EJ, George R, Wong S, Khaghani A, Yacoub MH, Barton PJ. (2006). A quantitative gene expression profile of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPS) and their inhibitors (TIMPS) in the myocardium of patients with deteriorating heart failure requiring left ventricular assist device support. J Heart Lung Transplant 25:1413-1419. (Pubitemid 44914161)
21. Felkin LE, Lara-Pezzi E, George R, Yacoub MH, Birks EJ, Barton PJ. (2009). Expression of extracellular matrix genes during myocardial recovery from heart failure after left ventricular assist device support. J Heart Lung Transplant 28:117-122.
22. Foley PW, Stegemann B, Ng K, Ramachandran S, Proudler A, Frenneaux MP, Ng LL, Leyva F. (2009). Growth differentiation factor-15 predicts mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 30:2749-2757.
23. Gill SE, Parks WC. (2008). Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors: Regulators of wound healing. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:1334-47.
24. Gomez DE, Alonso DF, Yoshiji H, Thorgeirsson UP. (1997). Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: Structure, regulation and biological functions. Eur J Cell Biol 74:111-122. (Pubitemid 27455388)
25. Greene J, Wang M, Liu YE, Raymond LA, Rosen C, Shi YE. (1996). Molecular cloning and characterization of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4. J Biol Chem 271:30375-30380. (Pubitemid 26404039)
26. Harrison A, Morrison LK, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, Clopton P, Dao Q, Hlavin P, Maisel AS. (2002). B-Type natriuretic peptide predicts future cardiac events in patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea. Ann Emerg Med 39:131-138. (Pubitemid 34118942)
27. Heldin CH, Miyazono K, ten Dijke P. (1997). TGF-beta signalling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins. Nature 390:465-471. (Pubitemid 28013118)
28. Henderson NC, Mackinnon AC, Farnworth SL, Poirier F, Russo FP, Iredale JP, Haslett C, Simpson KJ, Sethi T. (2006). Galectin-3 regulates myofibroblast activation and hepatic fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:5060-5065.
29. Hogan M, Girish K, James R, Balian G, Hurwitz S, Chhabra AB. (2010). Growth differentiation factor-5 regulation of extracellular matrix gene expression in murine tendon fibroblasts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 5:191-200.
30. Hughes RC. (1999). Secretion of the galectin family of mammalian carbohydrate-binding proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1473:172-185.
31. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. (2005). ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 112:e154-e235.
32. Iwahana H, Yanagisawa K, Ito-Kosaka A, Kuroiwa K, Tago K, Komatsu N, Katashima R, Itakura M, Tominaga S. (1999). Different promoter usage and multiple transcription initiation sites of the interleukin-1 receptor-related human ST2 gene in UT-7 and TM12 cells. Eur J Biochem 264:397-406. (Pubitemid 29424443)
33. James KB, McCarthy PM, Thomas JD, Vargo R, Hobbs RE, Sapp S, Bravo E. (1995). Effect of the implantable left ventricular assist device on neuroendocrine activation in heart failure. Circulation 92:II191-II195.
34. Januzzi JL Jr, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, Baggish AL, Chen AA, Krauser DG, Tung R, Cameron R, Nagurney JT, Chae CU, Lloyd-Jones DM, Brown DF, Foran-Melanson S, Sluss PM, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Lewandrowski KB. (2005). The N-Terminal pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol 95:948-954. (Pubitemid 40487743)
35. Kemperman H, van den Berg M, Kirkels H, de Jonge N. (2004). B-Type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-Terminal proBNP in patients with end-stage heart failure supported by a left ventricular assist device. Clin Chem 50:1670-1672. (Pubitemid 39121239)
36. Kempf T, Eden M, Strelau J, Naguib M, Willenbockel C, Tongers J, Heineke J, Kotlarz D, Xu J, Molkentin JD, Niessen HW, Drexler H, Wollert KC. (2006). The transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member growth-differentiation factor-15 protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circ Res 98:351-360.
