Hormones, heart disease, and health: Individualized medicine versus throwing the baby out with the bathwater

Depression and Anxiety

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2011, Pages

  Rubinow, David R ^a   Girdler, Susan S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Depression; Estrogen; Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT); Menopause transition; Perimenopause

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL; HORMONE; SEX HORMONE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; CLIMACTERIUM; DEPRESSION; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INFLAMMATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEUROENDOCRINE REACTIVITY; NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STRESS; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION;

ADULT; AGED; ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLIMACTERIC; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC;

EID: 79959817878     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: 15206394     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.20833     Document Type: Review

References (284)

1. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2006;113:e85-e151.
2. Freedland KE, Rich MW, Skala JA, et al. Prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. Psychosom Med 2003;65:119-128. (Pubitemid 36143204)
3. Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann-Lingen C. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2004;66:802-813. (Pubitemid 39552862)
4. Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Tayback M, et al. Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:337-341. (Pubitemid 32823291)
5. Blumenthal JA, Lett HS, Babyak MA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet 2003;362:604-609. (Pubitemid 37013300)
6. Whang W, Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, et al. Depression and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease in women: results from the Nurses' Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:950-958.
7. Lett HS, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for coronary artery disease: evidence, mechanisms, and treatment. Psychosom Med 2004;66:305-315. (Pubitemid 38668397)
8. Barefoot JC, Schroll M. Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation 1996;93:1976-1980. (Pubitemid 26165560)
9. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Shumaker S, Ockene J, et al. Depression and cardiovascular sequelae in postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Arch Intern Med 2004;164:289-298.
10. Shively CA, Register TC, Adams MR, et al. Depressive behavior and coronary artery atherogenesis in adult female cynomolgus monkeys. Psychosom Med 2008;70:637-645.
11. Fan AZ, Strine TW, Jiles R, Mokdad AH. Depression and anxiety associated with cardiovascular disease among persons aged 45 years and older in 38 states of the United States, 2006. Prev Med 2008;46:445-450.
12. Cohen HW, Madhavan S, Alderman MH. History of treatment for depression: risk factor for myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients. Psychosom Med 2001;63:203-209. (Pubitemid 32249942)
13. Joakimsen O, Bonaa KH, Stensland-Bugge E, Jacobsen BK. Population-based study of age at menopause and ultrasound assessed carotid atherosclerosis: the Tromso Study. J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:525-530. (Pubitemid 30254350)
14. Moller-Leimkuhler AM. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2007;9:71-83. (Pubitemid 46607132)
15. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1105-1110. (Pubitemid 17052498)
16. Menkes MS, Matthews KA, Krantz DS, et al. Cardiovascular reactivity to the cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension. Hypertension 1989;14:524-530. (Pubitemid 19270518)
17. Anastos K, Charney P, Charon RA, et al. Hypertension in women: what is really known? The Women's Caucus, Working Group on Women's Health of the Society of General Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:287-293.
18. Bengtsson C. Ischaemic heart disease in women. Acta Med Scand 1973;549(Suppl):1-128.
19. Oliver MF. Ischaemic heart disease in young women. Br Med J 1974;4:253-259.
20. Kalantaridou SN, Naka KK, Papanikolaou E, et al. Impaired endothelial function in young women with premature ovarian failure: normalization with hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3907-3913. (Pubitemid 39071493)
21. Yildirir A, Aybar F, Kabakci G, et al. Heart rate variability in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2006;11:306-312. (Pubitemid 44564295)
22. Kalantaridou SN, Naka KK, Bechlioulis A, et al. Premature ovarian failure, endothelial dysfunction and estrogen-progestogen replacement. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006;17:101-109.
23. de Kleijn MJ, van der Schouw YT, Verbeek AL, et al. Endogenous estrogen exposure and cardiovascular mortality risk in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:339-345. (Pubitemid 34132052)
24. Jacobsen BK, Knutsen SF, Fraser GE. Age at natural menopause and total mortality and mortality from ischemic heart disease: the Adventist Health Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52:303-307. (Pubitemid 29305302)
25. Hu FB, Grodstein F, Hennekens CH, et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1061-1066. (Pubitemid 29230857)
26. Kaplan JR, Adams MR, Clarkson TB, et al. Psychosocial factors, sex differences, and atherosclerosis: lessons from animal models. Psychosom Med 1996;58:598-611. (Pubitemid 26404825)
27. Kaplan JR, Adams MR, Clarkson TB, Koritnik DR. Psychosocial influences on female "protection" among cynomolgus macaques. Atherosclerosis 1984;53:283-295.
28. Adams MR, Kaplan JR, Clarkson TB, Koritnik DR. Ovariectomy, social status, and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis 1985;5:192-200. (Pubitemid 15145376)
29. Kaplan JR, Adams, MR, Anthony MS, Morgan TM, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB. Dominant social status and contraceptive hormone treatment inhibit atherogenesis in premenopausal monkeys. Atheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:2094-2100. (Pubitemid 26001411)
30. Avis NE, Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression. Results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Ann Epidemiol 1994;4:214-220.
31. Kaufert PA, Gilbert P, Tate R. The Manitoba Project: a re-examination of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas 1992;14:143-155.
32. Kessler RC. Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Disord 2003;74:5-13. (Pubitemid 36329172)
33. Kumari M, Stafford M, Marmot M. The menopausal transition was associated in a prospective study with decreased health functioning in women who report menopausal symptoms. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:719-727. (Pubitemid 40797903)
34. Avis NE, Colvin A, Bromberger JT, et al. Change in health-related quality of life over the menopausal transition in a multiethnic cohort of middle-aged women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause 2009;16:860-869.
35. Hess R, Colvin A, Avis NE, et al. The impact of hormone therapy on health-related quality of life: longitudinal results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause 2008;15:422-428. (Pubitemid 351656745)
36. Freeman EW. Associations of depression with the transition to menopause. Menopause 2010;17:823-827.
37. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Liu L, et al. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:62-70. (Pubitemid 38044642)
38. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H. Temporal associations of hot flashes and depression in the transition to menopause. Menopause 2009;16:728-734.
39. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, et al. Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:385-390.
40. Schmidt PJ, Haq N, Rubinow DR. A longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between reproductive status and mood in perimenopausal women. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:2238-2244. (Pubitemid 39587289)
41. Walf AA, Frye CA. A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;31:1097-1111. (Pubitemid 43971828)
42. Rachman IM, Unnerstall JR, Pfaff DW, Cohen RS. Estrogen alters behavior and forebrain c-fos expression in ovariectomized rats subjected to the forced swim test. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:13941-13946. (Pubitemid 28523077)
43. Walf AA, Frye CA. Administration of estrogen receptor beta-specific selective estrogen receptor modulators to the hippocampus decrease anxiety and depressive behavior of ovariectomized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007;86:407-414. (Pubitemid 46282041)
44. Walf AA, Rhodes ME, Frye CA. Antidepressant effects of ERbeta-selective estrogen receptor modulators in the forced swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;78:523-529. (Pubitemid 38901019)
45. Lund TD, Rovis T, Chung WC, Handa RJ. Novel actions of estrogen receptor-beta on anxiety-related behaviors. Endocrinology 2005;146:797-807. (Pubitemid 40129837)
46. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Poitras JR, et al. Short-term use of estradiol for depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1519-1522. (Pubitemid 41070931)
47. Soares CN, Almeida OP, Joffe H, Cohen LS. Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:529-534. (Pubitemid 32523731)
48. Schmidt PJ, Nieman L, Danaceau MA, et al. Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:414-420. (Pubitemid 30651090)
49. Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, Roca CA. Estrogen-serotonin interactions: implications for affective regulation. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:839-850. (Pubitemid 28520222)
50. Herbison AE, Simonian SX, Thanky NR, Bicknell RJ. Oestrogen modulation of noradrenaline neurotransmission. Novartis Found Symp 2000;230:74-85; discussion 85-93.
51. Malyala A, Kelly MJ, Ronnekleiv OK. Estrogen modulation of hypothalamic neurons: activation of multiple signaling pathways and gene expression changes. Steroids 2005;70:397-406. (Pubitemid 40616038)
52. Peiffer A, Lapointe B, Barden N. Hormonal regulation of type II glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat brain. Endocrinology 1991;129:2166-2174.
53. Sato K, Akaishi T, Matsuki N, et al. beta-Estradiol induces synaptogenesis in the hippocampus by enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor release from dentate gyrus granule cells. Brain Res 2007;1150:108-120. (Pubitemid 46702123)
54. Scharfman HE, MacLusky NJ. Estrogen-growth factor interactions and their contributions to neurological disorders. Headache 2008;48:S77-S89. (Pubitemid 351990909)
55. Castren E, Rantamaki T. The role of BDNF and its receptors in depression and antidepressant drug action: reactivation of developmental plasticity. Dev Neurobiol 2010;70:289-297.
56. Calabrese F, Molteni R, Racagni G, Riva MA. Neuronal plasticity: a link between stress and mood disorders. Psychoneuro-endocrinology 2009;34:S208-S216.
57. Sohrabji F, Greene LA, Miranda RC, Toran-Allerand CD. Reciprocal regulation of estrogen and NGF receptors by their ligands in PC12 cells. J Neurobiol 1994;25:974-988. (Pubitemid 24219789)
58. Sohrabji F, Miranda RC, Toran-Allerand CD. Estrogen differentially regulates estrogen and nerve growth factor receptor mRNAs in adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci 1994;14:459-471. (Pubitemid 24043906)
59. Toran-Allerand CD. Mechanisms of estrogen action during neural development: mediation by interactions with the neurotrophins and their receptors? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996;56:169-178.
60. Lebesgue D, Chevaleyre V, Zukin RS, Etgen AM. Estradiol rescues neurons from global ischemia-induced cell death: multiple cellular pathways of neuroprotection. Steroids 2009;74:555-561.
61. Shi HR, Zhu LQ, Wang SH, et al. 17beta-estradiol attenuates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activation and tau hyperphosphorylation in Akt-independent manner. JNeural Transm 2008;115:879-888.
62. Hunter JC, Kostyak JC, Novotny JL, et al. Estrogen deficiency decreases ischemic tolerance in the aged rat heart: Roles of PKCdelta, PKCepsilon, Akt, and GSK3beta. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007;292:R800-R809. (Pubitemid 46207733)
63. Casu MA, Sanna A, Spada GP, et al. Effects of acute and chronic valproate treatments on p-CREB levels in the rat amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 2007;1141:15-24. (Pubitemid 46394502)
64. Li X, Bijur GN, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, mood stabilizers, and neuroprotection. Bipolar Disord 2002;4:137-144. (Pubitemid 34411276)
65. Chang YC, Rapoport SI, Rao JS. Chronic administration of mood stabilizers upregulates BDNF and bcl-2 expression levels in rat frontal cortex. Neurochem Res 2009;34:536-541.
66. McEwen BS, Alves SE. Estrogen actions in the central nervous system. Endocr Rev 1999;20:279-307. (Pubitemid 30649809)
67. Mooradian AD. Antioxidant properties of steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993;45:509-511. (Pubitemid 23180282)
68. Singer CA, Rogers KL, Strickland TM, Dorsa DM. Estrogen protects primary cortical neurons from glutamate toxicity. Neurosci Lett 1996;212:13-16. (Pubitemid 26267070)
69. Green PS, Gridley KE, Simpkins JW. Nuclear estrogen receptor-independent neuroprotection by estratrienes: a novel interaction with glutathione. Neuroscience 1998;84:7-10. (Pubitemid 28081520)
70. Stirone C, Duckles SP, Krause DN, Procaccio V. Estrogen increases mitochondrial efficiency and reduces oxidative stress in cerebral blood vessels. Mol Pharmacol 2005;68:959-965. (Pubitemid 41345787)
71. Gardner A, Boles RG. Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: mitochondria, inflammation and neurodegeneration in major depression and affective spectrum disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:730-743.
