Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 163-188

  Salmon, Karen ^a   Bryant, Richard A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Children; Developmental; Posttraumatic stress disorder

Indexed keywords

AGE; BEHAVIOR; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONVERSATION; DEVELOPMENT; EMOTION; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INCIDENCE; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTERVIEW; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; LEARNING; MEMORY; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT; THEORY; THINKING;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CHILD; HUMANS; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; RISK FACTORS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 0036137275     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00086-1     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. Posttraumatic stress in children following acute physical injury
2. Children's use of context and category cues to retrieve episodic information from memory
3. Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in children exposed to disaster: Results from confirmatory factor analyses
4. Children traumatized by Central American Warfare
5. The effects of stress on young children's memory for a natural disaster
6. Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders
7. Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial
8. Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children: Threat bias and the FEAR effect
9. If memory serves, will language? Later verbal accessibility of early memories
10. Intervention with children who experience trauma
11. The role of immaturity in human development
12. The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior
13. Cognitive impact of traumatic events
14. The development of forgetting and reminiscence
15. Psychiatric observations among Finnish children during the Russo-Finnish War of 1939-1940
16. Learning to talk about emotions: A functionalist perspective
17. The classification of posttraumatic stress disorder
18. Draw it again Sam: The effect of drawing on children's suggestibility and source monitoring
19. Cognitive behavior therapy of violence-related posttraumatic stress disorder
20. Posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: Can they co-exist?
21. Processing threatening information in posttraumatic stress disorder
22. Avoidant coping style and posttraumatic stress following motor vehicle accidents
23. Acute stress disorder: A critical review of diagnostic and theoretical issues
24. Attentional bias in posttraumatic stress disorder
25. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury
26. Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counselling
27. Eye movement and electrodermal responses to threat stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder
28. Speech and language: Development and disorders
29. Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and synthesis
30. Failures in the expectable environment and their impact on individual development: The case of child maltreatment
31. Does "telling" less protect more? Relationships among age, information disclosure, and what children with cancer see and feel
32. Memory performance among women with parental abuse histories: Enhanced directed forgetting or directed remembering?
33. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder
34. The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective
35. Factors associated with an increased impact of child sexual abuse
36. Reaction to trauma: A cognitive processing model
37. Family process and child psychopathology: An observational analysis of the FEAR effect
38. Internalizing disorders
39. Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder
40. Update on treatment outcome studies
41. Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress: Preliminary findings
42. The use of dolls in interviewing young children
43. Psychological consequences of road traffic accidents in children and adolescents: Reply
44. Road traffic accidents: Early psychological consequences in children and adolescents
45. Posttraumatic stress disorder
46. Young children's understanding of emotions within close relationships
47. A psychologist's contribution to air raid problems
48. Investigating psychopathological consequences of a disaster in children: A pilot study incorporating a structured diagnostic interview
49. Trauma, memory and suggestibility
50. Introduction
51. Coping with stress: The roles of regulation and development
52. Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior
53. Child and adolescent psychotherapy research: Developmental issues
54. Attachment and emotion in autobiographical memory development
55. Psychological consequences of road traffic accidents in children and adolescents
56. Children's recollections of traumatic and nontraumatic events
57. Autobiographical memory across the preschool years
58. Emotion in parent-child conversations
59. Say it once again: Effects of repeated questions on children's event recall
60. Events spoken and unspoken: Implications of language and memory development for the recovered memory debate
61. Young children's knowledge about thinking
62. Social cognition
63. Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder
64. Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information
65. Behavioral/cognitive conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder
66. An epidemiological study of psychic trauma and treatment effectiveness for children after a natural disaster
67. There's more to intentional forgetting than directed forgetting: An integrative review
68. The aftermath of child sexual abuse: 18 Months later
69. Children's reactions to and memory for a stressful event
70. Children's knowledge of sexuality: A comparison of sexually abused and nonabused children
71. Responses of children and adolescents to disasters
72. Drawing facilitates children's verbal reports of emotionally laden events
73. Attempted thought suppression over extended periods in acute stress disorder
74. Mother-child conversational interactions as events unfold: Linkages to subsequent remembering
75. Child and parent reaction to the three mile island nuclear accident
76. Origins of autobiographical memory
77. Intending to forget: The development of cognitive inhibition in directed forgetting
78. The child's understanding of emotion: Developmental change and the family environment
79. The development of self representations
80. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors
81. The effect of attempted thought suppression in acute stress disorder
82. A two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
83. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
84. Developmental perspectives on child and adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder
85. How can I remember when "I" wasn't there: Long-term retention of traumatic experiences and emergence of the cognitive self
86. Intrusions in preschooler's recall of traumatic childhood events
87. As times go by: Sixth grade children recall a kindergarten experience
88. The significance of self-reported anxious symptoms in first grade children
89. Emotional development and developmental psychopathology
90. Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in survivors of childhood cancer and their mothers and fathers
91. Assessment of childhood depression: Correspondence of child and parent ratings
92. The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: I. The children
93. Posttraumatic stress disorder in young children: A reaction to purported sexual abuse
94. The role of social and cognitive processes in children's adjustment to community violence
95. When disaster strikes, acute stress disorder may follow
96. Intentional forgetting and voluntary thought suppression: Two potential methods for coping with childhood trauma
97. Preschoolers' understanding of the link between thinking and feeling: Cognitive cuing and emotional change
98. Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear
99. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children following orthopedic or traumatic brain injury
100. Is the re-experience of painful emotion therapeutic?
101. Information processing in anxiety disorders: Application to the understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder
102. Sexually and physically abused children
103. Children exposed to disaster: Risk factors for the development of posttraumatic symptomatology
104. Children who witness parental murder: Posttraumatic aspects
105. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder after a single-incident stressor
106. Assessment of child and family disturbance: A behavioral systems approach
107. Traumatic brain injury in a child psychiatry inpatient population: A controlled study
108. The effects of systemic family violence on children's mental health
109. Child-initiated conversations about the past and memory performance by preschoolers
110. Posttraumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children
111. Experimental approaches to cognitive abnormality in posttraumatic stress disorder
112. Stressors that produce posttraumatic stress disorder in children
113. Assessment of intrusive cognition in PTSD: Use of the modified Stroop paradigm
114. Directed forgetting of trauma cues in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
115. Children under stress
116. Cognitive abilities beyond childhood
117. The psychological and social origins of autobiographical memory
118. Children of disaster: Clinical observations at Buffalo Creek
119. Children's memory for pain
120. The influence of prior knowledge on children's memory for salient medical procedures
121. Posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers of pediatric cancer survivors
122. Children's memory for traumatic injury
123. Memory for medical emergencies by 1- and 2-year-olds
124. Children's recall one and two years after an event
125. What children bring to the interview context: Individual differences in children's event reports
126. Enhancing children's accounts: How useful are nonverbal techniques?
127. Stress, memory, and emotion: Developmental considerations from the study of child maltreatment
128. Witness to violence: The child interview
129. Children who witness the sexual assaults of their mothers
130. A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress
131. Parental styles of talking about the past
132. Time windows in cognitive development
133. Determinants and consequences of children's coping in the medical setting: Conceptualization, review, and critique
134. Age as an ambiguous variable in development research: Some epidemiological considerations from developmental psychopathology
135. Emotional development: Action, communication and understanding
136. On the development of posttraumatic stress disorder pursuant to different modes of traumatization
137. Imaginal flooding of traumatized children and adolescents
138. Remembering and reporting by children: The influence of cues and props
139. Providing props to facilitate children's event reports: A comparison of toys and real items
140. Props and event reports: The impact of a 1-year delay
141. Recalling an event 1 year later: The impact of props, drawing, and a prior interview
142. Sexual abuse and psychopathology in hospitalized adolescents
143. Credibility of child witnesses: The role of communicative competence
144. Two approaches to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood
145. Memory
146. Posttraumatic stress disorder after a school shooting: Effects of symptom threshold selection and diagnosis by DSM-III, DSM-III-R, or proposed DSM-IV
147. Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptom profiles
148. Psychiatric status of intrafamilial child sexual abuse victims
149. Dissociative symptoms in the diagnosis of acute stress disorder
150. The early emergence of emotional understanding and appraisal: Implications for theories of development
151. A theoretical approach to understanding and remembering emotional events
152. Understanding children's memories of medical procedures: "He didn't touch me and it didn't hurt!"
153. The trauma and memory of cancer treatment in children
154. The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms
155. Children of Chowchilla: A study of psychic trauma
156. Psychic trauma in children: Observations following the Chowchilla school bus kidnapping
157. Chowchilla revisited: The effects of psychic trauma four years after a school bus kidnapping
158. Making memories: The influence of joint encoding on later recall by young children
159. The legacy of early attachments
160. Emotion regulation: A theme in search of a definition
161. Early sociopersonality development
162. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in mothers following children's reports of sexual abuse
163. Pierre Janet and the breakdown of adaptation in psychological trauma
164. Development and cognition in childhood anxiety: The example of worry
165. Questioning young children in court
166. Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury and amnesia for the event
167. Mediators of effects on children: What enhances optimal functioning and promotes healing
168. Cognition, competence, and coping in child and adolescent depression: Research findings, developmental concerns, therapeutic implications
169. Cognitive mediators of the outcome of psychotherapy with children
170. Drawing and showing: Helping children to report emotionally laden events
171. The development of efficient inhibition: Evidence from directed forgetting tasks
172. Posttraumatic stress disorder in child survivors of shipping disasters: The sinking of the 'Jupiter'