37. Kempf T, von Haehling S, Peter T, Allhoff T, Cicoira M, Doehner W, Ponikowski P, Filippatos GS, Rozentryt P, Drexler H, Anker SD, Wollert KC. (2007). Prognostic utility of growth differentiation factor-15 in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1054-1060. (Pubitemid 47348231)
38. Khan SQ, Ng K, Dhillon O, Kelly D, Quinn P, Squire IB, Davies JE, Ng LL. (2009). Growth differentiation factor-15 as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 30:1057-1065.
39. Kim H, Lee J, Hyun JW, Park JW, Joo HG, Shin T. (2007). Expression and immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 in various mouse tissues. Cell Biol Int 31:655-662. (Pubitemid 46765120)
40. Kirsch T, Sebald W, Dreyer MK. (2000). Crystal structure of the BMP-2-BRIA ectodomain complex. Nat Struct Biol 7:492-496. (Pubitemid 30414472)
41. Körfer R, el-Banayosy A, Posival H, Minami K, Körner MM, Arusoglu L, Breymann T, Kizner L, Seifert D, Körtke H. (1995). Mechanical circulatory support: The Bad Oeynhausen experience. Ann Thorac Surg 59:S56-S62; discussion S63.
42. Koskivirta I, Kassiri Z, Rahkonen O, Kiviranta R, Oudit GY, McKee TD, Kytö V, Saraste A, Jokinen E, Liu PP, Vuorio E, Khokha R. (2010). Mice with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 (Timp4) deletion succumb to induced myocardial infarction but not to cardiac pressure overload. J Biol Chem 285:24487-24493.
43. Koskivirta I, Rahkonen O, Mäyränpää M, Pakkanen S, Husheem M, Sainio A, Hakovirta H, Laine J, Jokinen E, Vuorio E, Kovanen P, Järveläinen H. (2006). Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 (TIMP4) is involved in inflammatory processes of human cardiovascular pathology. Histochem Cell Biol 126:335-342.
44. Kramer F, Sandner P, Klein M, Krahn T. (2008). Plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and osteopontin reflect severity of heart failure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. Biomarkers 13:270-281. (Pubitemid 351552473)
45. Kroll MH, Twomey PJ, Srisawasdi P. (2007). Using the singlecompartment ratio model to calculate half-life, NT-proBNP as an example. Clin Chim Acta 380:197-202. (Pubitemid 46498060)
46. Kwon HR, Wikesjö UM, Park JC, Kim YT, Bastone P, Pippig SD, Kim CK. (2010). Growth/differentiation factor-5 significantly enhances periodontal wound healing/regeneration compared with plateletderived growth factor-BB in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 37:739-746.
47. Ky B, French B, McCloskey K, Rame JE, McIntosh E, Shahi P, Dries D, Tang WH, Wu AH, Fang JC, Boxer R, Sweitzer NK, Levy W, Goldberg L, Jessup M, Cappola TP. (2010). High-sensitivity ST2 for prediction of adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. (In Press).
48. Li YY, Feng Y, McTiernan CF, Pei W, Moravec CS, Wang P, Rosenblum W, Kormos RL, Feldman AM. (2001). Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and reduction in collagen damage in the failing human heart after support with left ventricular assist devices. Circulation 104:1147-1152. (Pubitemid 32830399)
49. Liu YH, D'Ambrosio M, Liao TD, Peng H, Rhaleb NE, Sharma U, André S, Gabius HJ, Carretero OA. (2009). N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysylproline prevents cardiac remodeling and dysfunction induced by galectin-3, a mammalian adhesion/growth-regulatory lectin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296:H404-H412.
50. Lok DJ, Van Der Meer P, de la Porte PW, Lipsic E, Van Wijngaarden J, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ. (2010). Prognostic value of galectin-3, a novel marker of fibrosis, in patients with chronic heart failure: Data from the DEAL-HF study. Clin Res Cardiol 99:323-8.
51. Manicone AM, McGuire JK. (2008). Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 19:34-41. (Pubitemid 350235986)
52. Mano A, Nakatani T, Oda N, Kato T, Niwaya K, Tagusari O, Nakajima H, Funatsu T, Hashimoto S, Komamura K, Hanatani A, Ueda IH, Kitakaze M, Kobayashi J, Yagihara T, Kitamura S. (2008). Which factors predict the recovery of natural heart function after insertion of a left ventricular assist system? J Heart Lung Transplant 27:869-874.