72. Gardner A, Johansson A, Wibom R, et al. Alterations of mitochondrial function and correlations with personality traits in selected major depressive disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2003;76:55-68. (Pubitemid 37013356)
73. Leonard BE. The immune system, depression and the action of antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001;25:767-780. (Pubitemid 32374966)
74. Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR, et al. Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: a positron-emission tomography study in women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:8836-8841. (Pubitemid 27335126)
75. Protopopescu X, Pan H, Altemus M, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex activity related to emotional processing changes across the menstrual cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:16060-16065. (Pubitemid 41552867)
76. Nestler EJ, Carlezon Jr WA. The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:1151-1159. (Pubitemid 44192421)
77. Dreher JC, Schmidt PJ, Kohn P, et al. Menstrual cycle phase modulates reward-related neural function in women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:2465-2470. (Pubitemid 46391419)
78. Figueiredo HF, Dolgas CM, Herman JP. Stress activation of cortex and hippocampus is modulated by sex and stage of estrus. Endocrinology 2002;143:2534-2540. (Pubitemid 34701316)
79. Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, et al. Reciprocal limbiccortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:675-682. (Pubitemid 29220063)
80. Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 2005;45:651-660. (Pubitemid 40320700)
81. Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual abuse, stressful life events and risk for major depression in women. Psychol Med 2004;34:1475-1482. (Pubitemid 39599945)
82. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, et al. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:833-842.
83. Walf AA, Frye CA. Raloxifene and/or estradiol decrease anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior, whereas only estradiol increases carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis and uterine proliferation among ovariectomized rats. Behav Pharmacol 2010;21:231-240.
84. Li W, Li QJ, An SC. Preventive effect of estrogen on depression-like behavior induced by chronic restraint stress. Neurosci Bull 2010;26:140-146.
85. Ter Horst GJ, Wichmann R, Gerrits M, et al. Sex differences in stress responses: focus on ovarian hormones. Physiol Behav 2009;97:239-249.
86. Gerrits M, Grootkarijn A, Bekkering BF, et al. Cyclic estradiol replacement attenuates stress-induced c-Fos expression in the PVN of ovariectomized rats. Brain Res Bull 2005;67:147-155. (Pubitemid 41225329)
87. Beck CH, Fibiger HC. Chronic desipramine alters stress-induced behaviors and regional expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995;51:331-338.
88. Morinobu S, Nibuya M, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant treatment down-regulates the induction of c-fos mRNA in response to acute stress in rat frontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995;12:221-228.
89. Gerrits M, Bakker PL, Koch T, Ter Horst GJ. Stress-induced sensitization of the limbic system in ovariectomized rats is partly restored by cyclic 17beta-estradiol administration. Eur J Neurosci 2006;23:1747-1756.
90. Gerrits M, Westenbroek C, Koch T, et al. Increased limbic phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1 and 2 expression after chronic stress is reduced by cyclic 17beta-estradiol administration. Neuroscience 2006;142:1293-1302. (Pubitemid 44636065)
91. Maguire J, Mody I. GABA(A)R plasticity during pregnancy: relevance to postpartum depression. Neuron 2008;59:207-213. (Pubitemid 352033688)
92. Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, et al. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:924-930. (Pubitemid 30412343)
93. Bloch M, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, et al. Cortisol response to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in a model of pregnancy and parturition in euthymic women with and without a history of postpartum depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:695-699. (Pubitemid 40279181)
94. Schmidt PJ, Nieman LK, Danaceau MA, et al. Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome.N Engl JMed 1998;338:209-216.
95. Halbreich U, Endicott J, Goldstein S, Nee J. Premenstrual changes and changes in gonadal hormones. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;74:576-586. (Pubitemid 17225927)
96. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson DB. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:375-382.
97. Bromberger JT, Schott LL, Kravitz HM, et al. Longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and depressive symptoms across the menopausal transition: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:598-607.
98. Deecher DC, Dorries K. Understanding the pathophysiology of vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) that occur in perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause life stages. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10:247-257.
99. Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, Roca CA, Daly RC. Gonadal hormones and behavior in women: concentrations versus context. In: Pfaff DW, Arnold AP, Etgen AM, Fahrbach SE, Rubin RT, editors. Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Vol. 5. New York: Academic Press; 2002.
100. Corwin EJ, Kohen R, Jarrett M, Stafford B. The heritability of postpartum depression. Biol Res Nurs 2010;12:73-83.
101. Kendler KS, Silberg JL, Neale MC, et al. Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of menstrual, premenstrual and neurotic symptoms: a population-based twin study. Psychol Med 1992;22:85-100.
102. Huo L, Straub RE, Roca C, et al. Risk for premenstrual dysphoric disorder is associated with genetic variation in ESR1, the estrogen receptor alpha gene. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:925-933. (Pubitemid 47496149)
103. Rohde LE, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM. Survey of C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy men. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:1018-1022. (Pubitemid 29505368)
104. Retterstol L, Eikvar L, Bohn M, et al. C-reactive protein predicts death in patients with previous premature myocardial infarction - a 10 year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis 2002;160:433-440. (Pubitemid 34159338)
105. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women.NEngl JMed 2000;342:836-843.
106. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1557-1565. (Pubitemid 35315836)
107. Kop WJ, Gottdiener JS, Tangen CM, et al. Inflammation and coagulation factors in persons >65 years of age with symptoms of depression but without evidence of myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:419-424. (Pubitemid 34142517)
108. Alesci S, Martinez PE, Kelkar S, et al. Major depression is associated with significant diurnal elevations in plasma interleukin-6 levels, a shift of its circadian rhythm, and loss of physiological complexity in its secretion: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2522-2530. (Pubitemid 40686286)
109. Kahl KG, Rudolf S, Stoeckelhuber BM, et al. Bone mineral density, markers of bone turnover, and cytokines in young women with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:168-174. (Pubitemid 40095687)
110. Vaccarino V, Johnson BD, Sheps DS, et al. Depression, inflammation, and incident cardiovascular disease in women with suspected coronary ischemia: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored WISE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2044-2050. (Pubitemid 350087570)
111. Kling MA, Alesci S, Csako G, et al. Sustained low-grade proinflammatory state in unmedicated, remitted women with major depressive disorder as evidenced by elevated serum levels of the acute phase proteins C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:309-313. (Pubitemid 47449633)
112. Maes M, Ombelet W, De Jongh R, et al. The inflammatory response following delivery is amplified in women who previously suffered from major depression, suggesting that major depression is accompanied by a sensitization of the inflammatory response system. J Affect Disord 2001;63:85-92. (Pubitemid 32200502)
113. Vural P, Canbaz M, Akgul C. Effects of menopause and postmenopausal tibolone treatment on plasma TNFalpha, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 cytokine pattern and some bone turnover markers. Pharmacol Res 2006;53:367-371. (Pubitemid 43670504)
114. Vitale C, Gebara O, Mercuro G, et al. Value of C-reactive protein levels and IL-6 in predicting events levels in women at increased cardiovascular risk. Maturitas 2005;50:239-246. (Pubitemid 40365026)
115. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study. JAMA 2002;288:980-987. (Pubitemid 34920463)
116. Vogel RA. Coronary risk factors, endothelial function, and atherosclerosis: a review. Clin Cardiol 1997;20:426-432. (Pubitemid 27184935)
117. Heitzer T, Schlinzig T, Krohn K, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001;104:2673-2678. (Pubitemid 33108132)
118. Mancini GB. Vascular structure versus function: is endothelial dysfunction of independent prognostic importance or not? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:624-628.
119. Chan SY, Mancini GB, Kuramoto L, et al. The prognostic importance of endothelial dysfunction and carotid atheroma burden in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1037-1043. (Pubitemid 37108590)
120. Stadler RW, Ibrahim SF, Lees RS. Measurement of the time course of peripheral vasoactivity: results in cigarette smokers. Atherosclerosis 1998;138:197-205. (Pubitemid 28255168)
121. Hinderliter AL, Sager AR, Sherwood A, et al. Ethnic differences in forearm vasodilator capacity. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:208-211. (Pubitemid 26244371)
122. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992;340:1111-1115.
123. Broadley AJ, Korszun A, Jones CJ, Frenneaux MP. Arterial endothelial function is impaired in treated depression. Heart 2002;88:521-523.
124. Rajagopalan S, Brook R, Rubenfire M, et al. Abnormal brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in young adults with major depression. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:196-198, A7.
125. Sherwood A, Hinderliter AL, Watkins LL, et al. Impaired endothelial function in coronary heart disease patients with depressive symptomatology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:656-659. (Pubitemid 41132693)
126. Liu Y, Mladinov D, Pietrusz JL, et al. Glucocorticoid response elements and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Cardiovasc Res 2009;81:140-147.
127. Dome P, Teleki Z, Rihmer Z, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and depression: a possible novel link between heart and soul. Mol Psychiatry 2009;14:523-531.
128. Rybakowski JK, Wykretowicz A, Heymann-Szlachcinska A, Wysocki H. Impairment of endothelial function in unipolar and bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:889-891. (Pubitemid 44527889)
129. Wagner JA, Tennen H, Mansoor GA, Abbott G. History of major depressive disorder and endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Psychosom Med 2006;68:80-86. (Pubitemid 43803219)
130. Wagner J, Tennen H, Mansoor G, Abbott G. Endothelial dysfunction and history of recurrent depression in postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes: a case-control study. J Diabetes Complications Online March 14, 2008. 2008.
131. Vita JA, Keaney Jr JF. Hormone replacement therapy and endothelial function: the exception that proves the rule? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1867-1869.
132. Sanada M, Higashi Y, Nakagawa K, et al. Comparison of forearm endothelial function between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with or without hypercholesterolemia. Maturitas 2003;44:307-315. (Pubitemid 36412182)
133. Imanishi T, Tsujioka H, Akasaka T. Endothelial progenitor cell senescence - is there a role for estrogen? Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2010;4:55-69.
134. Duckles SP, Miller VM. Hormonal modulation of endothelial NO production. Pflugers Arch 2010;459:841-851.
135. Nemeroff CB, Musselman DL. Are platelets the link between depression and ischemic heart disease? Am Heart J 2000;140(4 Suppl):57-62.
136. von Kanel R. Platelet hyperactivity in clinical depression and the beneficial effect of antidepressant drug treatment: how strong is the evidence? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004;110:163-177.
137. Musselman DL, Tomer A, Manatunga AK, et al. Exaggerated platelet reactivity in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1313-1317. (Pubitemid 26334205)
138. Musselman DL, Marzec UM, Manatunga A, et al. Platelet reactivity in depressed patients treated with paroxetine: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:875-882.
139. Kuijpers PM, Hamulyak K, Strik JJ, et al. Beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 levels in post-myocardial infarction patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res 2002;109:207-210. (Pubitemid 34258500)
140. Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR, Pollock BG, et al. Elevated platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 1997;42:290-295. (Pubitemid 27325818)
141. Plein H, Berk M, Eppel S, Butkow N. Augmented platelet calcium uptake in response to serotonin stimulation in patients with major depression measured using Mn2+ influx and 45Ca2 + uptake. Life Sci 2000;66:425-431. (Pubitemid 30025498)
142. Scarabin PY, Bonithon-Kopp C, Bara L, et al. Factor VII activation and menopausal status. Thromb Res 1990;57:227-234. (Pubitemid 20071072)
143. Meilahn EN, Kuller LH, Matthews KA, Kiss JE. Hemostatic factors according to menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy. Ann Epidemiol 1992;2:445-455.
