Posttraumatic growth among children and adolescents: A systematic review

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 949-964

  Meyerson, David A ^a   Grant, Kathryn E ^a   Carter, Jocelyn Smith ^a   Kilmer, Ryan P ^b  

^a DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Benefit finding; Children; Posttraumatic growth; Stress related growth; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; AGE; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE MODEL; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNICITY; EXPERIENCE; GENDER; HUMAN; INJURY; JUVENILE; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH; MENTAL STRESS; POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL BALANCE; PSYCHOTRAUMA; RACE; REVIEW; RUMINATION; SOCIAL ASPECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TIME;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 79959595387     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.003     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Aisenberg E., Ayón C., Orozco-Figueroa A. The role of young adolescents' perception in understanding the severity of exposure to community violence and PTSD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2008, 23:1555.
2. Aldridge A.A., Roesch S.C. Developing coping typologies of minority adolescents: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Adolescence 2008, 31:499-517.
3. Alisic E., van der Schoot T.A.W., van Ginkel J.R., Kleber R.J. Looking beyond posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Posttraumatic stress reactions, posttraumatic growth, and quality of life in a general population sample. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008, 69:1455-1461.
4. Barratt, W. (2006). The Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status (BSMSS) Measuring SES. Unpublished manuscript. Indiana State University, available at http://wbarratt.indstate.edu/socialclass/Barratt_Simplifed_Measure_of_Social_Status.pdf.
5. Barakat L.P., Alderfer M.A., Kazak A.E. Posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors of cancer and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006, 31:413-419.
6. Broman C.L. Coping with personal problems. Mental health in Black America 1996, 117-129. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. H.W. Neighbors, J.S. Jackson (Eds.).
7. Burwell R.A., Shirk S.R. Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2007, 36:56-65.
8. Calhoun L.G., Tedeschi R.G. Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis 1998, 215-238. Lawrence Elrbaum, Mahwah, NJ. R.G. Tedeschi, C.L. Park, L.G. Calhoun (Eds.).
9. Calhoun L.G., Tedeschi R.G. Facilitating post-traumatic growth: A clinician's guide 1999, Lawrence Elrbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
10. Calhoun L.G., Tedeschi R.G. The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice 2006, 3-23. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. L.G. Calhoun, R.G. Tedeschi (Eds.).
11. Chu P., Saucier D.A., Hafner E. Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2010, 29:624-645.
12. Cicchetti D. Foreword. Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities 2003, xix-xxvii. Cambridge University Press, New York. S. Luthar (Ed.).
13. Clay R., Knibbs J., Joseph S. Measurement of posttraumatic growth in young people: A review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009, 14:411-422.
14. Compas B.E., Connor-Smith J., Saltzman H., Thomsen A.H., Wadsworth M.E. Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin 2001, 127:87-127.
15. Cotton S., Zebracki K., Rosenthal S.L., Tsevat J., Drotar D. Religion/spirituality and adolescent health outcomes: A review. Journal of Adolescent Health 2006, 38:472-480.
16. Cryder C.H., Kilmer R.P., Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G. An exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2006, 76:65-69.
17. Currier J.M., Hermes S., Phipps S. Children's response to serious illness: Perceptions of benefit and burden in a pediatric cancer population. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2009, 34:1129-1134.
18. Davis C., Nolen-Hoeksema S., Larson J. Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75:561-574.
19. Derogatis L.R., Fitzpatrick M. The SCL-90-R, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the BSI-18. Instruments for adults 2004, Vol. 3:1-41. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. 3rd ed. M.E. Maruish (Ed.).
20. Dew R., Daniel S.S., Armstrong T.D., Goldston D.B., Triplett M., Koenig H.G. Religion/spirituality and adolescent psychiatric symptoms: A review. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2008, 39:381-398.
21. Dohrenwend B.P. Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:477-495.
22. Garber J., Keiley M.K., Martin N.C. Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: Predictors of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002, 70:79-95.
23. Gil-Rivas V., Silver R.C., Holman E.A., McIntosh D., Poulin M. Parental response and adolescent adjustment to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20:1063-1068.
24. Gorman D.M. A review of studies comparing checklist and interview methods of data collection in life event research. Behavioral Medicine 1993, 19:66-73.
25. Grant K.E., Compas B.E., Stuhlmacher A.F., Thurm A.E., McMahon S.D., Halpert J.A. Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin 2003, 129:447-466.
26. Grant K.E., Compas B.E., Thurm A.E., McMahon S., Gipson P., Campbell A., et al. Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Evidence of moderating and mediating effects. Clinical Psychology Review 2006, 26:257-283.
27. Grant K.E., McMahon S.D. Conceptualizing the role of stressors in the development of psychopathology. Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective 2008, 3-31. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. B.L. Hankin, J.R.Z. Abela (Eds.).
28. Hafstad G.S., Gil-Rivas V., Kilmer R.P., Raeder S. Parental adjustment, family functioning, and posttraumatic growth among Norwegian children and adolescents following a natural disaster. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2010, 80:248-257.