53. Martos R, Baugh J, Ledwidge M, O'Loughlin C, Murphy NF, Conlon C, Patle A, Donnelly SC, McDonald K. (2009). Diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Improved accuracy with the use of markers of collagen turnover. Eur J Heart Fail 11:191-197.
54. Maybaum S, Kamalakannan G, Murthy S. (2008). Cardiac recovery during mechanical assist device support. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 20:234-246.
55. McDonagh TA, Cunningham AD, Morrison CE, McMurray JJ, Ford I, Morton JJ, Dargie HJ. (2001). Left ventricular dysfunction, natriuretic peptides, and mortality in an urban population. Heart 86:21-26. (Pubitemid 32977774)
56. Milting H, El Banayosy A, Kassner A, Fey O, Sarnowski P, Arusoglu L, Thieleczek R, Brinkmann T, Kleesiek K, Körfer R. (2001). The time course of natriuretic hormones as plasma markers of myocardial recovery in heart transplant candidates during ventricular assist device support reveals differences among device types. J Heart Lung Transplant 20:949-955. (Pubitemid 32824140)
57. Milting H, Ellinghaus P, Seewald M, Cakar H, Bohms B, Kassner A, Körfer R, Klein M, Krahn T, Kruska L, El Banayosy A, Kramer F. (2008). Plasma biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling in terminal heart failure patients supported by mechanical circulatory support devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 27:589-596. (Pubitemid 351715387)
58. Miyazawa K, Shinozaki M, Hara T, Furuya T, Miyazono K. (2002). Two major Smad pathways in TGF-beta superfamily signalling. Genes Cells 7:1191-1204. (Pubitemid 36024597)
59. Mueller T, Dieplinger B, Gegenhuber A, Poelz W, Pacher R, Haltmayer M. (2008). Increased plasma concentrations of soluble ST2 are predictive for 1-year mortality in patients with acute destabilized heart failure. Clin Chem 54:752-756. (Pubitemid 351573718)
60. Nakahara T, Tominaga K, Koseki T, Yamamoto M, Yamato K, Fukuda J, Nishihara T. (2003). Growth/differentiation factor-5 induces growth arrest and apoptosis in mouse B lineage cells with modulation by Smad. Cell Signal 15:181-187. (Pubitemid 35449121)
61. Nakamura K, Shirai T, Morishita S, Uchida S, Saeki-Miura K, Makishima F. (1999). p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase functionally contributes to chondrogenesis induced by growth/differentiation factor-5 in ATDC5 cells. Exp Cell Res 250:351-363. (Pubitemid 29367446)
62. Noji Y, Shimizu M, Ino H, Higashikata T, Yamaguchi M, Nohara A, Horita T, Shimizu K, Ito Y, Matsuda T, Namura M, Mabuchi H. (2004). Increased circulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with systolic dysfunction. Circ J 68:355-360. (Pubitemid 38470711)
63. Ochieng J, Furtak V, Lukyanov P. (2004). Extracellular functions of galectin-3. Glycoconj J 19:527-535. (Pubitemid 38316526)
64. Ogata Y, Enghild JJ, Nagase H. (1992). Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin) activates the precursor for the human matrix metalloproteinase 9. J Biol Chem 25;267:3581-4.
65. Page-McCaw A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z. (2007). Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:221-233.
66. Pemberton CJ, Johnson ML, Yandle TG, Espiner EA. (2000). Deconvolution analysis of cardiac natriuretic peptides during acute volume overload. Hypertension 36:355-359.
67. Polyakova V, Hein S, Kostin S, Ziegelhoeffer T, Schaper J. (2004). Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in pressure overloaded human myocardium during heart failure progression. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 44:1609-1618. (Pubitemid 39369793)
68. Polyakova V, Loeffler I, Hein S, Miyagawa S, Piotrowska I, Dammer S, Risteli J, Schaper J, Kostin S. (2010). Fibrosis in endstage human heart failure: Severe changes in collagen metabolism and MMP/ TIMP profiles. Int J Cardiol. (In Press).