144. Lee AJ, Lowe GD, Smith WC, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Plasma fibrinogen in women: relationships with oral contraception, the menopause and hormone replacement therapy. Br J Haematol 1993;83:616-621. (Pubitemid 23117440)
145. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: 2003 Update.; 2002.
146. Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger Jr JT, Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:256-262. (Pubitemid 17036947)
147. Bigger Jr JT, Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM, Steinman RC. Frequency domain measures of heart period variability to assess risk late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:729-736. (Pubitemid 23076291)
148. La Rovere MT, Bigger Jr JT, Marcus FI, et al. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) Investigators. Lancet 1998;351:478-484. (Pubitemid 28070094)
149. Dalack GW, Roose SP. Perspectives on the relationship between cardiovascular disease and affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51: 4-9; discussion 10-1.
150. Broadley AJ, Frenneaux MP, Moskvina V, et al. Baroreflex sensitivity is reduced in depression. Psychosom Med 2005;67:648-651. (Pubitemid 41033598)
151. Davydov DM, Shapiro D, Cook IA, Goldstein I. Baroreflex mechanisms in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:164-177. (Pubitemid 44959272)
152. Farag NH, Bardwell WA, Nelesen RA, et al. Autonomic responses to psychological stress: the influence of menopausal status. Ann Behav Med 2003;26:134-138. (Pubitemid 37271599)
153. Lavi S, Nevo O, Thaler I, et al. Effect of aging on the cardiovascular regulatory systems in healthy women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007;292:R788-R793. (Pubitemid 46207731)
154. Lipman RD, Grossman P, Bridges SE, et al. Mental stress response, arterial stiffness, and baroreflex sensitivity in healthy aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:B279-B284. (Pubitemid 34733802)
155. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288:2709-2716. (Pubitemid 35403784)
156. Vaccarino V, McClure C, Johnson BD, et al. Depression, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Psychosom Med 2008;70:40-48.
157. Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 2006;27:24-31. (Pubitemid 43083561)
158. Dunbar JA, Reddy P, Davis-Lameloise N, et al. Depression: an important comorbidity with metabolic syndrome in a general population. Diabetes Care 2008;31:2368-2373.
159. Vicennati V, Pasquali R. Abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis in nondepressed women with abdominal obesity and relations with insulin resistance: evidence for a central and a peripheral alteration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4093-4098. (Pubitemid 32055358)
160. Giorgino F, Laviola L, Eriksson JW. Regional differences of insulin action in adipose tissue: insights from in vivo and in vitro studies. Acta Physiol Scand 2005;183:13-30. (Pubitemid 40188033)
161. Agatisa PK, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT, Edmundowicz D, Chang Y-F, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Coronary and aortic calcification in women with a history of major depression. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1229-1236. (Pubitemid 40989586)
162. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, et al. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:427-436.
163. Kendler KS, Kuhn J, Prescott CA. The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:631-636. (Pubitemid 38445506)
164. Steptoe A, Brydon L. Emotional triggering of cardiac events. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009;33:63-70.
165. Strawn WB, Bondjers G, Kaplan JR, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in response to psychosocial stress in monkeys. Circ Res 1991;68:1270-1279.
166. Skantze HB, Kaplan J, Pettersson K, et al. Psychosocial stress causes endothelial injury in cynomolgus monkeys via beta1-adrenoceptor activation. Atherosclerosis 1998;136:153-161. (Pubitemid 28341453)
167. Ghiadoni L, Donald AE, Cropley M, et al. Mental stress induces transient endothelial dysfunction in humans. Circulation 2000;102:2473-2478.
168. Vrijkotte TG, van Doornen LJ, de Geus EJ. Overcommitment to work is associated with changes in cardiac sympathetic regulation. Psychosom Med 2004;66:656-663. (Pubitemid 39332350)
169. Tanaka G, Sawada Y, Fujii R. [Cardiac vagal withdrawal during stressful tasks estimated by the baroreflex sensitivity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia]. Shinrigaku Kenkyu 1994;65:9-17.
170. Moses ZB, Luecken LJ, Eason JC. Measuring task-related changes in heart rate variability. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007;2007:644-647.
171. Vella EJ, Friedman BH. Autonomic characteristics of defensive hostility: reactivity and recovery to active and passive stressors. Int J Psychophysiol 2007;66:95-101. (Pubitemid 350007771)
172. Kasagi F, Akahoshi M, Shimaoka K. Relation between cold pressor test and development of hypertension based on 28-year follow-up. Hypertension 1995;25:71-76.