29. Hafstad G.S., Kilmer R.P., Gil-Rivas V. Posttraumatic adjustment and posttraumatic growth among Norwegian children and adolescents to the 2004 Tsunami. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2011, 10.1037/a0023236.
30. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y. Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin 2001, 127:773-796.
31. Hasan N., Power T.G. Children's appraisal of major life events. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2004, 74:26-32.
32. Helgeson V.S., Reynolds K.A., Tomich P.L. A meta-analytic review of benefit-finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74:797-816.
33. Ickovics J.R., Meade C.S., Kershaw T.S., Milan S., Lewis J.B., Ethier K.A. Urban teens: Trauma, posttraumatic growth, and emotional distress among female adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74:841-850.
34. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions 1992, Free Press, New York.
35. Joseph S., Linley P.A. Growth following adversity: Theoretical perspectives and implications for clinical practice. Clinical Psychology Review 2006, 26:1041-1053.
36. Kilmer R.P. Resilience and posttraumatic growth in children. Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice 2006, 264-288. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, NJ. L.G. Calhoun, R.G. Tedeschi (Eds.).
37. Kilmer R.P., Gil-Rivas V. Exploring posttraumatic growth in children impacted by Hurricane Katrina: Correlates of the phenomenon and developmental considerations. Child Development 2010, 81:1211-1227.
38. Kilmer R.P., Gil-Rivas V., Tedeschi R.G., Cann A., Calhoun L.G., Buchanan T., et al. Use of the revised Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children (PTGI-C-R). Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22:248-253.
39. Kilpatrick D.G., Resnick H.S., Freedy J.R., Pelcovitz D., Resick P., Roth S., et al. The posttraumatic stress disorder field trial: Evaluation of the PTSD construct: Criteria A through E. DSM-IV Sourcebook 1998, 4:803-844.
40. Kimhi S., Eshel Y., Zysberg L., Hantman S. Getting a life: Gender differences in postwar recovery. Sex Roles 2009, 10.1007/s11199-009-9660-2.
41. Kimhi S., Eshel Y., Zysberg L., Hantman S. Postwar winners and losers in the long run: Determinants of war relates stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth. Community Mental Health Journal 2009, 46:10-19.
42. Kliewer W., Sandler I., Wolchik S. Family socialization of threat appraisal and coping: Coaching, modeling, and family context. Social networks and social support in childhood and adolescence 1994, 271-291. Waler de Gruyter, New York. F. Nestmann, K. Hurrelmann (Eds.).
43. Landis D., Gaylord-Harden N., Malinowski S., Grant K.E., Ford R.E., Carleton R.A. Urban adolescent stress and hopelessness. Journal of Adolescence 2006, 33:520-538.
44. Larson R.W., Hansen D.M., Moneta G. Differing profiles of developmental experiences across types of organized youth activities. Developmental Psychology 2006, 42:849-863.
45. Laufer A., Hamama-Raz Y., Levine S.Z., Solomon Z. Posttraumatic growth in adolescence: The role of religiosity, distress, and forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2009, 28:860-862.
46. Laufer A., Solomon Z. Posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth among Israeli youth exposed to terror incidents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2006, 25:429-447.
47. Lazarus R.S., DeLongis A., Folkman S., Gruen R. Stress and adaptational outcomes: The problem of confounded measures. American Psychologist 1985, 40:770-779.
48. Lazarus R.S., Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping 1984, Springer, New York.
49. Levine S.Z., Laufer A., Hamama-Raz Y., Stein E., Solomon Z. Posttraumatic growth in adolescence: Examining its components and relationship with PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21:492-496.
50. Linley P.A., Joseph S. Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:11-21.
51. Lipsey M.W., Wilson D.B. Practical meta-analysis 2001, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
52. Maercker A., Herrle J. Long-term effects of the Dresden bombing: Relationships to control beliefs, religious belief, and personal growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2003, 16:579-587.
53. Masten A.S. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist 2001, 56:227-238.
54. Masten A.S., Coatsworth J.D. The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist 1998, 53:205-220.
55. Milam J.E., Ritt-Olsen A., Tan S., Unger J.B., Nezami E. The September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks and reports of posttraumatic growth among a multi-ethnic sample of adolescents. Traumatology 2005, 11:233-246.
56. Milam J.E., Ritt-Olsen A., Unger J.B. Posttraumatic growth among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research 2004, 19:192-204.
57. Miller, J. (2008). Parental cancer: The parent-child bond at risk. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and, Engineering, 69(4-B), 2634.
58. Mohr D.C., Dick L.P., Russo D., Pinn J., Boudewyn A.C., Likosky W., et al. The psychosocial impact of multiple sclerosis: Exploring the patient's perspective. Health Psychology 1999, 18:376-382.
59. Morris M.C., Ciesla J.A., Garber J. A prospective study of stress autonomy versus stress sensitization in adolescents at varied risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2010, 119:341.