69. Poste G. (2011). Bring on the biomarkers. Nature 469:156-157.
70. Qin BY, Lam SS, Correia JJ, Lin K. (2002). Smad3 allostery links TGFbeta receptor kinase activation to transcriptional control. Genes Dev 16:1950-1963. (Pubitemid 34832923)
71. Rahkonen OP, Koskivirta IM, Oksjoki SM, Jokinen E, Vuorio EI. (2002). Characterization of the murine Timp4 gene, localization within intron 5 of the synapsin 2 gene and tissue distribution of the mRNA. Biochim Biophys Acta 1577:45-52. (Pubitemid 34876602)
72. Rehman SU, Mueller T, Januzzi JL Jr. (2008). Characteristics of the novel interleukin family biomarker ST2 in patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:1458-1465.
73. Reiss N, El-Banayosy A, Arusoglu L, Milting H, Körfer R. (2005). Erholung der myokardialen Pumpfunktion bei fulminanter Myokarditis unter biventrikulärer Kreislaufunterstützung. J Cardiol 12:177-181. (Pubitemid 41202323)
74. Rydlova M, Holubec L Jr, Ludvikova M Jr, Kalfert D, Franekova J, Povysil C, Ludvikova M. (2008) Biological activity and clinical implications of the matrix metalloproteinases. Anticancer Res 28:1389-97. (Pubitemid 351578885)
75. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, Higgins LJ, MacGillivray C, Guo W, Bode C, Rifai N, Cannon CP, Gerszten RE, Lee RT. (2008). Complementary roles for biomarkers of biomechanical strain ST2 and N-Terminal prohormone B-Type natriuretic peptide in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 117:1936-1944. (Pubitemid 351543469)
76. Saiga K, Furumatsu T, Yoshida A, Masuda S, Takihira S, Abe N, Ozaki T. (2010). Combined use of bFGF and GDF-5 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 402:329-334.
77. Schroen B, Heymans S, Sharma U, Blankesteijn WM, Pokharel S, Cleutjens JP, Porter JG, Evelo CT, Duisters R, van Leeuwen RE, Janssen BJ, Debets JJ, Smits JF, Daemen MJ, Crijns HJ, Bornstein P, Pinto YM. (2004). Thrombospondin-2 is essential for myocardial matrix integrity: Increased expression identifies failure-prone cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 95:515-522. (Pubitemid 39180932)
78. Schumann C, Lepper PM, Frank H, Schneiderbauer R, Wibmer T, Kropf C, Stoiber KM, Rüdiger S, Kruska L, Krahn T, Kramer F. (2010). Circulating biomarkers of tissue remodelling in pulmonary hypertension. Biomarkers 15:523-532.
79. Shah RV, Chen-Tournoux AA, Picard MH, van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL. (2010). Galectin-3, cardiac structure and function, and longterm mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 12:826-832.
80. Sharma UC, Pokharel S, van Brakel TJ, van Berlo JH, Cleutjens JP, Schroen B, André S, Crijns HJ, Gabius HJ, Maessen J, Pinto YM. (2004). Galectin-3 marks activated macrophages in failure-prone hypertrophied hearts and contributes to cardiac dysfunction. Circulation 110:3121-3128. (Pubitemid 39492008)
81. Shimpo M, Morrow DA, Weinberg EO, Sabatine MS, Murphy SA, Antman EM, Lee RT. (2004). Serum levels of the interleukin-1 receptor family member ST2 predict mortality and clinical outcome in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 109:2186-2190. (Pubitemid 38625395)
82. Slaughter MS. (2010). Long-Term continuous flow left ventricular assist device support and end-organ function: Prospects for destination therapy. J Card Surg 25:490-494.
83. Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, Russell SD, Conte JV, Feldman D, Sun B, Tatooles AJ, Delgado RM 3rd, Long JW, Wozniak TC, Ghumman W, Farrar DJ, Frazier OH; HeartMate II Investigators. (2009). Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. N Engl J Med 361:2241-2251.