173. Girdler SS, Hinderliter AL, Brownley KA, et al. The ability of active versus passive coping tasks to predict future blood pressure levels in normotensive men and women. Int J Behav Med 1996;3:233-250. (Pubitemid 126488642)
174. Light KC, Girdler SS, Sherwood A, et al. High stress responsivity predicts later blood pressure only in combination with positive family history and high life stress. Hypertension 1999;33:1458-1464. (Pubitemid 29282671)
175. Alderman MH, Ooi WL, Madhavan S, Cohen H. Blood pressure reactivity predicts myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive patients. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:859-866. (Pubitemid 20345963)
176. Jiang W, Babyak M, Krantz DS, et al. Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. JAMA 1996;275:1651-1656. (Pubitemid 26175812)
177. Sheps DS, McMahon RP, Becker L, et al. Mental stress-induced ischemia and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia study. Circulation 2002;105:1780-1784. (Pubitemid 34408886)
178. Matthews KA, Owens JF, Kuller LH, et al. Stress-induced pulse pressure change predicts women's carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 1998;29:1525-1530. (Pubitemid 28365568)
179. Jennings JR, Kamarck TW, Everson-Rose SA, et al. Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are prospectively related to enhanced carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men. Circulation 2004;110:2198-2203. (Pubitemid 39372501)
180. Barnett PA, Spence JD, Manuck SB, Jennings JR. Psychological stress and the progression of carotid artery disease. J Hypertens 1997;15:49-55. (Pubitemid 27075986)
181. Matthews KA, Zhu S, Tucker DC, Whooley MA. Blood pressure reactivity to psychological stress and coronary calcification in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Hypertension 2006;47:391-395. (Pubitemid 43740280)
182. Madrigal JL, Hurtado O, Moro MA, et al. The increase in TNF-alpha levels is implicated in NF-kappaB activation and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in brain cortex after immobilization stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;26:155-163. (Pubitemid 34093078)
183. O'Connor KA, Johnson JD, Hansen MK, et al. Peripheral and central proinflammatory cytokine response to a severe acute stressor. Brain Res 2003;991:123-132. (Pubitemid 37297941)
184. Lutgendorf SK, Logan H, Costanzo E, Lubaroff D. Effects of acute stress, relaxation, and a neurogenic inflammatory stimulus on interleukin-6 in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2004;18:55-64. (Pubitemid 37476284)
185. Heinz A, Hermann D, Smolka MN, et al. Effects of acute psychological stress on adhesion molecules, interleukins and sex hormones: implications for coronary heart disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003;165:111-117. (Pubitemid 36056987)
186. Heesen C, Schulz H, Schmidt M, et al. Endocrine and cytokine responses to acute psychological stress in multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2002;16:282-287. (Pubitemid 35425566)
187. Dugue B, Leppanen EA, Teppo AM, et al. Effects of psychological stress on plasma interleukins-1 beta and 6, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor alpha, anti-diuretic hormone and serum cortisol. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993;53:555-561. (Pubitemid 23311134)
188. Steptoe A, Hamer M, Chida Y. The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2007;21:901-912. (Pubitemid 47285684)
189. Edwards KM, Burns VE, Ring C, Carroll D. Sex differences in the interleukin-6 response to acute psychological stress. Biol Psychol 2006;71:236-239. (Pubitemid 43220618)
190. Licinio J, Wong ML. The role of inflammatory mediators in the biology of major depression: central nervous system cytokines modulate the biological substrate of depressive symptoms, regulate stress-responsive systems, and contribute to neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. Mol Psychiatry 1999;4:317-327. (Pubitemid 29440570)
191. Sternberg EM, Licinio J. Overview of neuroimmune stress interactions. Implications for susceptibility to inflammatory disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;771:364-371.
192. Cohen S, Williamson GM. Stress and infectious disease in humans. Psychol Bull 1991;109:5-24.
193. Miller GE, Rohleder N, Stetler C, Kirschbaum C. Clinical depression and regulation of the inflammatory response during acute stress. Psychosom Med 2005;67:679-687. (Pubitemid 41396011)
194. von Kanel R, Kudielka BM, Preckel D, et al. Delayed response and lack of habituation in plasma interleukin-6 to acute mental stress in men. Brain Behav Immun 2006;20:40-48. (Pubitemid 41814662)
195. Brydon L, Steptoe A. Stress-induced increases in interleukin-6 and fibrinogen predict ambulatory blood pressure at 3-year follow-up. J Hypertens 2005;23:1001-1007. (Pubitemid 40637919)
196. Wallen NH, Held C, Rehnqvist N, Hjemdahl P. Effects of mental and physical stress on platelet function in patients with stable angina pectoris and healthy controls. Eur Heart J 1997;18:807-815. (Pubitemid 27208153)
197. Brydon L, Magid K, Steptoe A. Platelets, coronary heart disease, and stress. Brain Behav Immun 2006;20:113-119. (Pubitemid 43202075)
198. von Kanel R, Dimsdale JE. Effects of sympathetic activation by adrenergic infusions on hemostasis in vivo. Eur J Haematol 2000;65:357-369.
199. Thayer JF, Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, et al. Effects of the physical work environment on physiological measures of stress. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17:431-439.
200. Broadley AJ, Korszun A, Abdelaal E, et al. Inhibition of cortisol production with metyrapone prevents mental stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and baroreflex impairment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:344-350. (Pubitemid 40966867)
201. Bjorntorp P. Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev 2001;2:73-86.
202. Wallerius S, Rosmond R, Ljung T, et al. Rise in morning saliva cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity in men: a preliminary report. J Endocrinol Invest 2003;26:616-619. (Pubitemid 37270690)
203. Carnethon MR, Loria CM, Hill JO, et al. Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985-2001. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2707-2715.
204. Loucks EB, Magnusson KT, Cook S, et al. Socioeconomic position and the metabolic syndrome in early, middle, and late life: evidence from NHANES 1999-2002. Ann Epidemiol 2007;17:782-790.
205. Lucove JC, Kaufman JS, James SA. Association between adult and childhood socioeconomic status and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in African Americans: the Pitt County Study. Am J Public Health 2007;97:234-236. (Pubitemid 47279367)
206. Chichlowska KL, Rose KM, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status characteristics and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Psychosom Med 2008;70:986-992.