60. Murphy S.A., Johnson L.C., Lohan J. Finding meaning in a child's violent death: A five-year prospective analysis of parents' personal narratives and empirical data. Death Studies 2003, 27:381-404.
61. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Girgus J.S. The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 1994, 115:424-443.
62. Pargament K.I. The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice 1997, Guilford Press, New York.
63. Park, S. S. (2006). Exposure to community violence and aggressive beliefs in adolescents: Role of posttraumatic growth and developmental resources. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 67(3-B), 1732.
64. Park C.L., Aldwin C.M., Fenster J.R., Snyder L.B. Pathways to posttraumatic growth versus posttraumatic stress: Coping and emotional reactions following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2008, 78:300-312.
65. Park C.L., Cohen L.H., Murch R. Assessment and prediction of stress related growth. Journal of Personality 1996, 64:71-105.
66. Phipps S., Long A.M., Ogden J. Benefit finding scale for children: Preliminary findings from a childhood cancer population. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2007, 32:1264-1271.
67. Prati G., Pietrantoni L. Optimism, social support and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2009, 14:364-388.
68. Pynoos R., Rodriguez N., Steinberg A., Stuber M., Frederick C. The UCLA PTSD reaction index for DSM IV (revision 1) 1998, UCLA Trauma Psychiatry Program, Los Angeles.
69. Rood L., Roelofs J., Bögels S.M., Nolen-Hoeksema S., Schouten E. The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review 2009, 29:607-616.
70. Rudolph K.D., Hammen C., Burge D. A cognitive-interpersonal approach to depressive symptoms in preadolescent children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1997, 25:33-45.
71. Salmon K., Bryant R.A. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review 2002, 22:163-188.
72. Salter E., Stallard P. Posttraumatic growth in child survivors of a road traffic accident. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:335-340.
73. Scales P.C., Benson P.L., Leffert N., Blyth D.A. Contribution of developmental assets to the prediction of thriving among adolescents. Applied Developmental Science 2000, 4:27-46.
74. Scholte W.F., Olff M., Ventevogel P., de Vries G.J., Jansveld E., Cardozo B.L., et al. Mental health symptoms following war and repression in eastern Afghanistan. Journal of the American Medicine Association 2004, 292:585-593.
75. Schuster M.A., Stein B.D., Jaycox L.H., Collins R.L., Marshall G.N., Elliott, et al. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001, 345:1507-1512.
76. Shakespeare-Finch J., Armstrong D. Trauma type and posttrauma outcomes: Differences between survivors of motor vehicle accidents, sexual assault, and bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2010, 15:69-82.
77. Stanton A.L., Bower J.E., Low C.A. Posttraumatic growth after cancer. Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice 2006, 138-175. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. L.G. Calhoun, R.G. Tedeschi (Eds.).
78. Taku K., Cann A., Calhoun L.G., Tedeschi R.G. The factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: A comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21:158-164.
79. Taku, K., Kilmer, R. P., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (in press). Exploring posttraumatic growth in Japanese youth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.
80. Tamres L.K., Janicki D., Helgeson V.S. Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2002, 6:2-30.
81. Taylor A.J.W., Nailatikau E., Walkey F.H. A hostage trauma in Fiji. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies 2002, 6:1174-4707.
82. Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G. Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering 1995, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
83. Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1996, 9:455-471.
84. Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry 2004, 15:1-18.
85. Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G., Cann A. Evaluating resource gain: Understanding and misunderstanding posttraumatic growth. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2007, 56:396-406.
86. Tomich P.L., Helgeson V.S. Is finding something good in the bad always good? Benefit finding among women with breast cancer. Health Psychology 2004, 23:16-23.
87. Vaughn A.A., Roesch S.C., Aldridge A.A. Stress-related growth in racial/ethnic minority adolescents: Measurement structure and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement 2009, 69:131-145.
88. Vishnevsky T., Cann A., Calhoun L.G., Tedeschi R.G., Demakis G.J. Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2010, 34:110-120.
89. Waller E.M., Rose A.J. Adjustment trade-offs of co-rumination in mother-adolescent relationships. Journal of Adolescence 2010, 33:487-497.
90. Wagner C., Abela J.R.Z., Brozina K. A comparison of stress measures in children and adolescents: A self-report checklist versus an objectively rated interview. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2006, 28:251-261.
91. Watkins E.R. Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin 2008, 134:163-206.
92. Wolchik S.A., Coxe S., Tein J.Y., Sandler I.W., Ayers T.S. Six-year longitudinal predictors of posttraumatic growth in parentally bereaved adolescents and young adults. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 2009, 58:107-128.
93. Yaskowich, K. M. (2003). Posttraumatic growth in children and adolescents with cancer. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and, Engineering, 63(8-B), 3948.
94. Yu X., Lau J.T.F., Zhang J., Mak W.W.S., Choi K.C., Lui W.W.S., et al. Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders 2010, 123:327-331.
95. Zelikovsky N., Rodrigue J.R., Gidycz C.A. Reducing parent distress and increasing parent coping-promoting behavior during children's medical procedure. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2001, 8:273-281.