84. Sodian R, Loebe M, Schmitt C, Potapov EV, Siniawski H, Müller J, Hausmann H, Zurbruegg HR, Weng Y, Hetzer R. (2001). Decreased plasma concentration of brain natriuretic peptide as a potential indicator of cardiac recovery in patients supported by mechanical circulatory assist systems. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:1942-1949. (Pubitemid 33116568)
85. Spinale FG. (2002). Matrix metalloproteinases: Regulation and dysregulation in the failing heart. Circulation Research 90:520-530 (Pubitemid 34640901)
86. Spinale FG. (2007). Myocardial matrix remodeling and the matrix metalloproteinases: Influence on cardiac form and function. Physiol Rev 87:1285-1342. (Pubitemid 350041472)
87. Stroud RE, Deschamps AM, Lowry AS, Hardin AE, Mukherjee R, Lindsey ML, Ramamoorthy S, Zile MR, Spencer WH, Spinale FG. (2005). Plasma monitoring of the myocardial specific tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 after alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 11:124-130. (Pubitemid 40269787)
88. Sundstroem J, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Sawyer DB, Siwik DA, Colucci WS, Wilson PW, Vasan RS. (2004). Relations of plasma total TIMP-1 levels to cardiovascular risk factors and echocardiographic measures: The Framingham heart study. European Heart Journal 25:1509-1516. (Pubitemid 39165629)
89. Tan M, Wang Y, Guan K, Sun Y. (2000). PTGF-beta, a type beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) superfamily member, is a p53 target gene that inhibits tumor cell growth via TGF-beta signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:109-114. (Pubitemid 30055792)
90. Tang WH, Francis GS, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Cannon CP, Jesse RL, Storrow AB, Christenson RH, Apple FS, Ravkilde J, Wu AH; National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine. (2007). National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine practice guidelines: Clinical utilization of cardiac biomarker testing in heart failure. Circulation 116:e99-e109. (Pubitemid 47450268)
91. van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL Jr, Ellinor PT, Sharma UC, Bakker JA, Low AF, Martinez A, Crijns HJ, MacRae CA, Menheere PP, Pinto YM. (2006). Utility of amino-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1217-1224. (Pubitemid 44345127)
92. Van Wart HE, Birkedal-Hansen H. (1990) The cysteine switch: A principle of regulation of metalloproteinase activity with potential applicability to the entire matrix metalloproteinase gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:5578-82.
93. Wang F, Guo Y, Yu H, Zheng L, Mi L, Gao W. (2010). Growth differentiation factor 15 in different stages of heart failure: Potential screening implications. Biomarkers 15:671-676.
94. Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, Hurwitz S, Tominaga S, Rouleau JL, Lee RT. (2003). Identification of serum soluble ST2 receptor as a novel heart failure biomarker. Circulation 107:721-726. (Pubitemid 36222600)
95. Wrana JL, Attisano L, Wieser R, Ventura F, Massagué J. (1994). Mechanism of activation of the TGF-beta receptor. Nature 370:341-347. (Pubitemid 2110860)
96. Yamazaki T, Lee JD, Shimizu H, Uzui H, Ueda T. (2004). Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 is elevated in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 6:41-45. (Pubitemid 38169603)
97. Yang DC, Ma ST, Tan Y, Chen YH, Li D, Tang B, Chen JS, Su XH, Li G, Zhang X, Yang YJ. (2010). Imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases/ tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and loss of fibronectin expression in patients with congestive heart failure. Cardiology 116: 133-141.
98. Zaidi SH, Huang Q, Momen A, Riazi A, Husain M. (2010). Growth differentiation factor 5 regulates cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:135-143.
99. Zeng Q, Li X, Beck G, Balian G, Shen FH. (2007). Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) stimulates osteogenic differentiation and increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in fat-derived stromal cells in vitro. Bone 40:374-381. (Pubitemid 46075207)
100. Zhong ZM, Chen JT, Zhang Y, Zha DS, Lin ZS, Zhao CY, Xu JC, Li T, Xu ZX. (2010). Growth/differentiation factor-5 induces osteogenic differentiation of human ligamentum flavum cells through activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Cell Physiol Biochem 26:179-186.