207. Roy MP, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A. Psychological, cardiovascular, and metabolic correlates of individual differences in cortisol stress recovery in young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001;26:375-391. (Pubitemid 32222943)
208. Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Ravaja N, Raikkonen K, et al. Relationships between the pituitary-adrenal hormones, insulin, and glucose in middle-aged men: moderating influence of psychosocial stress. Metabolism 1998;47:1440-1449. (Pubitemid 28565525)
209. Rosmond R, Holm G, Bjorntorp P. Food-induced cortisol secretion in relation to anthropometric, metabolic and haemodynamic variables in men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:416-422. (Pubitemid 30198093)
210. Saab PG, Matthews KA, Stoney CM, McDonald RH. Premenopausal and postmenopausal women differ in their cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to behavioral stressors. Psychophysiology 1989;26:270-280. (Pubitemid 19162439)
211. Lindheim SR, Legro RS, Bernstein L, et al. Behavioral stress responses in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and the effects of estrogen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1831-1836. (Pubitemid 23009332)
212. Del Rio G, Velardo A, Menozzi R, et al. Acute estradiol and progesterone administration reduced cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to mental stress in menopausal women. Neuroendocrinology 1998;67:269-274. (Pubitemid 28163408)
213. Burleson MH, Malarkey WB, Cacioppo JT, et al. Postmenopausal hormone replacement: effects on autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune reactivity to brief psychological stressors. Psychosom Med 1998;60:17-25. (Pubitemid 28124831)
214. Merz CNB, Kop W, Krantz DS, Helmers KF, Berman DS, Rozanski A. Cardiovascular stress response and coronary artery disease: Evidence of an adverse postmenopausal effect in women. Am Heart J 1998;135:881-887. (Pubitemid 28237315)
215. Greenspan SL, Rowe JW, Maitland LA, et al. The pituitary-adrenal glucocorticoid response is altered by gender and disease. J Gerontol 1993;48:M72-M77. (Pubitemid 23143637)
216. Knoferl MW, Angele MK, Diodato MD, et al. Female sex hormones regulate macrophage function after trauma-hemorrhage and prevent increased death rate from subsequent sepsis. Ann Surg 2002;235:105-112. (Pubitemid 34062406)
217. Lakoski SG, Herrington DM. Effects of hormone therapy on C-reactive protein and IL-6 in postmenopausal women: a review article. Climacteric 2005;8:317-326. (Pubitemid 41617480)
218. Suzuki S, Brown CM, Dela Cruz CD, et al. Timing of estrogen therapy after ovariectomy dictates the efficacy of its neuroprotective and antiinflammatory actions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:6013-6018. (Pubitemid 47175650)
219. Cvoro A, Tatomer D, Tee MK, et al. Selective estrogen receptor-beta agonists repress transcription of proinflammatory genes. J Immunol 2008;180:630-636.
220. Florian M, Magder S. Estrogen decreases TNF-alpha and oxidized LDL induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. Steroids 2008;73:47-58. (Pubitemid 350245674)
221. Gianni W, Ricci A, Gazzaniga P, et al. Raloxifene modulates interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis in vivo: results from a pilot clinical study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:6097-6099. (Pubitemid 39628420)
222. Eilertsen AL, Hoibraaten E, Os I, et al. The effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory markers in women with high risk of thrombosis. Maturitas 2005;52:111-118. (Pubitemid 41368033)
223. Vitale C, Cornoldi A, Gebara O, et al. Interleukin-6 and flow-mediated dilatation as markers of increased vascular inflammation in women receiving hormone therapy. Menopause 2005;12:552-558. (Pubitemid 41362079)
224. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kasama S, et al. Different effects of oral conjugated estrogen and transdermal estradiol on arterial stiffness and vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:436-442. (Pubitemid 44634490)
225. Berg G, Ekerfelt C, Hammar M, et al. Cytokine changes in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002;48:63-69.
226. Saucedo R, Rico G, Basurto L, et al. Transdermal estradiol in menopausal women depresses interleukin-6 without affecting other markers of immune response. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2002;53:114-117. (Pubitemid 34310088)
227. Gisclard V, Miller VM, Vanhoutte PM. Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on endothelium-dependent responses in the rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;244:19-22. (Pubitemid 18042356)
228. Williams JK, Adams MR, Klopfenstein HS. Estrogen modulates responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Circulation 1990;81:1680-1687. (Pubitemid 20158307)
229. Kawano H, Yasue H, Hirai N, et al. Effects of transdermal and oral estrogen supplementation on endothelial function, inflammation and cellular redox state. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;41:346-353. (Pubitemid 36980564)
230. Herrington DM, Espeland MA, Crouse III JR, et al. Estrogen replacement and brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in older women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1955-1961. (Pubitemid 34219747)
231. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Ohyama Y, et al. Effect of transdermal hormone replacement therapy on the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations and other vascular inflammatory markers and on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:148-153. (Pubitemid 40853961)
232. Chen Z, Yuhanna IS, Galcheva-Gargova Z, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates the nongenomic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by estrogen. J Clin Invest 1999;103:401-406. (Pubitemid 29069990)
233. Leng XH, Zhang W, Nieswandt B, Bray PF. Effects of estrogen replacement therapies on mouse platelet function and glycoprotein VI levels. Circ Res 2005;97:415-417. (Pubitemid 41298170)
234. Geng H, Zhang H, Zhang W, et al. Transdermal 17-beta estradiol replacement therapy reduces megakaryocyte GPVI expression. Thromb Res 2008;123:93-99.
235. Scarabin PY, Alhenc-Gelas M, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:3071-3078. (Pubitemid 28016061)
236. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007;115:840-845. (Pubitemid 46294724)
237. Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 2003;362:428-432. (Pubitemid 36999704)
238. Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ, et al. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetologia 2004;47:1175-1187. (Pubitemid 39093314)
239. Bonds DE, Lasser N, Qi L, et al. The effect of conjugated equine oestrogen on diabetes incidence: the Women's Health Initiative randomised trial. Diabetologia 2006;49:459-468. (Pubitemid 43277868)
240. Lobo RA. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones. Maturitas 2008;60:10-18.
241. O'Sullivan AJ, Crampton LJ, Freund J, Ho KK. The route of estrogen replacement therapy confers divergent effects on substrate oxidation and body composition in postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest 1998;102:1035-1040. (Pubitemid 28419248)
242. Ho KK, O'Sullivan AJ, Wolthers T, et al. Metabolic effects of oestrogens: Impact of the route of administration. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2003;64:170-177. (Pubitemid 36565178)
243. dos Reis CM, de Melo NR, Meirelles ES, et al. Body composition, visceral fat distribution and fat oxidation in postmenopausal women using oral or transdermal oestrogen. Maturitas 2003;46:59-68.
244. Lindheim SR, Duffy DM, Kojima T, et al. The route of administration influences the effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1994;62:1176-1180. (Pubitemid 24369782)
245. Cucinelli F, Paparella P, Soranna L, et al. Differential effect of transdermal estrogen plus progestagen replacement therapy on insulin metabolism in postmenopausal women: relation to their insulinemic secretion. Eur J Endocrinol 1999;140:215-223. (Pubitemid 29155579)
246. Lindheim SR, Presser SC, Ditkoff EC, et al. A possible bimodal effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women and the attenuating effect of added progestin. Fertil Steril 1993;60:664-667. (Pubitemid 23298511)
247. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006;8:538-554. (Pubitemid 44184248)
248. The Writing Group for PEPI 1994. JAMA 273:199-208.
249. Koh KK, Yoon, R-K, Merz CN, et al. The effects of hormone therapy on inflammatory, hemostatic and fibrnolytic markers in postmenopausal women. In: Lobo R, editor. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman, Basic and Clinical Aspects. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007:471-480.
250. Spary EJ, Maqbool A, Batten TF. Oestrogen receptors in the central nervous system and evidence for their role in the control of cardiovascular function. J Chem Neuroanat 2009;38:185-196.
251. Light KC, Hinderliter AL, West SG, et al. Hormone replacement improves hemodynamic profile and left ventricular geometry in hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women. J Hypertens 2001;19:269-278. (Pubitemid 32116278)
252. Girdler SS, Hinderliter AL, Wells EC, et al. Transdermal versus oral estrogen therapy in postmenopausal smokers: hemodynamic and endothelial effects. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:169-180. (Pubitemid 39248483)
253. West SG, Hinderliter AL, Wells EC, et al. Transdermal estrogen reduces vascular resistance and serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:926-933. (Pubitemid 32368111)
254. Meyer WR, Costello N, Straneva P, et al. Effect of low-dose estrogen on hemodynamic response to stress. Fertil Steril 2001;75:394-399. (Pubitemid 32112120)
255. Girdler SS, Hinderliter AL, West SG, et al. Postmenopausal smokers show reduced hemodynamic benefit from oral hormone replacement. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:590-592, A10.
256. Michnovicz JJ, Hershcopf RJ, Naganuma H, et al. Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1305-1309. (Pubitemid 17030406)
257. Sherwin BB. Estrogen and/or androgen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1988;13:345-357.
258. Ditkoff EC, Crary WG, Cristo M, Lobo RA. Estrogen improves psychological function in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:991-995.
259. Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Vogel W, Kobayashi Y. Estrogen therapy for severe persistent depressions in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:550-554. (Pubitemid 9201186)
260. Morrison MF, Kallan MJ, Ten Have T, et al. Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:406-412. (Pubitemid 38199991)
261. Rudolph I, Palombo-Kinne E, Kirsch B, Mellinger U, Breitbarth H, Graser T. Influence of a continuous combined HRT (2 mg estradiol valerate and 2mg dienogest) on postmenopausal depression. Climacteric 2004;7:301-311. (Pubitemid 39331270)
262. Zweifel JE, O'Brien WH. A meta-analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997;22:189-212. (Pubitemid 27293623)
263. Parry BL. Perimenopausal depression. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:23-27. (Pubitemid 351704547)
264. Soares CN, Arsenio H, Joffe H, et al. Escitalopram versus ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone acetate for symptomatic peri- and postmenopausal women: impact on depression, vasomotor symptoms, sleep, and quality of life. Menopause 2006;13:780-786. (Pubitemid 44435032)
265. Frey BN, Lord C, Soares CN. Depression during menopausal transition: a review of treatment strategies and pathophysiological correlates. Menopause Int 2008;14:123-128.
266. Powers MS, Schenkel L, Darley PE, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dosage forms of 17 beta-estradiol: comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:1099-1106. (Pubitemid 15018651)
267. Appleby L, Montgomery J, Studd J. Oestrogens and affective disorders. In: Studd J, editor. Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 1981:289-391.
268. Gregoire AJ, Kumar R, Everitt B, et al. Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet 1996;347:930-933. (Pubitemid 26102548)
269. Henderson AF, Gregoire AJ, Kumar RD, Studd JW. Treatment of severe postnatal depression with oestradiol skin patches. Lancet 1991;338:816-817.
270. Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Robertson LM, et al. Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:814-818.
271. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study. N Engl J Med 1991;325:756-762.
272. Bush TL. Evidence for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in women taking oestrogen replacement therapy. Eur Heart J 1996;17:9-14. (Pubitemid 26278620)
273. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333. (Pubitemid 34761611)
274. Harman SM, Naftolin F, Brinton EA, Judelson DR. Is the estrogen controversy over? Deconstructing the Women's Health Initiative study: a critical evaluation of the evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1052:43-56. (Pubitemid 41338957)
275. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465-1477. (Pubitemid 46556472)
276. Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE, et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl JMed 2007;356:2591-2602. (Pubitemid 46961004)
277. Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Jerome CP. Lack of effect of raloxifene on coronary artery atherosclerosis of postmenopausal monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:721-726. (Pubitemid 28496435)
278. Mikkola TS, Clarkson TB. Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:605-619. (Pubitemid 34175253)
279. Brownley KA, Hinderliter AL, West SG, et al. Cardiovascular effects of 6 months of hormone replacement therapy versus placebo: differences associated with years since menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1052-1058. (Pubitemid 38561523)
280. Brinton RD. Investigative models for determining hormone therapy-induced outcome in brain: evidence in support of a healthy cell bias of estrogen action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1052:57-74. (Pubitemid 41338958)
281. Utian WH, Archer DF, Bachmann GA, et al. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2008;15:584-602.
282. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:s1-s66.
283. L'Hermite M, Simoncini T, Fuller S, Genazzani AR. Could transdermal estradiol + progesterone be a safer postmenopausal HRT? A review. Maturitas 2008;60:185-201.
284. Adams MR, Register TC, Golden DL, et al. Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:217-221. (Pubitemid 27057346)